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anatomy-horse And Ruminant > Thorax > Flashcards

Thorax Flashcards

0
Q

How many sternebrae are there?

A

6 or 7

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1
Q

The withers run between which vertebrae?

A

T2-T8

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2
Q

The heart is positioned between which IC spaces?

A

2 to 6

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3
Q

What are the names of the interventricular grooves and which is on the left/right side?

A

Paraconal interventricular groove - left; subsinuosal interventricular groove - right

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4
Q

The fossa ovalis is in which chamber? Where is it specifically and what is its name in the fetus?

A

Right atrium; depression in the interatrial septum just caudal to the intervenous tubercle; foramen ovale

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5
Q

What is the opening of the coronary sinus and where is it located?

A

The terminal end of venous drainage of the heart itself; ventral to entrance of caudal vena cava

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6
Q

The conus arteriosus is in which chamber?

A

Right ventricle

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7
Q

What is the trabecula septomarginalis and where is it located?

A

Muscular strand from septal to parietal wall that contains Purkinje fibers; right ventricle

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8
Q

What structure is unique to the bovine heart?

A

Ossa cordis - ossified fibrocartilage

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9
Q

Where is the puncta maxima in the horse (left/right)?

A

Left:
Pulmonary - 3rd IC low
Aortic - 4th IC high
Left A-V (mitral) - 5th IC low

Right:
Right A-V - 3rd-4th IC low

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10
Q

What is different about the puncta maxima in the cow?

A

Left A-V - 4th IC low

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11
Q

Scapula is in which IC space?

A

7

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12
Q

Olecranon is in which IC space?

A

5

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13
Q

Which muscle limits access to heart sounds and where does it extend from?

A

Triceps; caudal border of scapula to olecranon

*see previous notecards with IC spaces

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14
Q

Branches of the left subclavian a.

A 
Costocervical trunk
 -Dorsal scapular
Deep cervical
Vertebral
Internal thoracic
Superficial cervical
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15
Q

Branches of the right subclavian a.

A 
Costocervical trunk
 -Deep cervical
 -Dorsal scapular
 -Branch supplying 1st few intercostal aa.
Vertebral
Internal thoracic
Superficial cervical
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16
Q

What is different about the subclavian branches in cattle?

A

Costocervical trunk gives rise to deep cervical and vertebral aa. on both the left and right side

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17
Q

The horse has which azygos vein?

A

Right

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18
Q

Ruminants have which azygos vein?

A

Left OR both

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19
Q

Thymus growth and location in the horse

A

Largest at 2 mos. then regresses, little remains after 3 years; cranial mediastinum

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20
Q

Thymus growth in cattle

A

Both the cervical and thoracic portions grow rapidly in first 6-9 mos. then regress variably, thoracic portion may still be large in animals several yrs old

21
Q

What is the significance of the proximity of the caudal mediastinal ln to the vagus n.?

A

They can compress the nerve; since the vagus innervates the esophagus and rumen, this can result in GI problems

22
Q

Parasympathetic nn. branching from the vagus n.

A

Dorsal branches from left and right vagus (form dorsal vagal trunk)
Ventral branches from left and right vagus (form ventral vagal trunk)
Recurrent laryngeal n.

23
Q

Where can the recurrent laryngeal n. be seen from the right and left sides?

A

Left - leaves vagus and courses around aortic arch

Right - courses around right subclavian a.

24
Q

Sympathetic structures of the thorax

A

Sympathetic trunk and ganglion
Cervicothoracic ganglion
Middle cervical ganglion
-ansa subclavia *connects cervicothoracic and middle cervical ganglia
Vertebral nn. - sympathetic contribution to cervical spinal nn.

25
Q

Cardiac nn. are sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Both

26
Q

Which nn. make up the phrenic n.? Which m. does the phrenic cross?

A

C5, C6, C7; scalenus, then enters thoracic inlet

27
Q

Which nn. make up the brachial plexus? Out of which m. do they emerge?

A

C6, C7, C8, T1, T2; scalenus

28
Q

At what level does the trachea bifurcate in the horse? Is it dorsal or ventral to the esophagus?

A

T5 or T6; ventral to esophagus

29
Q

At what level does the trachea bifurcate in cattle? At what level is the tracheal bronchus?

A

T5; T3

30
Q

Which vessels provide functional supply to the lungs? Nutritional supply?

A

Functional - left and right pulmonary aa.

Nutritional - bronchoesophageal a.

31
Q

Equine lung lobes

A

Left - cranial, caudal

Right - cranial, caudal, accessory

32
Q

What are the cardiac notches and where are they located on each side?

A

Allow pericardium contact with chest wall, approximate division between cranial and caudal lobes
Left - ribs 3-6
Right - ribs 3-4

33
Q

Ruminant lung lobes

A

Left - cranial (cranial part, caudal part), caudal

Right - cranial, middle, caudal, accessory

34
Q

Where are the cardiac notches located on each side in ruminants?

A

Left - ribs 3-5

Right - ribs 3-4

35
Q

The tracheal bronchus supplies which lobe (ruminants only)?

A

Right cranial lobe

36
Q

The basal border of the lungs, which contacts the diaphragm, is located where in the horse?

A

Costochondral junction of 6th rib
Middle of 11th rib
Dorsal part of 16th rib
(6, 11, 16)

37
Q

Borders of the lung field (auscultation triangle) in the horse

A

Cranial border - caudal aspect of triceps
Dorsal border - lateral edge of back mm.
Ventral border - basal border of lung (6, 11, 16)

38
Q

What is different about the auscultation triangle in cattle?

A

The ventral border (basal border of the lung) is the 6th costochondral junction to the dorsal 11th rib (6, 11).

39
Q

Costodiaphragmatic recess

A

Potential space where costal and peripheral part of diaphragmatic pleura contact

40
Q

Cupula pleurae

A

Outpouching of pleura on medial side of right 1st rib, extending several cm. in the neck

41
Q

Line of pleural reflection and location

A

Reflection of the costal pleura onto the diaphragm; costochondral junction of ribs 8-9, curves caudally and dorsally from costochondral junctions of succeeding ribs to vertebral end of rib 17

42
Q

What is different about the line of pleural reflection in ruminants?

A

It starts at the 8th costochondral junction, to the mid 11th rib, and ends at rib 12

43
Q

Site for thoracocentesis in the horse

A

7th IC space low

44
Q

Site for thoracocentesis in the ruminant

A

6th or 7th IC space low

45
Q

Where is the vertex (most cranial part) of the diaphragm located?

A

Rib 6

46
Q

What goes through the aortic hiatus?

A

Aorta
Azygos v.
Thoracic duct

47
Q

What goes through the esophageal hiatus?

A

Esophagus

Vagal trunks

48
Q

What goes through the foramen venae cavae?

A

Caudal vena cava

49
Q

The intercostal aa/vv/nn are located on which aspect of the ribs?

A

Caudal aspect

anatomy-horse And Ruminant (9 decks)

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