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anatomy-horse And Ruminant > Thoracic limb (2) > Flashcards

Thoracic limb (2) Flashcards

1
Q

Function of extrinsic muscles

A

Attach the limb to the trunk

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2
Q

Rhomboideus cervicis/thoracis

A

innervated by cervical spinal nerves

Function: move neck or shoulder

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3
Q

Serratus Ventralis cervicis

A

innervated by cervical spinal nerves

function: acts as a sling/ retracts the scapula

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4
Q

Trapezius cervicis/thoracis

A

innervated by CN XI-accessory nerve

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5
Q

Brachiocephalicus

A

innervated by CN XI-accessory nerve

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6
Q

omotransversarius

A

innervated by CN XI- accessory nerve

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7
Q

What are the 4 pectoral muscles? What is their function and innervation?

A

Subclavius, descending pectoral, transverse pectoral, deep pectoral
Innervated by pectoral nerves
Function: Adduct the limb

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8
Q

Serratus ventralis thoracis

A

innervated by long thoracic nerves

function: acts as a sling/ retracts the scapula

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9
Q

what is the condition involving injury to the suprascapular n. and what muscles does it effect?

A

Sweeney–infraspinatus, supraspinatus

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10
Q

what is the lacertus fibrosus

A

Continuation of internal tendon of biceps brachii, joins extensor carpi radialis
Function: helps prevent flexing of shoulder

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11
Q

What are the extensor muscles and what is their origin, function and innervations

A

Extensor carpi radialis, common digital extensor, lateral digital extensor, ulnaris lateralis
Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Innervation: Radial nerve
Function:Extensors of the carpus and digits

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12
Q

What muscle is analogous to the adductor pollicis muscle in canine?

A

extensor carpi obliquus–horses lack a pollex (1st digit)

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13
Q

what are the flexor muscles of the antebrachium and what is their origin, function, and innervation

A

Deep digital flexor, superficial digital flexor, flexor carpi ulnaris (humeral and ulnar head), flexor carpi radialis
Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus
innervation: median and ulnar nerves
Function: Flexor of the carpus and digits

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14
Q

Accessory ligament of SDF

A

band of tissue from radius that holds SDF in place

Proximal Check Ligament

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15
Q

Accessory band of the DDF

A

band of tissue holding the DDF in place (Distal Check ligament)

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16
Q

Suspensory ligament

A

Band of connective tissue equivalent to the interosseus muscles in other species

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17
Q

Order of structures during palpation of limb from deep to superficial.

A

cannon bone (splint bones), suspensory ligament, DDF tendon, SDF tendon

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18
Q

What artery is a contiuation of the subclavian artery and is the origin of blood flow to the thoracic limb

A

Axillary artery–courses from the axillary space to the medial side of the scapula

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19
Q

what is the distal continuation of the axillary artery

A

brachial artery begins at the level of proximal antebrachium

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20
Q

what is the continuation of the brachial artery distal to the level of the carpus

A

Median artery–enters and passes through the carpal canal

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21
Q

what artery is the principle blood supply to the equine digit

A

medial palmar artery–emerges distal to the carpal canal

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22
Q

Medial palmar artery splits at the level of the fetlock into..

A

medial and lateral digital arteries–continue down to level of PIII and enter into solar foramina

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23
Q

what is the arcus terminalis

A

medial and lateral digital arteries enter the solar foramina at the level of PIII and anastomose inside the solar canal to form the terminal arch

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24
Q

What branch of the axillary artery courses on the cranial aspect of the scapula and dives deep between supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles?

A

Suprascapular artery

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25
Q

what branch of the axillary artery runs between the subscapularis and teres major muscles along the caudal aspect of the caudal angle of the scapula?

A

Subscapular artery

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26
Q

What branch of the axillary wraps around the caudal aspect of the proximal humerus

A

caudal circumflex humeral

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27
Q

branch of the axillary artery that supplies latissimus dorsi

A

thoracodorsal

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28
Q

Last branch of the axillary artery that wraps around the cranial aspect of the proximal humerus.

A

Cranial circumflex humeral–anastomoses with caudal circumflex humeral forming vascular ring

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29
Q

First branch of the brachial artery dives deep into the mid-brachial region

A

deep brachial artery

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30
Q

Any artery going to the biceps brachii

A

Bicipital artery-possible to have more than one

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31
Q

Branch of the brachial artery that courses caudally toward medial side of elbow and fans into more than one branch

A

collateral ulnar artery–continues distally down caudolateral aspect of limb to contribute to the formation of the lateral palmar artery

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32
Q

Branch of brachial artery that dives at the level of the elbow to supply the joint and contributes to the formation of the rete carpi dorsale

A

transverse cubital artery

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33
Q

Last branch of brachial artery dives between interosseous space between the radius and ulna

A

common interosseus–branches into cranial and caudal interosseous

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34
Q

What is the rete carpi dorsale?

A

spider web like network of arteries of the dorsal aspect of the carpus that gives rise to two dorsal metacarpal arteries distally (medial and lateral dorsal metacarpal aa.)

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35
Q

what two arteries form the rete carpi dorsale

A

transverse cubital and cranial interosseous arteries

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36
Q

First Branch of the median artery supplying the caudomedial muscles of the antebrachium

A

Deep antebrachial artery

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37
Q

branch of the median artery that supplies the carpal joint

A

Proximal radial artery

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38
Q

principal blood flow to the digit

A

median a. –> medial palmar a.

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39
Q

Ancillary blood flow; lateral and deep

A

Median a. –> palmar branch of median a.

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40
Q

ancillary blood flow;medial and deep

A

median a. –> radial a.

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41
Q

what arteries are branches of the medial palmar artery after it divides at the fetlock that then form the dorsal and palmar branches of PI,PII,PIII and branch to the digital cushion enters medial solar foramen.

A

Medial and lateral digital arteries

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42
Q

Palmar branch of the median a.

A

fuses with collateral ulnar a. to form the lateral palmar artery. part of the ancillary blood flow: lateral and deep

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43
Q

branch of the palmar branch of the median artery that supplies the deep palmar arch and fuses with the lateral digital artery

A

lateral palmar artery

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44
Q

what artery arises from the median artery at the same level as the palmar branch of the median artery and courses medially

A

Radial artery

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45
Q

Deep palmar arch

A

gives off the medial and lateral palmar metacarpal arteries which fuse at distal end of splint bone and empty into lateral digital artery

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46
Q

Median cubital vein

A

connects superficial and deep venous return of thoracic limb

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47
Q

Brachial plexus

A

Ventral branches of spinal nn. C6, 7, 8, T1, 2

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48
Q

nn. of brachial plexus exit what

A

Intervertebral foramina

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49
Q

Long thoracic n. innervates

A

Serratus ventralis

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50
Q

Lateral thoracic n. innervates

A

Cutaneus trunci

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51
Q

Suprascapular n. Iocation/innervates

A

Dives b/w supraspinatus and infraspinatus and courses around cranial scapula to lateral side; supra and infraspinatus

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52
Q

Subscapular n. location

A

Branches entering directly into subscapularis

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53
Q

Thoracodorsal n. innervates

A

Latissimus dorsi

54
Q

Axillary n. location/innervates

A

Dives b/w subscapularis and teres major as passes toward lateral side; teres major, teres minor, deltoideus

55
Q

Cranial pectoral n. innervates

A

Superficial pectoral mm.

56
Q

Caudal pectoral n. innervates

A

Deep pectoral mm.

57
Q

Radial n. location/innervates

A

Dives at mid-brachial region toward lateral limb; triceps mm. and craniolateral mm. of antebrachium (extensors of carpus and digit)

58
Q

Musculocutaneous n. branches/innervates

A

proximal and distal muscular branches; flexors of elbow joint - biceps brachii and brachialis
*fused w/ median n. in horse

59
Q

Median n. innervates

A

Caudomedial mm. of antebrachium (flexors of carpus and digit), functional overlap w/ ulnar
*fused w/ musculocutaneous in brachial region

60
Q

Ulnar n. innervates

A

Caudomedial mm. of antebrachium (flexors of carpus and digit), functional overlap w/ median

61
Q

Primary difference b/w canine and equine TL neurology

A

Path of median and ulnar nn. distal to carpus

62
Q

Path of median n.

A

Median -> medial and lateral palmar -> medial and lateral digital (level of fetlock) -> dorsal branches of medial and lateral digital

63
Q

Communicating branch

A

Connects medial and lateral palmar nn. at mid metacarpal region

64
Q

Branches of ulnar n.

A

Dorsal branch of ulnar
Palmar branch of ulnar + lateral palmar n. from median -> deep branch of the lateral palmar -> medial and lateral palmar metacarpal

65
Q

Cranial cutaneous antebrachial n. parent n.

A

Axillary n.

66
Q

Caudal cutaneous antebrachial n. parent n.

A

Ulnar n.

67
Q

Medial cutaneous antebrachial n. parent n.

A

Musculocutaneous n.

68
Q

Lateral cutaneous antebrachial n. parent n.

A

Radial n.

69
Q

Synovial joint compartments (3)

A

Antebrachiocarpal = radiocarpal joint
Midcarpal joint
Carpometacarpal joint
-last 2 communicate

70
Q

Synovial tendon sheath of ulnaris lateralis

A

Short tendon - no sheath

Long tendon - sheath

71
Q

Which flexor m. doesn’t have a synovial tendon sheath

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris

72
Q

Synovial tendon sheath of SDF and DDF

A

Common sheath = carpal sheath

73
Q

What tendons, vessel, and nerve run through the flexor retinaculum

A

SDF, DDF, median a., medial palmar n.

74
Q

What is the deep boundary of the carpal canal

A

Palmar carpal ligament

75
Q

Order of palpation starting w/ SDF (outermost structure)

A

SDF -> DDF -> suspensory ligament = interosseus m. -> MC IV

76
Q

What 2 mm. fuse and insert on the extensor process of PIII

A

Common and lateral digital extensors

77
Q

Interosseus m. (suspensory ligament) inserts where

A

Bifurcates and inserts on proximal sesamoids

78
Q

Where does DDF insert

A

Flexor surface of PIII

79
Q

Annular ligaments (3)

A

Palmar annular
Proximal digital annular *X-shaped
Distal digital annular

80
Q

Palmar ligament (at the fetlock) also known as

A

Intersesamoidean ligament *white, cartilaginous

81
Q

Navicular bone also known as

A

Distal sesamoid

82
Q

Navicular bursa also known as

A

Bursa podotrochlearis

83
Q

Where does SDF insert

A

Splits and inserts on distal PI and proximal PII

84
Q

Navicular syndrome

A

Bone, bursa, DDF infected, vascular

85
Q

Navicular bursitis

A

Nail-penetrating wound - bacterial infection of bursa

86
Q

Concussion mechanism of hoof

A

Frog (first thing to hit ground) -> heel -> bar -> quarter -> toe -> laminae -> periosteum -> distal phalanx
-absorbs shock and squeezes blood to venous return

87
Q

Bones of shoulder girdle in ruminant

A

Scapula (clavicle absent)

88
Q

Difference in humerus b/w equine and ruminant

A

Ruminant doesn’t have intermediate tubercle

89
Q

Difference in antebrachium b/w equine and ruminant

A

Ruminants have proximal and distal interosseus spaces, equine only has antebrachial interosseus space

90
Q

Which carpal bones are absent/fused in the ruminant

A

1st absent, 2nd and 3rd fused

91
Q

Carpal joint that provides the most movement in equine and ruminant

A

Antebrachiocarpal

92
Q

Which metacarpal bones are absent/fused in the ruminant

A

MC II absent, MC V small and usually absent in small ruminants, MC III and IV fused (large)

93
Q

Which digits are known as “dewclaws” (ruminant)

A

II and V - vestigial

94
Q

Which digits are medial/lateral

A

Medial - III (“axial”)

Lateral - IV (“abaxial”)

95
Q

Proximal and distal sesamoids are at what levels (ruminant)

A

Proximal at level of fetlock, distal at level of coffin

96
Q

Each digit has how many sesamoid bones (ruminant)

A

2 proximal and 1 distal -> 6 total/foot

97
Q

Which digit bears more weight in the thoracic and pelvic limbs

A

Thoracic - medial

Pelvic - lateral

98
Q

Function of proximal and distal interdigital ligaments in bovine

A

To prevent digits from spreading apart under weight of animal

99
Q

Interdigital ligaments in small ruminants

A

Proximal - not present

Distal - present as transverse band (vs X-shaped in bovine)

100
Q

Which interdigital ligament could be identified as a “cruciate” ligament

A

Distal interdigital

101
Q

Which artery runs along the dorsal surface of the ruminant digit

A

Dorsal metacarpal a. III (from radial a.)

102
Q

Principal blood supply to ruminant digit

A

Median a. -> palmar common digital a. III -> palmar proper axial digital aa. III and IV

103
Q

What comes from the proximal deep palmar arch

A

Palmar metacarpal aa. -> palmar common aa. and proper abaxial aa.

104
Q

Common digital aa. give rise to

A

Proper digital aa.

105
Q

Ruminant vessel/nerve naming surrounding fetlock

A

Named above fetlock -> “common” at level of fetlock -> “proper” distal to fetlock

106
Q

Spine of the frog also known as

A

Frog stay

107
Q

White line

A

Where sensitive and insensitive structures of equine hoof meet *important for nailing shoe

108
Q

Function of corium (dermal)

A

Nutrition/sensation to foot

109
Q

Laminar corium

A

Corium of the wall

Corium of the bar

110
Q

Papillary corium

A

Perioplic corium
Coronary corium
Corium of the frog
Corium of the sole

111
Q

Hoof wall grows from what

A

Coronary corium

112
Q

Layers of epidermis

A

Stratum externum -> stratum medium -> stratum internum (laminae)

113
Q

Coronary cushion

A

Thickened hypodermis (deepest layer of dermis) on dorsal border

114
Q

Coronary band

A

Coronary cushion, perioplic corium, coronary corium

115
Q

Interdigitating hoof laminae

A

Primary dermal and epidermal; secondary dermal and epidermal

116
Q

Which laminae separate in laminitis

A

Primary and secondary epidermal laminae

117
Q

Laminitis

A

Laminae become inflamed -> interlocking mechanism breaks down -> “walking on eggshells”

  • bad enough - PIII rotates downward and penetrates sole (Founder’s)
  • digital pulse
118
Q

Cartilage of the hoof located where

A

Palmar process of distal phalanx

119
Q

Venous plexuses of hoof (3)

A

Coronary, dorsal = parietal, palmar

120
Q

Passive stay apparatus

A

Biomechanical construct of tendons and ligaments, horse can stand with limbs locked and expend little energy

  • prevents these movements: shoulder flexes -> elbow flexes -> carpus overextends -> fetlock overextends
  • Guide pg 148
121
Q

Suspensory apparatus

A

Suspensory and sesamoidean ligaments, suspends fetlock

122
Q

Thrush

A

Inflammation or degeneration of frog, usually the result of standing in urine/feces

123
Q

Corns

A

Bruises of the sole at angle of sole

124
Q

Quittor

A

Infection of hoof cartilage that can lead to necrosis

125
Q

Sidebone

A

Ossification of hoof cartilage

126
Q

Digital neurectomy

A

Cut nerves to eliminate symptom but not cause (frowned upon)

127
Q

Ligament of the ergot

A

Vestige of metacarpal pad, can be mistakenly cut w/ neurectomy (proximity to lateral digital n.)

128
Q

Which laminae aren’t present in the ruminant hoof

A

Secondary laminae

129
Q

Anatomy of ruminant dewclaws

A

Vestigial digits II &V, no osseous development, palmar surface at level of fetlock

130
Q

Ruminant interdigital gland

A

Present in sheep b/w digits III and IV, opens in dorsal part of interdigital cleft and produces waxy substance *only on front limbs

131
Q

Which artery runs through the proximal interosseus space (ruminant b/w radius and ulna)

A

Cranial interosseus a.

anatomy-horse And Ruminant (9 decks)

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