Head Flashcards
1
Q
Which nasal cartilages are present in the horse
A
Dorsal Lateral–attaches to nasal bone that rounds out top of nasal opening
Alar– 1) cornu=curved part shapes the ventral aspect of nasal cavity
2) lamina-sheet like piece
Medial accessory–covered by alar fold covered by mucosa
2
Q
describe the relationship of the alar cartilage to the anatomy of the nostril
A
Alar fold
- -divides the two nostrils into halves (upper dorsal and lower ventral)
- -flap of skin that projects into nasal cavity and attaches to ventral conchae
- -forms the bottom nasal diverticulum
3
Q
Limits and function of nasal cavity
A
Limits: extends from nasal opening back to level of eyes
function: filters, warms, and humidifies inspired air (accomplished by respiratory epithelium and turbinate bones)
4
Q
describe the placement of a nasogastric tube in a horse
A
point the tube ventrally to avoid the nasal diverticulum
5
Q
nasal septum
A
white piece of hyaline cartilage along midline
can get inflamed and get bigger and cause issues/obstruction
6
Q
boundaries of the nasal cavity
A
dorsal–nasal bone
lateral– 1) incisive bone 2) maxilla 3) lacrimal bone 4) zygomatic bone
ventral–hard palate–compound bone
7
Q
Where is the best space to place a stomach tube
A
ventral/common nasal meatus
8
Q
blood supply to the nasal cavity and nostrils
A
to the nostril: nasal arteries
to the nasal cavity: sphenopalantine arteries
9
Q
innervation to nostrils and nasal cavity
A
sensory to nostril–infraorbital (twitching nose)
Motor to nostril–branches of facial nerve CN VII
Nerves in the nasal cavity–cranial nerves I (olfactory) and V (sensory to mucosa)
10
Q
limits of nasal meatuses
A
Dorsal meatus–between dorsal conchae and nasal bone
middle meatus–between dorsal and ventral conchae
ventral meatus–between ventral conchae and hard palate
common meatus–along nasal septum spanning from nasal bone to hard palate
11
Q
what is another name for internal nares
A
Choanae–exit from nasal cavity back into pharynx
12
Q
what are the divisions of the mouth
A
vestibule–lateral to teeth
oral cavity proper–medial to teeth
13
Q
what are the bones of the hard palate
A
Maxilla, palatine, incisive
14
Q
what are the raphe and rugae
A
raphe–midline of oral cavity
rugae–ridges that eminate from raphe
Function to hold food within the oral cavity
15
Q
What and where isthe incisive papilla
A
it is the blind end nasoincisive duct and it is the rounded bump behind teeth
16
Q
Sublingual caruncle
A
triangular flap in rostril area of cavity
it is the flap for mandibular salivary gland
17
Q
sublingual fold
A
extends in caudal direction and contains polystomatic sublingual salivary glands.
NO monostomatic sublingual salivary gland
18
Q
lingual frenulum
A
fold of mucosa that attaches to tongue
19
Q
what are the four types of lingual papillae
A
1-filiform–found on body and apex not on root (purely mechanical)
2-fungiform–lateral and scattered look like round dots
3-vallate–serve as anatomical landmark between root and body (crater/volcano shaped pits)
4-foliate-not really papillae but more like ridges located laterally on root
20
Q
what papillae contain taste buds
A
fungiform, vallate, foliate
21
Q
Intrinsic lingual muscles
A
form bulk of tongue and insert within the tongue itself
22
Q
Extrinsic lingual muscles
A
originate away from structure and attach to tongue Styloglossus--lateral hyoglossus--root genioglossus--medial Associated lingual muscles
23
Q
what are the associated lingual muscles
A
geniohyoideus–chin to hyoid bone
hyoepiglotticus–from hyoid to epiglottis
mylohyoideus–spans intermandibular space originating on inside edge of mandible
24
Q
blood supply to the tongue
A
lingual and sublingual arteries–branches of the facial artery
25
Innervation to the tongue
Sensory--lingual nerve
Taste--rostral 2/3 via facial nerve branches CNVII
caudal 1/3 via glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX
motor--hypoglossal nerve CNXII
26
where is the parotid salivary gland
base of the ear to angle of jaw/mandible
| opens on parotid papilla located opposite upper 4th premolar
27
where is the mandibular salivary gland
crescent shaped gland and deeper than parotid gland opens on sublingual caruncle
28
polystomatic sublingual salivary gland
opens along sublingual fold and must remove mucosa to see
29
Buccal salivary gland
dorsal and ventral=diffusely scattered
| **dorsal=zygomatic salivary gland in dog
30
Divisions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx and oropharynx (divided by soft palate)
| Laryngopharynx--just caudal to soft palate immediately surrounds larynx
31
pharyngeal Muscles
cricopharyngeus, thyropharyngeus, hyopharyngeus
| Function as constrictors that propel food into esophagus
32
where are the various tonsillar tissues located
lingual tonsil--in root of the tongue
palatine tonsil--on the floor of pharynx
tonsil of soft palate--oval shaped spot on soft palate
pharyngeal tonsil--in pharyngeal roof
tubal tonsil--surrounds pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube
33
function of the pharyngeal opening of auditory tube
endoscopic landmark that is a communication of the auditory tube and nasopharynx
functions to equalize pressure
34
what is the conical papillae in ruminant that is absent in horses
conical papillae--named for shape or can be buccal papillae depending on location
papillae caudally project to help hold food in mouth (purely mechanical)
35
what is the dental pad in ruminant
area of upper teeth row where they lack incisors and canines
36
what is the lingual fossa
ditch/groove in middle of tongue separates apex from rest of tongue
**area where foreign bodies can become stuck
37
torus linguae
tissue caudal to lingual fossa--lump/bump
38
what ruminant lingual papilla have taste buds and what papillae do they lack
taste buds: vallate and fungiform
| lack folliate papillae
39
what are lenticular papilla
broad and flat papilla on body and root of tongue
40
what is the pharyngeal septum
mucosal fold that partially divides nasopharynx into 2 halves that comes off the nasal septum.
Absent in horse
41
what are the sites of the tonsillar tissue within the ruminant
Lingual tonsil--in root of the tongue
tonsil of the soft palate--same as horse
palatine tonsil--different from other species--located in a sinus/invagination of wall of oropharynx
tubal tonsil--surrounds the pharyngeal opening of auditory tube
42
What hyoid bones make up the hyoid apparatus
Thyro, basi, kerato, epi, stylo, and tympanohyoid bones
43
Process of the epiglottis
Cuneiform
44
Parts of the thyroid cartilage
Body (ventral with notch) and lamina (rostral and caudal cornu)
45
Processes of the arytenoid
Corniculate, muscular, vocal (vocalis m. attaches)
46
Parts of the cricoid cartilage
Lamina (dorsal) and arch (ventral and lateral)
47
Extrinsic laryngeal mm.
Hyoepiglotticus, sternothyroideus, thyrohyoideus
48
Intrinsic laryngeal mm. and distinguishing features
Cricothyroideus - innervated by cranial laryngeal n.
| Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis - abducts vocal fold
49
Parts of vocal apparatus
Glottis (vocal folds and arytenoid) and rima glottidis = cleft of the glottis
50
Parts of laryngeal ventricle
Lateral
Vestibular fold - rostral, wraps around cuneiform process (epiglottis)
Vocal fold - caudal, wraps around vocal process (arytenoid)
Median
51
Laryngeal ligaments
Cricothyroid, cricotracheal
52
Laryngeal innervation
Cranial laryngeal - cricothyroideus, sensory to mucosa of larynx
Recurrent laryngeal - all others
53
Roaring
Laryngeal hemiplegia - one sided (usually left) paralysis of vocal fold; not abducted bc something changes innervation to cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (recurrent laryngeal)
54
Causes of roaring (3)
- long recurrent laryngeal (horse bends neck to eat, stretches nerve - muscle atrophies)
- aortic pulsation (nerve wraps around pulsing aorta - causes pressure)
- enlarged tracheobronchial ln. (put pressure on nerve, seen after respiratory infection)
55
Treatments for roaring (3)
- ventriculectomy - remove lateral ventricle -> scar tissue -> retract fold out of airway
- "tie back" - suture material to recreate action of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (artificially abduct fold)
- reinnervation (difficult, uncommon) - transplant neuromuscular flap where cricoarytenoideus dorsalis is, usually from omohyoideus
56
Process on frontal bone
Zygomatic
57
Osteologic landmark to describe procedures on face
Facial crest
58
Dermatomes
Areas of sensory innervation, useful for anesthetizing *Guide pg 155
59
Supraorbital foramen in what bone and what passes through it
Frontal bone, supraorbital n.
60
Infraorbital foramen in what bone and what passes through it
Maxilla, infraorbital n.
61
Maxillary foramen is entrance to what
Infraorbital canal
62
Where is the foramen lacerum and what structures exit from it
Ventral aspect of skull, CNIX, X, XI, and mandibular n. from CNV
63
What exits from the mandibular foramen
Inferior alveolar n/a/v to lower arcade of teeth
64
What exits from the mental foramen
Mental n. to the lower lip and chin
65
Coronoid vs condylar process of mandible
Coronoid - projects upward, spiky
| Condylar - caudal, flat
66
Angle of mandible
Formed where body joins ramus
67
What passes through the vascular groove/notch of the mandible
Facial a/v (press finger against bone to read pulse) and parotid salivary duct
68
Processes of the orbit (3)
- zygomatic process of frontal bone
- zygomatic process of temporal bone
- temporal process of zygomatic bone
69
Equine vs canine orbit
Canine has ligament on lateral aspect, equine has bone
70
Cutaneus faciei and cutaneus colli are the equine equivalent of what in the dog
Platysma
71
Function and innervation of superficial mm. of the face
mm. of facial expression, innervated by CNVII
72
Zygomaticus runs along what structure
Facial crest
73
Caninus splits and passes through what m.
Levator nasolabialis
74
What m. lies on top of the parotid salivary gland
Parotidoauricularis
75
What mm. must you transect to see the temporalis m.
Auricular mm.
76
Innervation of mm. of mastication
CNV *exception - caudal belly of digastricus
77
mm. of mastication that close the mouth (3)
Masseter, pterygoid, temporalis
78
Muscle of mastication that opens the mouth (and parts)
Digastricus
- rostral belly
- caudal belly - caudal belly proper, occipitomandibularis
79
Digastricus innervation
Rostral belly - CNV
| Caudal belly - CNVII
80
What divides the rostral and caudal bellies of digastricus
Intermediate tendon; stylohyoideus forms tunnel in tendon
81
Facial n. branches
Buccal branches - superficial, pass over masseter
auriculopalpebral n.
(both motor)
82
Clinical problem assoc. w/ buccal branches of facial n.
Facial paralysis caused by pressure on nn. on down side of horse (give them a pillow) or by trauma to face
83
Trigeminal n. branches
Auriculotemporal n. (sensory), transverse facial branch of auriculotemporal - runs w/ transverse facial a/v
84
Branches of facial a. (5)
Inferior labial, superior labial, lateral nasal, dorsal nasal, angularis oculi
85
Which 3 facial vv. have sinuses
Deep facial, buccal, facial
86
Which 2 facial vv. fuse to form the external jugular
Linguofacial and maxillary
87
General rule of facial innervation
Sensory - CNV *exception - also motor to mm. of mastication and rostral belly of digastricus
Motor - CNVII (facial expression and caudal belly of digastricus)
88
Parotid duct (where empties, clinical, runs with what)
- empties on parotid papilla near upper 4th PM
- can become plugged - place stylette to reopen
- runs w/ facial a/v (all in vascular groove)
89
Branches of external carotid (5)
```
Occipital
linguofacial trunk
masseteric
caudal auricular
superficial temporal
```
90
Branch of linguofacial trunk
```
Ascending palatine
(Bifurcates into lingual and facial -> sublingual)
```
91
Branches of superficial temporal
Rostral auricular, transverse facial
92
Branches of maxillary a. (10)
```
Inferior alveolar
a. to auditory tube
pterygoid branch
middle meningeal a.
Caudal deep temporal (enters alar canal -> rostral deep temporal, external ophthalmic)
Buccal
Infraorbital -> malar
(Maxillary becomes) descending palatine
```
93
Branches of descending palatine (3)
Minor palatine - soft palate
Major palatine - hard palate
Sphenopalatine - nasal cavity
94
Mandibular n. branches (3)
```
Inferior alveolar (most ventral)
Lingual
Buccal (most dorsal)
```
95
Paranasal sinuses (3)
Conchofrontal (frontal bone, combined w/ sinus of dorsal concha)
Maxillary
Sphenopalatine (communication b/w sphenoid and palatine sinuses)
96
Anatomic limits of conchofrontal sinus
Caudal - temporomandibular joint
Rostral - halfway b/w medial canthus and infraorbital foramen
Medial - midline
Lateral - zygomatic process of frontal bone
97
Surgical limits of conchofrontal sinus
Caudal - supraorbital foramen
Rostral - halfway b/w medial canthus and infraorbital foramen
Medial - 2 cm. lateral to midline
Lateral - supraorbital foramen to intersection of rostral and medial limits
98
Anatomic features of maxillary sinus (3)
Maxillary septum - divides sinus into rostral and caudal
Infraorbital canal - divides into medial and lateral
Nasomaxillary aperture - maxillary sinus to middle nasal meatus
99
Infraorbital canal is the entrance into what
Sinus of ventral concha - conchomaxillary opening
100
Surgical limits of maxillary sinus
Caudal - medial canthus
Rostral - infraorbital foramen to facial crest
Ventral - facial crest
Dorsal - infraorbital foramen to medial canthus
101
Iridic granule
(Corpora nigrans) normal, extension of iris that hangs down in pupillary space, diff from canine
102
Retropharyngeal ln.
Lateral - dorsal
Medial - ventral
External carotid passes b/w
103
Structures surrounding retropharyngeal ln.
```
Linguofacial trunk
Hypoglossal n. caudal to trunk
Glossopharyngeal n. cranial to trunk
*same in all spp.
Cranial laryngeal runs transverse and dives b/w hyo and thyropharyngeus
```
104
The horn covers what structure
Cornual process
105
Palpable bony facial structure in ruminant
Temporal line
106
The equine facial crest is what in the ruminant
Facial tuber
107
The transverse septum divides the paranasal sinuses into what parts (ruminant)
Rostral and caudal
108
The oblique septum divides the paranasal sinuses into what parts (ruminant)
Divides caudal part in half
109
Diverticula in ruminant paranasal sinuses
Nuchal, postorbital
110
Ruminant limits of frontal sinus
Level of intercornual protuberance
Median septum
Temporal line
Transverse septum
111
What runs across the transverse septum that needs to be avoided
Frontal v. - emerges from supraorbital foramen
112
Ruminant limits of maxillary sinus
Medial canthus to infraorbital foramen
Facial tuber to zygomatic arch
Vertical plane through facial tuberosity
Medial canthus to ventral limit
113
Blood supply to horn (4)
Common carotid -> external carotid -> superficial temporal -> cornual
114
Blood supply to ruminant nose (5)
Common carotid -> external carotid -> linguofacial trunk -> facial -> superior labial
115
Distinguishing feature of small ruminant blood flow
No facial a. - supplied by transverse facial (much larger)
116
Dehorning - nerve block what and remove what
Cornual n., remove epikeras or can produce horny outgrowths = scurs
117
Location of dehorning nerve block
Injection midway b/w horn and lateral canthus at temporal line
118
Dehorning considerations
Cornual n. may take abnormal path - infratrochlear n. may be abnormally long (failure of anesthesia)
119
Epikeras
Transitional epithelium in horn, equivalent of periople in hoof *remove
120
Small ruminant innervation to horn
Cornual n. (halfway b/w eye and horn), infratrochlear n. (toward opp base of horn) *block both for dehorning
121
Disbudding
Remove prior to 14 days - still free and lose in skin
122
Small ruminant sinuses
Smaller frontal sinus, no extensive overgrowth of frontal bone/sinus caudally like in bovine
123
Clinical consideration for dehorning small ruminants
Thermal meningitis (can "fry" their brain) due to lack of large frontal sinus
124
Glands in goats
Horn glands - caudomedial incision to remove
125
Glands in sheep
Glands of the infraorbital sinus/pouch - produce waxy substance that can stain wool/eye
126
Guttural pouch (and boundaries/compartments)
Mucosecretory, diverticulum to auditory tube
Dorsal boundary - base of cranium and atlas
Ventral - pharynx and esophagus
Divided by stylohyoid bone into lateral and medial compartments *medial is larger
127
Surgical approaches to guttural pouch (4)
Viborg's triangle
Hyovertebrotomy
Whitehouse
Modified Whitehouse
128
Viborg surgical approach
Access membrane/space of guttural pouch and retropharyngeal ln., can cut to drain
129
Hyovertebrotomy
Refers to stylohyoid bone and atlas, incision midway b/w stylohyoid and wing of atlas into dorsal aspect of guttural pouch
130
Whitehouse and modified Whitehouse
Median incision to guttural pouch
| Modified - paramedian, parallel to linguofacial v. *preferred
131
Clinical signs of guttural pouch dz (5)
Nasal discharge - fluid into pharyngeal opening of auditory tube, can become mucoid -> empyema
Epistaxis - due to location of internal carotid in dorsomedial pouch
-aspergillus colonizes - can erode pouch and cause hemorrhage
Dysphagia - irritation of membrane affects CNIX and X (control swallowing)
Tympany - air trapped in pouch, usually younger animals
Horner's Syndrome - sympathetic system, cranial cervical ganglion affected by inflamed pouch
132
Dentition aging factors
Eruption dates, shape of tooth, wear pattern, dietary influence, angle of arcade, genetics, whole animal
133
Most accurate aging factor
Eruption date of lower permanent incisors
134
Deciduous equine dental formula
Di 3/3 Dc 0/0 Dp 3/3
135
Permanent equine dental formula
I 3/3 C 1/1 P (3/4)/3 M 3/3
| First PM variable - never see lower and if see upper, vestigial
136
Wolf tooth
Upper first PM, can break through gum and cause problems with chewing (remove)
137
Canine teeth (eruption, male vs female)
Erupt at 3-5y, fully developed in male and vestigial if present in female
138
Location of interdental space = diastema (2)
Main - between canine and first PM
| Smaller - between canine and incisors
139
Hypsodont tooth
High crown, roots form late -> pressure causes teeth to grow continually (reason you can use to age)
140
Brachydont tooth
Short crown, distinct neck, fully formed root (cats, dogs, humans)
141
Pulp cavity extends where
Rostral to infundibulum (cup)
142
Dentin is surrounded by what 2 layers
First enamel then cement
143
In wear
Incisors of upper and lower arcades contact, ~6 mo. after eruption
144
Level
Both teeth equally in wear
145
Enamel spot
Plug of enamel and cement left in cup
146
Dental star
Remodeled pulp cavity, secondary deposition of dentin *always rostral to cup and enamel spot
147
Galvayne's groove and ages of appearance
Appears on permanent upper I3, cement that turns brown (other cement wears away); first appears at 10y, halfway to occlusal surface at 15y, at surface at 20y
148
Incisor eruption dates
I1 - 2.5y
I2 - 3.5y
I3 - 4.5y
*+6 mo. if in wear
149
Premolar eruption dates
P1 - .5y
P2 - 2.5y
P3 - 3y
P4 - 4y
150
Molar eruption dates
M1 - 1y
M2 - 2y
M3 - 3y
151
Cup gone dates for incisors
I1 - 6y
I2 - 7y
I3 - 8y
152
7 year hook
*permanent upper I3
| Due to malocclusion, gone at 9y and comes back at 11y (use other clues to determine age)
153
Teeth shape changes
Oval -> round -> triangular -> rectangular
154
Dates of shape changes for I1
Oval when emerges, round at 9y, triangular at 16y, rectangular at 18y
155
Dates of shape changes for I2
Oval when emerges, round at 10y, triangular at 17y, rectangular at 19y or older
156
Tooth points
On cheek teeth - can lacerate gums bc maxilla is wider than mandible
157
Floating
File down sharp edges, buccal surface on maxilla and lingual surface on mandible
158
Deciduous teeth characteristics
Smaller, shovel-shaped, distinct neck b/w crown and root, wavy w/ multiple lines (vs single groove in permanent)
159
Caps
Retained deciduous cheek teeth
160
Eruption dates for deciduous incisors
I1 - 7d
I2 - 7w
I3 - 7 mo.
161
Deciduous teeth changes w/ time
1y - DI1 and 2 in wear, DI3 erupted
| 2y - DI1 and 2 level, DI3 in wear (only labial cusp wearing)
162
When do you no longer need to evaluate deciduous teeth
2.5y (permanent I1 erupts)
163
Ruminant dental formula
I 0/4 C 0/0 P 3/3 (no first PM) M 3/3
| *dental pad
164
Ruminant eruption dates for incisors
I1 - 1.5-2y
I2 - 2-2.5y
I3 - 3-3.5y
I4 - 3.5-4y
165
Small ruminant eruption dates for incisors
I1 - 1y
I2 - 2y
I3 - 3y
I4 - 4y
166
Ruminant dates for level incisors
I1 - 6y
I2 - 7y
I3 - 8y
I4 - 9y
167
When are all ruminant incisors in wear and when do they resemble pegs
5y, 15y (if present)
