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anatomy-horse And Ruminant > Head > Flashcards

Head Flashcards

1
Q

Which nasal cartilages are present in the horse

A

Dorsal Lateral–attaches to nasal bone that rounds out top of nasal opening
Alar– 1) cornu=curved part shapes the ventral aspect of nasal cavity
2) lamina-sheet like piece
Medial accessory–covered by alar fold covered by mucosa

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2
Q

describe the relationship of the alar cartilage to the anatomy of the nostril

A

Alar fold

  • -divides the two nostrils into halves (upper dorsal and lower ventral)
  • -flap of skin that projects into nasal cavity and attaches to ventral conchae
  • -forms the bottom nasal diverticulum
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3
Q

Limits and function of nasal cavity

A

Limits: extends from nasal opening back to level of eyes
function: filters, warms, and humidifies inspired air (accomplished by respiratory epithelium and turbinate bones)

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4
Q

describe the placement of a nasogastric tube in a horse

A

point the tube ventrally to avoid the nasal diverticulum

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5
Q

nasal septum

A

white piece of hyaline cartilage along midline

can get inflamed and get bigger and cause issues/obstruction

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6
Q

boundaries of the nasal cavity

A

dorsal–nasal bone
lateral– 1) incisive bone 2) maxilla 3) lacrimal bone 4) zygomatic bone
ventral–hard palate–compound bone

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7
Q

Where is the best space to place a stomach tube

A

ventral/common nasal meatus

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8
Q

blood supply to the nasal cavity and nostrils

A

to the nostril: nasal arteries

to the nasal cavity: sphenopalantine arteries

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9
Q

innervation to nostrils and nasal cavity

A

sensory to nostril–infraorbital (twitching nose)
Motor to nostril–branches of facial nerve CN VII
Nerves in the nasal cavity–cranial nerves I (olfactory) and V (sensory to mucosa)

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10
Q

limits of nasal meatuses

A

Dorsal meatus–between dorsal conchae and nasal bone
middle meatus–between dorsal and ventral conchae
ventral meatus–between ventral conchae and hard palate
common meatus–along nasal septum spanning from nasal bone to hard palate

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11
Q

what is another name for internal nares

A

Choanae–exit from nasal cavity back into pharynx

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12
Q

what are the divisions of the mouth

A

vestibule–lateral to teeth

oral cavity proper–medial to teeth

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13
Q

what are the bones of the hard palate

A

Maxilla, palatine, incisive

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14
Q

what are the raphe and rugae

A

raphe–midline of oral cavity
rugae–ridges that eminate from raphe
Function to hold food within the oral cavity

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15
Q

What and where isthe incisive papilla

A

it is the blind end nasoincisive duct and it is the rounded bump behind teeth

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16
Q

Sublingual caruncle

A

triangular flap in rostril area of cavity

it is the flap for mandibular salivary gland

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17
Q

sublingual fold

A

extends in caudal direction and contains polystomatic sublingual salivary glands.
NO monostomatic sublingual salivary gland

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18
Q

lingual frenulum

A

fold of mucosa that attaches to tongue

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19
Q

what are the four types of lingual papillae

A

1-filiform–found on body and apex not on root (purely mechanical)
2-fungiform–lateral and scattered look like round dots
3-vallate–serve as anatomical landmark between root and body (crater/volcano shaped pits)
4-foliate-not really papillae but more like ridges located laterally on root

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20
Q

what papillae contain taste buds

A

fungiform, vallate, foliate

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21
Q

Intrinsic lingual muscles

A

form bulk of tongue and insert within the tongue itself

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22
Q

Extrinsic lingual muscles

A 
originate away from structure and attach to tongue
Styloglossus--lateral
hyoglossus--root
genioglossus--medial
Associated lingual muscles
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23
Q

what are the associated lingual muscles

A

geniohyoideus–chin to hyoid bone
hyoepiglotticus–from hyoid to epiglottis
mylohyoideus–spans intermandibular space originating on inside edge of mandible

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24
Q

blood supply to the tongue

A

lingual and sublingual arteries–branches of the facial artery

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25
Q

Innervation to the tongue

A

Sensory–lingual nerve
Taste–rostral 2/3 via facial nerve branches CNVII
caudal 1/3 via glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX
motor–hypoglossal nerve CNXII

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26
Q

where is the parotid salivary gland

A

base of the ear to angle of jaw/mandible

opens on parotid papilla located opposite upper 4th premolar

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27
Q

where is the mandibular salivary gland

A

crescent shaped gland and deeper than parotid gland opens on sublingual caruncle

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28
Q

polystomatic sublingual salivary gland

A

opens along sublingual fold and must remove mucosa to see

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29
Q

Buccal salivary gland

A

dorsal and ventral=diffusely scattered

**dorsal=zygomatic salivary gland in dog

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30
Q

Divisions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx and oropharynx (divided by soft palate)

Laryngopharynx–just caudal to soft palate immediately surrounds larynx

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31
Q

pharyngeal Muscles

A

cricopharyngeus, thyropharyngeus, hyopharyngeus

Function as constrictors that propel food into esophagus

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32
Q

where are the various tonsillar tissues located

A

lingual tonsil–in root of the tongue
palatine tonsil–on the floor of pharynx
tonsil of soft palate–oval shaped spot on soft palate
pharyngeal tonsil–in pharyngeal roof
tubal tonsil–surrounds pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube

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33
Q

function of the pharyngeal opening of auditory tube

A

endoscopic landmark that is a communication of the auditory tube and nasopharynx
functions to equalize pressure

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34
Q

what is the conical papillae in ruminant that is absent in horses

A

conical papillae–named for shape or can be buccal papillae depending on location
papillae caudally project to help hold food in mouth (purely mechanical)

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35
Q

what is the dental pad in ruminant

A

area of upper teeth row where they lack incisors and canines

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36
Q

what is the lingual fossa

A

ditch/groove in middle of tongue separates apex from rest of tongue
**area where foreign bodies can become stuck

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37
Q

torus linguae

A

tissue caudal to lingual fossa–lump/bump

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38
Q

what ruminant lingual papilla have taste buds and what papillae do they lack

A

taste buds: vallate and fungiform

lack folliate papillae

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39
Q

what are lenticular papilla

A

broad and flat papilla on body and root of tongue

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40
Q

what is the pharyngeal septum

A

mucosal fold that partially divides nasopharynx into 2 halves that comes off the nasal septum.
Absent in horse

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41
Q

what are the sites of the tonsillar tissue within the ruminant

A

Lingual tonsil–in root of the tongue
tonsil of the soft palate–same as horse
palatine tonsil–different from other species–located in a sinus/invagination of wall of oropharynx
tubal tonsil–surrounds the pharyngeal opening of auditory tube

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42
Q

What hyoid bones make up the hyoid apparatus

A

Thyro, basi, kerato, epi, stylo, and tympanohyoid bones

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43
Q

Process of the epiglottis

A

Cuneiform

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44
Q

Parts of the thyroid cartilage

A

Body (ventral with notch) and lamina (rostral and caudal cornu)

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45
Q

Processes of the arytenoid

A

Corniculate, muscular, vocal (vocalis m. attaches)

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46
Q

Parts of the cricoid cartilage

A

Lamina (dorsal) and arch (ventral and lateral)

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47
Q

Extrinsic laryngeal mm.

A

Hyoepiglotticus, sternothyroideus, thyrohyoideus

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48
Q

Intrinsic laryngeal mm. and distinguishing features

A

Cricothyroideus - innervated by cranial laryngeal n.

Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis - abducts vocal fold

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49
Q

Parts of vocal apparatus

A

Glottis (vocal folds and arytenoid) and rima glottidis = cleft of the glottis

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50
Q

Parts of laryngeal ventricle

A

Lateral
Vestibular fold - rostral, wraps around cuneiform process (epiglottis)
Vocal fold - caudal, wraps around vocal process (arytenoid)
Median

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51
Q

Laryngeal ligaments

A

Cricothyroid, cricotracheal

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52
Q

Laryngeal innervation

A

Cranial laryngeal - cricothyroideus, sensory to mucosa of larynx
Recurrent laryngeal - all others

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53
Q

Roaring

A

Laryngeal hemiplegia - one sided (usually left) paralysis of vocal fold; not abducted bc something changes innervation to cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (recurrent laryngeal)

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54
Q

Causes of roaring (3)

A
  • long recurrent laryngeal (horse bends neck to eat, stretches nerve - muscle atrophies)
  • aortic pulsation (nerve wraps around pulsing aorta - causes pressure)
  • enlarged tracheobronchial ln. (put pressure on nerve, seen after respiratory infection)
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55
Q

Treatments for roaring (3)

A
  • ventriculectomy - remove lateral ventricle -> scar tissue -> retract fold out of airway
  • “tie back” - suture material to recreate action of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (artificially abduct fold)
  • reinnervation (difficult, uncommon) - transplant neuromuscular flap where cricoarytenoideus dorsalis is, usually from omohyoideus
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56
Q

Process on frontal bone

A

Zygomatic

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57
Q

Osteologic landmark to describe procedures on face

A

Facial crest

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58
Q

Dermatomes

A

Areas of sensory innervation, useful for anesthetizing *Guide pg 155

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59
Q

Supraorbital foramen in what bone and what passes through it

A

Frontal bone, supraorbital n.

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60
Q

Infraorbital foramen in what bone and what passes through it

A

Maxilla, infraorbital n.

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61
Q

Maxillary foramen is entrance to what

A

Infraorbital canal

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62
Q

Where is the foramen lacerum and what structures exit from it

A

Ventral aspect of skull, CNIX, X, XI, and mandibular n. from CNV

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63
Q

What exits from the mandibular foramen

A

Inferior alveolar n/a/v to lower arcade of teeth

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64
Q

What exits from the mental foramen

A

Mental n. to the lower lip and chin

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65
Q

Coronoid vs condylar process of mandible

A

Coronoid - projects upward, spiky

Condylar - caudal, flat

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66
Q

Angle of mandible

A

Formed where body joins ramus

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67
Q

What passes through the vascular groove/notch of the mandible

A

Facial a/v (press finger against bone to read pulse) and parotid salivary duct

68
Q

Processes of the orbit (3)

A
  • zygomatic process of frontal bone
  • zygomatic process of temporal bone
  • temporal process of zygomatic bone
69
Q

Equine vs canine orbit

A

Canine has ligament on lateral aspect, equine has bone

70
Q

Cutaneus faciei and cutaneus colli are the equine equivalent of what in the dog

A

Platysma

71
Q

Function and innervation of superficial mm. of the face

A

mm. of facial expression, innervated by CNVII

72
Q

Zygomaticus runs along what structure

A

Facial crest

73
Q

Caninus splits and passes through what m.

A

Levator nasolabialis

74
Q

What m. lies on top of the parotid salivary gland

A

Parotidoauricularis

75
Q

What mm. must you transect to see the temporalis m.

A

Auricular mm.

76
Q

Innervation of mm. of mastication

A

CNV *exception - caudal belly of digastricus

77
Q

mm. of mastication that close the mouth (3)

A

Masseter, pterygoid, temporalis

78
Q

Muscle of mastication that opens the mouth (and parts)

A

Digastricus

  • rostral belly
  • caudal belly - caudal belly proper, occipitomandibularis
79
Q

Digastricus innervation

A

Rostral belly - CNV

Caudal belly - CNVII

80
Q

What divides the rostral and caudal bellies of digastricus

A

Intermediate tendon; stylohyoideus forms tunnel in tendon

81
Q

Facial n. branches

A

Buccal branches - superficial, pass over masseter
auriculopalpebral n.
(both motor)

82
Q

Clinical problem assoc. w/ buccal branches of facial n.

A

Facial paralysis caused by pressure on nn. on down side of horse (give them a pillow) or by trauma to face

83
Q

Trigeminal n. branches

A

Auriculotemporal n. (sensory), transverse facial branch of auriculotemporal - runs w/ transverse facial a/v

84
Q

Branches of facial a. (5)

A

Inferior labial, superior labial, lateral nasal, dorsal nasal, angularis oculi

85
Q

Which 3 facial vv. have sinuses

A

Deep facial, buccal, facial

86
Q

Which 2 facial vv. fuse to form the external jugular

A

Linguofacial and maxillary

87
Q

General rule of facial innervation

A

Sensory - CNV *exception - also motor to mm. of mastication and rostral belly of digastricus
Motor - CNVII (facial expression and caudal belly of digastricus)

88
Q

Parotid duct (where empties, clinical, runs with what)

A
  • empties on parotid papilla near upper 4th PM
  • can become plugged - place stylette to reopen
  • runs w/ facial a/v (all in vascular groove)
89
Q

Branches of external carotid (5)

A 
Occipital
linguofacial trunk
masseteric
caudal auricular
superficial temporal
90
Q

Branch of linguofacial trunk

A 
Ascending palatine
(Bifurcates into lingual and facial -> sublingual)
91
Q

Branches of superficial temporal

A

Rostral auricular, transverse facial

92
Q

Branches of maxillary a. (10)

A 
Inferior alveolar
a. to auditory tube
pterygoid branch
middle meningeal a.
Caudal deep temporal (enters alar canal -> rostral deep temporal, external ophthalmic)
Buccal
Infraorbital -> malar
(Maxillary becomes) descending palatine
93
Q

Branches of descending palatine (3)

A

Minor palatine - soft palate
Major palatine - hard palate
Sphenopalatine - nasal cavity

94
Q

Mandibular n. branches (3)

A 
Inferior alveolar (most ventral)
Lingual
Buccal (most dorsal)
95
Q

Paranasal sinuses (3)

A

Conchofrontal (frontal bone, combined w/ sinus of dorsal concha)
Maxillary
Sphenopalatine (communication b/w sphenoid and palatine sinuses)

96
Q

Anatomic limits of conchofrontal sinus

A

Caudal - temporomandibular joint
Rostral - halfway b/w medial canthus and infraorbital foramen
Medial - midline
Lateral - zygomatic process of frontal bone

97
Q

Surgical limits of conchofrontal sinus

A

Caudal - supraorbital foramen
Rostral - halfway b/w medial canthus and infraorbital foramen
Medial - 2 cm. lateral to midline
Lateral - supraorbital foramen to intersection of rostral and medial limits

98
Q

Anatomic features of maxillary sinus (3)

A

Maxillary septum - divides sinus into rostral and caudal
Infraorbital canal - divides into medial and lateral
Nasomaxillary aperture - maxillary sinus to middle nasal meatus

99
Q

Infraorbital canal is the entrance into what

A

Sinus of ventral concha - conchomaxillary opening

100
Q

Surgical limits of maxillary sinus

A

Caudal - medial canthus
Rostral - infraorbital foramen to facial crest
Ventral - facial crest
Dorsal - infraorbital foramen to medial canthus

101
Q

Iridic granule

A

(Corpora nigrans) normal, extension of iris that hangs down in pupillary space, diff from canine

102
Q

Retropharyngeal ln.

A

Lateral - dorsal
Medial - ventral
External carotid passes b/w

103
Q

Structures surrounding retropharyngeal ln.

A 
Linguofacial trunk
Hypoglossal n. caudal to trunk
Glossopharyngeal n. cranial to trunk
*same in all spp.
Cranial laryngeal runs transverse and dives b/w hyo and thyropharyngeus
104
Q

The horn covers what structure

A

Cornual process

105
Q

Palpable bony facial structure in ruminant

A

Temporal line

106
Q

The equine facial crest is what in the ruminant

A

Facial tuber

107
Q

The transverse septum divides the paranasal sinuses into what parts (ruminant)

A

Rostral and caudal

108
Q

The oblique septum divides the paranasal sinuses into what parts (ruminant)

A

Divides caudal part in half

109
Q

Diverticula in ruminant paranasal sinuses

A

Nuchal, postorbital

110
Q

Ruminant limits of frontal sinus

A

Level of intercornual protuberance
Median septum
Temporal line
Transverse septum

111
Q

What runs across the transverse septum that needs to be avoided

A

Frontal v. - emerges from supraorbital foramen

112
Q

Ruminant limits of maxillary sinus

A

Medial canthus to infraorbital foramen
Facial tuber to zygomatic arch
Vertical plane through facial tuberosity
Medial canthus to ventral limit

113
Q

Blood supply to horn (4)

A

Common carotid -> external carotid -> superficial temporal -> cornual

114
Q

Blood supply to ruminant nose (5)

A

Common carotid -> external carotid -> linguofacial trunk -> facial -> superior labial

115
Q

Distinguishing feature of small ruminant blood flow

A

No facial a. - supplied by transverse facial (much larger)

116
Q

Dehorning - nerve block what and remove what

A

Cornual n., remove epikeras or can produce horny outgrowths = scurs

117
Q

Location of dehorning nerve block

A

Injection midway b/w horn and lateral canthus at temporal line

118
Q

Dehorning considerations

A

Cornual n. may take abnormal path - infratrochlear n. may be abnormally long (failure of anesthesia)

119
Q

Epikeras

A

Transitional epithelium in horn, equivalent of periople in hoof *remove

120
Q

Small ruminant innervation to horn

A

Cornual n. (halfway b/w eye and horn), infratrochlear n. (toward opp base of horn) *block both for dehorning

121
Q

Disbudding

A

Remove prior to 14 days - still free and lose in skin

122
Q

Small ruminant sinuses

A

Smaller frontal sinus, no extensive overgrowth of frontal bone/sinus caudally like in bovine

123
Q

Clinical consideration for dehorning small ruminants

A

Thermal meningitis (can “fry” their brain) due to lack of large frontal sinus

124
Q

Glands in goats

A

Horn glands - caudomedial incision to remove

125
Q

Glands in sheep

A

Glands of the infraorbital sinus/pouch - produce waxy substance that can stain wool/eye

126
Q

Guttural pouch (and boundaries/compartments)

A

Mucosecretory, diverticulum to auditory tube
Dorsal boundary - base of cranium and atlas
Ventral - pharynx and esophagus
Divided by stylohyoid bone into lateral and medial compartments *medial is larger

127
Q

Surgical approaches to guttural pouch (4)

A

Viborg’s triangle
Hyovertebrotomy
Whitehouse
Modified Whitehouse

128
Q

Viborg surgical approach

A

Access membrane/space of guttural pouch and retropharyngeal ln., can cut to drain

129
Q

Hyovertebrotomy

A

Refers to stylohyoid bone and atlas, incision midway b/w stylohyoid and wing of atlas into dorsal aspect of guttural pouch

130
Q

Whitehouse and modified Whitehouse

A

Median incision to guttural pouch

Modified - paramedian, parallel to linguofacial v. *preferred

131
Q

Clinical signs of guttural pouch dz (5)

A

Nasal discharge - fluid into pharyngeal opening of auditory tube, can become mucoid -> empyema
Epistaxis - due to location of internal carotid in dorsomedial pouch
-aspergillus colonizes - can erode pouch and cause hemorrhage
Dysphagia - irritation of membrane affects CNIX and X (control swallowing)
Tympany - air trapped in pouch, usually younger animals
Horner’s Syndrome - sympathetic system, cranial cervical ganglion affected by inflamed pouch

132
Q

Dentition aging factors

A

Eruption dates, shape of tooth, wear pattern, dietary influence, angle of arcade, genetics, whole animal

133
Q

Most accurate aging factor

A

Eruption date of lower permanent incisors

134
Q

Deciduous equine dental formula

A

Di 3/3 Dc 0/0 Dp 3/3

135
Q

Permanent equine dental formula

A

I 3/3 C 1/1 P (3/4)/3 M 3/3

First PM variable - never see lower and if see upper, vestigial

136
Q

Wolf tooth

A

Upper first PM, can break through gum and cause problems with chewing (remove)

137
Q

Canine teeth (eruption, male vs female)

A

Erupt at 3-5y, fully developed in male and vestigial if present in female

138
Q

Location of interdental space = diastema (2)

A

Main - between canine and first PM

Smaller - between canine and incisors

139
Q

Hypsodont tooth

A

High crown, roots form late -> pressure causes teeth to grow continually (reason you can use to age)

140
Q

Brachydont tooth

A

Short crown, distinct neck, fully formed root (cats, dogs, humans)

141
Q

Pulp cavity extends where

A

Rostral to infundibulum (cup)

142
Q

Dentin is surrounded by what 2 layers

A

First enamel then cement

143
Q

In wear

A

Incisors of upper and lower arcades contact, ~6 mo. after eruption

144
Q

Level

A

Both teeth equally in wear

145
Q

Enamel spot

A

Plug of enamel and cement left in cup

146
Q

Dental star

A

Remodeled pulp cavity, secondary deposition of dentin *always rostral to cup and enamel spot

147
Q

Galvayne’s groove and ages of appearance

A

Appears on permanent upper I3, cement that turns brown (other cement wears away); first appears at 10y, halfway to occlusal surface at 15y, at surface at 20y

148
Q

Incisor eruption dates

A

I1 - 2.5y
I2 - 3.5y
I3 - 4.5y
*+6 mo. if in wear

149
Q

Premolar eruption dates

A

P1 - .5y
P2 - 2.5y
P3 - 3y
P4 - 4y

150
Q

Molar eruption dates

A

M1 - 1y
M2 - 2y
M3 - 3y

151
Q

Cup gone dates for incisors

A

I1 - 6y
I2 - 7y
I3 - 8y

152
Q

7 year hook

A

*permanent upper I3

Due to malocclusion, gone at 9y and comes back at 11y (use other clues to determine age)

153
Q

Teeth shape changes

A

Oval -> round -> triangular -> rectangular

154
Q

Dates of shape changes for I1

A

Oval when emerges, round at 9y, triangular at 16y, rectangular at 18y

155
Q

Dates of shape changes for I2

A

Oval when emerges, round at 10y, triangular at 17y, rectangular at 19y or older

156
Q

Tooth points

A

On cheek teeth - can lacerate gums bc maxilla is wider than mandible

157
Q

Floating

A

File down sharp edges, buccal surface on maxilla and lingual surface on mandible

158
Q

Deciduous teeth characteristics

A

Smaller, shovel-shaped, distinct neck b/w crown and root, wavy w/ multiple lines (vs single groove in permanent)

159
Q

Caps

A

Retained deciduous cheek teeth

160
Q

Eruption dates for deciduous incisors

A

I1 - 7d
I2 - 7w
I3 - 7 mo.

161
Q

Deciduous teeth changes w/ time

A

1y - DI1 and 2 in wear, DI3 erupted

2y - DI1 and 2 level, DI3 in wear (only labial cusp wearing)

162
Q

When do you no longer need to evaluate deciduous teeth

A

2.5y (permanent I1 erupts)

163
Q

Ruminant dental formula

A

I 0/4 C 0/0 P 3/3 (no first PM) M 3/3

*dental pad

164
Q

Ruminant eruption dates for incisors

A

I1 - 1.5-2y
I2 - 2-2.5y
I3 - 3-3.5y
I4 - 3.5-4y

165
Q

Small ruminant eruption dates for incisors

A

I1 - 1y
I2 - 2y
I3 - 3y
I4 - 4y

166
Q

Ruminant dates for level incisors

A

I1 - 6y
I2 - 7y
I3 - 8y
I4 - 9y

167
Q

When are all ruminant incisors in wear and when do they resemble pegs

A

5y, 15y (if present)

anatomy-horse And Ruminant (9 decks)

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