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anatomy-horse And Ruminant > Pelvic Limb > Flashcards

Pelvic Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Which skeletal structures are included in the pes?

A

Tarsal bones, metatarsals, P1, P2, P3 (digital bones)

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2
Q

Which skeletal structures comprise the equine digit?

A

Pastern, Coronet, hoof

and sometimes the proximal sesamoid bones

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3
Q

Which structures are found in the extensor fossa of the femur?

A

origins of:
long digital extensor
peroneus tertius

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4
Q

What is the tuber coxae?
Os coxae?
Ossa coxarum?

A

tuber coxae - point of the hip
os coxae - pelvic/hip bone (singular)
ossa coxarum - pelvis (plural)

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5
Q

Which structures form the tarsal canal?

Which structures pass through it?

A

form - Tc, T3, T4

passes through - perforating tarsal artery

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6
Q

What is the difference between the tarsal and flexor canals?

A

tarsal canal - perforating artery passes through, and made up of the tarsal bones
flexor canal - superficial and lateral heads of DDF pass through, and made up of the flexor retinaculum

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7
Q

What are the extensors of the hip joint?

A

Middle gluteal, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, quadratus femoris

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8
Q

What are the abductors of the hip joint?

A

Superficial gluteal, middle gluteal, deep gluteal

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9
Q

What are the flexors of the hip joint?

A

sartorius, iliacus, psoas major, tensor fascia latae, superficial gluteal, rectus femoris

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10
Q

What are the extensors of the stifle joint?

A

quadriceps femoris

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11
Q

What are the flexors of the sifle joint?

A

semimembranosus, semitendinosus, popliteus, biceps femoris

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12
Q

What are the adductors of the hip joint?

A

gracilis, adductor, pectineus, external obturator

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13
Q

What are the extensors of the tarsal joint?

A

gastrocnemius, soleus, SDF

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14
Q

What are the flexors of the tarsal joint?

A

long digital extensor, lateral digital extensor, cranial tibial muscle, peroneus tertius

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15
Q

What are the extensors of the digital joints?

A

long digital extensor, lateral digital extensor

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16
Q

What are the flexors of the digital joints?

A

Superficial and deep digital flexors

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17
Q

What are the long and short heads of the thigh muscles?

A

long head - attaches to the vertebral bodies

short head - attaches at ischial arch/ischiatic head

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18
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A

cranial - sartorius muscle

caudal - pectineus muscle

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19
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

femoral artery
femoral vein
saphenous nerve
deep inguinal lymph node

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20
Q

What is the only muscle located in the metatarsal area?

A

short digital extensor muscle

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21
Q

What are the heads of the deep digital flexor muscle?

A

superficial - caudal tibial muscle - separate tendon, but common synovial sheath with lateral head
medial - separate tendon + synovial sheath
lateral - very large, common synovial sheath with superficial head

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22
Q

What is the main arterial path through the pelvic limb?

A

external iliac -> femoral -> popliteal -> cranial tibial -> dorsal pedal -> dorsal metatarsal III -> distal perforating branch -> digital arteries

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23
Q

What are the arterial branches that enter into the formation of the S-shaped anastomosis located in the region of the tarsus?

A

descending branch of the caudal femoral artery
caudal tibial artery
saphenous artery
*S shape allows vessels to bend w/ flexion/extension

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24
Q

Which arterial branches originate from the deep plantar arch?

A

lateral and medial plantar metatarsal arteries

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25
Q

Where is the dorsal pedal artery located?

A

Dorsal surface at level of hock

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26
Q

How is the terminal arch formed?

A

medial and lateral digital arteries (solar canal)

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27
Q

What is the difference between the tarsal and flexor canals?

A

tarsal canal - perforating artery passes through, and made up of the tarsal bones
flexor canal - superficial and lateral heads of DDF pass through, and made up of the flexor retinaculum

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28
Q

Femoral n. innervates

A

Quadriceps, primary extensor of stifle

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29
Q

Saphenous n. innervates

A

Sartorius, sensory to medial aspect

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30
Q

Obturator n. innervates

A

Adductors of hip, runs w/ obturator a. on shaft of ilium

**can have paralysis during parturition due to pressure on n.

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31
Q

Tibial n. innervates

A

Caudomedial mm.

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32
Q

Common peroneal n. is located where and bifurcates into what

A

Cranial aspect; bifurcates into superficial and deep peroneal nn. on distal metatarsus

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33
Q

Point of the hock

A

Tuber calcanei

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34
Q

Chestnut

A

Remnant of tarsal pad, crusty skin

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35
Q

Ergot

A

Remnant of metatarsal pad, tuft of hair

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36
Q

Pastern

A

Fetlock to top of hoof

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37
Q

Stifle joint is compound and made up of which 3 joints

A

Femoropatellar and 2 femorotibial joints

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38
Q

Proximal and distal interphalangeal joints aka

A

Proximal - pastern joint

Distal - coffin joint

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39
Q

Which 2 mm. insert on the fovea capitis

A

Accessory ligament of hip (extension of prepubic tendon), round ligament of head of femur

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40
Q

Trochlea and condyle - which is cranial/caudal

A

Trochlea - cranial

Condyle - caudal

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41
Q

Origin of SDF

A

Supracondyloid fossa *remember SDF starts on femur

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42
Q

Fibula development

A

Head doesn’t develop completely like ulna in thoracic limb

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43
Q

What passes through the crural interosseus space

A

Cranial tibial a.

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44
Q

Lateral malleolus

A

Represents fused distal end of fibula (~styloid process in thoracic limb)

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45
Q

Medial splint bone is which metatarsal bone

A

Metatarsal bone II

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46
Q

Lateral splint bone is which metatarsal bone

A

Metatarsal bone IV

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47
Q

Other names for PI, PII, and PIII

A

PI - long pastern bone
PII - short pastern bone
PIII - coffin bone

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48
Q

Function of middle gluteal

A

Extensor and abductor

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49
Q

How do you differentiate the accessory head of the middle gluteal from the deep gluteal

A

Deep gluteal is attached directly to the ilium, has tendinous intersections (streaks) on surface

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50
Q

Trochanteric bursa

A

Can become inflamed -> trochanteric bursitis or “whorl bone”

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51
Q

Which nn. innervate middle gluteal, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus

A

Gluteal (cranial or caudal) and sciatic nn.

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52
Q

Which n. innervates semimembranosus and quadratus femoris

A

Sciatic n.

53
Q

Which n. innervates superficial and middle gluteal

A

Gluteal nn. (cranial or caudal)

54
Q

Parts of quadriceps femoris (4)

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius (“hotdog”)

55
Q

Tibial n. innervates (2)

A

Extensors of tarsal joint and flexors of digital joints (caudomedial mm.)

56
Q

Peroneal n. innervates (2)

A

Flexors of tarsal joint and extensors of digital joints (craniolateral mm.)

57
Q

Major components of common calcanean tendon

A

Gastrocnemius (inserts on tuber calcanei), SDF (inserts on digit)

58
Q

Minor components of common calcanean tendon

A

Fascial sheets from biceps femoris, semitendinosus

59
Q

Components of reciprocal apparatus (2)

A

SDF, peroneus tertius (connective tissue band in equine)

60
Q

Functional effect of reciprocal apparatus

A

Stifle and hock joints reciprocate: stifle flexes -> hock flexes, stifle extends -> hock extends

61
Q

Extension of hock upon flexion of stifle is pathognomonic for what

A

Rupture of peroneus tertius

62
Q

Which 2 tendons of the DDF fuse and travel through the tarsal canal

A

Tendons of the superficial and lateral heads (medial head travels outside canal and fuses w/ these distal to hock)

63
Q

Which check ligaments are present in the pelvic limb

A

Distal check ligament - variable

Proximal - NOT present

64
Q

Parts of extensor retinaculum (4)

A

Crural = proximal
Tarsal = middle
Metatarsal = distal
Lateral (holds tendon of lateral digital extensor)

65
Q

Thoroughpin

A

Name for inflammatory process of the common synovial tarsal sheath that surrounds the superficial and lateral heads of the DDF

66
Q

When does external iliac become the femoral

A

After deep femoral branches off

67
Q

Medial and lateral digital aa. come from which a. on the plantar surface

A

Distal perforating branch

68
Q

Medial and lateral digital aa. give off what branches

A

Dorsal branches to PI, PII, and PIII, branch to the digital cushion

69
Q

Branches of the deep femoral

A

Pudendoepigastric trunk, medial circumflex femoral

70
Q

Branches of the femoral (4)

A

Lateral circumflex femoral
Saphenous
Descending genicular
Caudal femoral (descending branch)

71
Q

Caudal femoral is the same as which a. in the dog

A

Distal caudal femoral

72
Q

Which a. passes through the tarsal canal

A

Perforating tarsal a.

73
Q

Primary blood supply to digit

A

Dorsal metatarsal III

74
Q

Medial and lateral plantar aa. anastomose w/ which aa.

A

Medial and lateral digital aa.

75
Q

Saphenous n. is a branch of which nerve and innervates which muscle

A

Femoral n.; sartorius

76
Q

Deep peroneal n. splits into which 2 nn. at the level of the tarsus

A

Medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal nn.

77
Q

Medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal nn. become which nn. at the level of the fetlock

A

Medial and lateral dorsal digital nn.

78
Q

Superficial peroneal nn. gives off which 2 branches

A

Lateral and dorsal branches

79
Q

Which 2 plantar nn. have dorsal branches

A

Medial and lateral plantar digital nn.

80
Q

Caudal cutaneous sural and medial cutaneous tarsal nn. are branches of which nerve

A

Tibial n.

81
Q

Which nerve provides the main motor and sensory function to the plantar surface

A

Tibial n.

82
Q

Medial and lateral plantar nn. change to which nn. at the level of the fetlock

A

Medial and lateral plantar digital nn.

83
Q

Which 2 nn. innervate the suspensory ligament

A

Medial and lateral plantar metatarsal nn.

84
Q

Communicating branch connects which 2 nn.

A

Medial and lateral plantar nn.

85
Q

Which ligament covers the acetabular notch

A

Transverse acetabular ligament

86
Q

Which ligament attaches to the fovea capitis and makes femoral luxation less common in the horse

A

Accessory ligament of the hip

87
Q

Components of the stifle joint (4)

A

Femoropatellar
Femorotibial *2 - lateral and medial parts of tibia
Lateral and medial meniscus
Synovial fluid

88
Q

Synovial compartments of stifle joint (3)

A

Femoropatellar

Medial and lateral femorotibial

89
Q

Which 2 synovial compartments have 100% communication? Which 2 have none?

A

100% - femoropatellar and medial femorotibial
None - medial and lateral femorotibial
(Femoropatellar and lateral femorotibial - 25%)

90
Q

Fibrocartilage flap is part of which ligament of the stifle

A

Medial patellar ligament

91
Q

4 components of “patellar loop” (patellar locking mechanism)

A

Patella and fibrocartilage
Medial patellar ligament
Intermediate patellar ligament
Medial trochlear ridge

92
Q

Upward fixation and treatment

A

Clinical condition of patellar locking mechanism - trouble unlocking limb (patella) by contraction of quadriceps, so horse swings limb out in wide arc -> correct by medial patellar desmotomy

93
Q

Tarsal canal is a natural space between which 3 bones

A

Central tarsal, T III, and T IV

94
Q

Which artery passes through the tarsal canal

A

Perforating tarsal a.

95
Q

Flexor retinaculum spans what space

A

Tuber calcanei to medial hock -> changes tarsal groove to flexor canal

96
Q

Synovial compartments of tarsal joint (4)

A

Tarsocrural
Proximal intertarsal
Distal intertarsal
Tarsometatarsal

97
Q

Which synovial compartment has the greatest movement

A

Tarsocrural

98
Q

Which 2 synovial compartments have 100% communication

A

Tarsocrural and proximal intertarsal

99
Q

Joint pouches of tarsal joint (3)

A

Dorsal
Medioplantar
Lateroplantar

100
Q

Subtendinous bursa is deep to which muscle

A

SDF *always present

101
Q

Presence of subcutaneous bursa

A

Variable - present w/ trauma, “capped hock” when present

102
Q

Cunean bursa is a cushion for which tendon

A

Medial tendon of cranial tibial m. = cunean tendon = jack cord

103
Q

Which muscle doesn’t have a synovial sheath

A

Gastrocnemius

104
Q

Function of retinacula

A

To hold tendons in place

105
Q

Dorsal extensor retinacula (3)

A 
Crural = proximal
Tarsal = middle
Metatarsal = distal
106
Q

Retinacula of tarsal joint (3)

A

Dorsal extensor retinacula (3)
Lateral extensor retinaculum
Flexor retinaculum

107
Q

Superficial boundary of flexor canal

A

Flexor retinaculum

108
Q

Curb

A

Name for when the long plantar ligament is swollen from trauma

109
Q

Which ligament holds the flexor tendons in place

A

Plantar annular ligament

110
Q

Plantar ligament is the same as

A

Intersesamoidean ligament

111
Q

Shapes of proximal and distal digital annular ligaments

A

Proximal - X

Distal - crescent

112
Q

The digital sheath holds which tendons

A

SDF and DDF

113
Q

Insertion of long digital extensor

A

Extensor process of PIII

114
Q

Insertion of DDF

A

Flexor surface of PIII

115
Q

Insertion of SDF

A

Distal part of PI and proximal part of PII

116
Q

Insertion of suspensory ligament

A

Proximal sesamoids

117
Q

Distal sesamoidean ligaments include which ligaments

A

Straight, oblique, cruciate

118
Q

Spavin

A

Any condition that affects the hock

119
Q

Bog spavin

A

Excess joint fluid

120
Q

Blood spavin

A

Cranial branch of medial saphenous v. pushed out due to underlying bog spavin (distended joint pouches - misnomer)

121
Q

Bone spavin

A

Osteoarthritis

122
Q

Spavin test

A

Hold hock in flexion for 2 minutes, positive if more lame after

123
Q

Thoroughpin

A

Inflammation/swelling of tarsal sheath

124
Q

Stringhalt and treatment

A

Involuntary flexion of lateral digital extensor (misfiring) -> treat by cutting tendon

125
Q

Main components of passive stay apparatus (3)

A

Patellar locking mechanism
Reciprocal apparatus
Suspensory apparatus of fetlock (distal fetlock held in overextension by sesamoidean ligaments)

126
Q

Sciatic n. travels through what and terminates as what

A

Greater sciatic foramen; terminates as tibial

127
Q

Tibial n. becomes lateral palmar when

A

At level of hock

128
Q

Medial plantar digital n. is located where

A

At level of fetlock

anatomy-horse And Ruminant (9 decks)

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