The Integumentary System

Question 1

The integument (latin integumentum = to cover)

Answer 1

-Ranges between 1.5- 2.0 meters
-Accounts for 12%-20% of the body weight
-Ranges between 1.5 and 4 millimeters
Also known as the cutaneous membrane or cutaneous layer

Question 2

Integumentary System

Answer 2

Covers the surface of the body and its specialized structures include hair, nails, sweat glands, mammary glands, and teeth

Question 3

Functions of the Skin

Answer 3

• Protection: of the body from environmental effects
• Containment: for the body’s structures and vital substances
• Preventing dehydration: by limiting fluid loss
• Heat Regulation: through the evaporation of sweat and/or the dilation or constriction of superficial blood vessels
• Sensation: by way of superficial nerves and their sensory nerves and their sensory nerve endings
• Synthesis and storage of vitamin D

Question 4

Structure of The Integumentary System

Answer 4

• Epidermis: Stratified squamous epithelium and basement membrane
• Dermis: loose connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue
• Accessory Structures: hair, glands, nails

Question 5

Burns

Answer 5

Classified into 6 separate groups: Scalds, contact burns, fire, chemical, electrical, radiation

Question 6

Rules of Nine: Total body surface area

Answer 6

Head: 9%
Trunk: 36%
Arms: 18%
Thighs: 18%
Lower legs and feet: 18%
Genital region: 1%

Question 7

Jaundice

Answer 7

Condition in which the skin, sclera, and mucous membranes turn yellow caused by a high level of bilirubin due to the breakdown of red blood cells

Question 8

Germ Layer Origins

Answer 8

Ectoderm: Forms the surface of the epidermis and the associated glands
Mesoderm: Somite origin- forms the underlying connective tissue of dermis and hypodermis
Neural crest cells: Migrate into the forming epidermis and the skin is also populated by specialized sensory endings

Question 9

Epidermis- Week 4

Answer 9

Embryo is covered by a single layer of ectodermal cells

Question 10

Epidermis- Week 5

Answer 10

In the beginning of the second month, this epithelium divides and a layer of flattened cells, the periderm, or epitrichium

Question 11

Epidermis- Periderm Layer

Answer 11

The cells of the periderm layer continually undergo kerantinization and desquamation to be replaced by cells arising from the basal layer and replacement of the peridermal cells continues until about week 21 and thereafter the periderm normally disappears

Question 12

Epidermis- Week 11

Answer 12

By week 11, the basal layer forms an intermediate skin layer

Question 13

Epidermis- End of the 4th Month

Answer 13

All the epithelial layers of the adult epidermis of skin have acquired their definitive arrangement

Question 14

Melanocytes

Answer 14

During the first 3 months of development, neural crest cells migrates and invades teh epidermis to form melanoblasts and then melanocytes by WNT Signalign regulation

Question 15

Dermal Papillae

Answer 15

The superficial dermal layer or corium projects upward into the epidermis and forms the dermal papillae

Question 16

Appendages- Hair

Answer 16

Begin to develop during the #rd month, but they do not become visible until the 20th week
Begins as an epidermal proliferation, the hair bud, into the underlying dermis
The central epihelial cells of the hair bulb give rise to the shaft of the hair that growns through the epidermis and protuders above the surface of the skin

Question 17

Appendages- Sweat Glands

Answer 17

Develop at about 20 weeks as solid growth of epidermal cells into the underlying dermis. They develop as down-growths of the stratum germinativum of the epidermis

Question 18

Vernix Caseosa

Answer 18

Vernix caseosa, is the waxy or cheesy white substance found coating the skin of the newborn

Question 19

Appendages- Nails

Answer 19

Begin to develop at about 10th week of gestation as thickened areas of the epidermis at the tips of the digits

Question 20

Mammary Glands

Answer 20

Develop during the 6th week as thickened strips of the ectoderm that extend from the axillary to the inguinal regions

Question 21

Teeth

Answer 21

The teeth develop from ectoderm and mesoderm: The enamel develops from ectoderm of the oral cavity and all other tissues come from the associated mesenchyme

Question 22

Fasciae

Answer 22

Fascia is the soft tissue component of the connective tissue system that permeates the human body

Question 23

Ligaments

Answer 23

A tough cord or fibrous band of connective tissue that binds bone to bone or supports viscera

Question 24

Tendons

Answer 24

A band of dense regular connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Question 25

Retinaculae

Answer 25

Several fibrous bands of fascia that pass over or under tendons

Question 26

joint capsules

Answer 26

The fibrous tissue that encloses the joint cavity of a synovial joint

Question 27

Organ and Vessel Tunics

Answer 27

Membranes or other structures covering or lining a body part or organ

Question 28

The Epineurium

Answer 28

A fibrous outer sheath of connective tissue surrounding a nerve

Question 29

The meninges

Answer 29

A group of three fibrous membranes covering the central nervous system

Question 30

The periostea

Answer 30

A fibrous connective tissue covering the outer surface of bone

Question 31

Myofasciae

Answer 31

Layer of loose but strong connective tissue often containing fat covering and investing all muscles

Question 32

Serosa

Answer 32

Parietal serosa- lines internal body walls

Visceral serosa- covers the internal organs

Question 33

Dorsal cavity

Answer 33

Protects the nervous system and is divided into two subdivisions: Cranial cavity- within the skull and encases the brain
Vertebral cavity: within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord

Question 34

Ventral Cavity

Answer 34

houses the internal organs and is divided into two subdivisions:
Thoracic cavity- houses heart and lungs; Abdominopelvic cavities- houses the abdominal viscera and the urogenital viscera

Question 35

Oral and digestive

Answer 35

mouth and cavities of the digestive organs

Question 36

Nasal

Answer 36

located within and posterior to the nose

Question 37

Orbital

Answer 37

house the eyes

Question 38

Middle ear

Answer 38

contain bones that transmit sound vibrations

Question 39

Synovial

Answer 39

joint cavities