Pancreas, Liver, Spleen

Question 1

Liver Function Test (LFT)

Answer 1

• the main values measured in liver blood tests are the aminotransferases
• other measurements include alkaline phosphatase, albumin, and bilirubin

Question 2

Pancreas

Answer 2

• gland with both exocrine and endocrine functions

- location: retroperitoneal 2nd lumbar vertebral level

Question 3

Pancreas Divisum

Answer 3

• pancreas divisum develops prenatally
• caused by the failure of the ducts of the dorsal and ventral buds to fuse during embryologic development at approximately the eight week of intrauterine life
• most common congenital anomaly of the pancrease

Question 4

Annular Pancreas

Answer 4

• rare congenital abnormality characterized by a ring of pancreatic tissue surrounding the descending portion of the duodenum

Question 5

function of pancreas

Answer 5

• contains modified simple cuboidal epithelial cells called acinar cells, which are organized into large clusters termed acini or lobules, that secrete mucin and digestive enzymes
• enzymes travel down the pancreatic duct into the bile duct in an inactive form
• secrete bicarbonate tp help neutralize the acidic chyme arriving in the duodenum from the stomach

Question 6

Head of Pancreas

Answer 6

• neck is in front of the formation of the portal vein
• includes uncinate process
• emerges into the neck on the left

Question 7

Neck of Pancreas

Answer 7

• anterior to the union of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins to form the portal vein
• antero-superior surface supports the pylorus
• superior mesenteric vessels emerge from the inferior border

Question 8

Body of Pancreas

Answer 8

• elongated surface
• anterior surface separated from the stomach by lesser sac
• posterior surface relate to aorta, adrenal gland, left renal vessels and upper 1/3 of left kidney
• splenic vein runs embedded in the posterior surface
• inferior surface is covered by transverse mesocolon

Question 9

Tail of Pancreas

Answer 9

• lies at the level of 12th thoracic vertebra
• ends with the splenic hilum
• ends within the splenic hilum
• lies in the splenorenal ligament

Question 10

Pancreatic Cancer

Answer 10

• is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths among men and women being responsible for 6% of all cancer related deaths
• approximately 75% of all pancreatic carcinomas occur within the head or neck of the pancreas