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anatomy-horse And Ruminant > Thoracic limb (2) > Flashcards

Thoracic limb (2) Flashcards

1
Q

Function of extrinsic muscles

A

Attach the limb to the trunk

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2
Q

Rhomboideus cervicis/thoracis

A

innervated by cervical spinal nerves

Function: move neck or shoulder

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3
Q

Serratus Ventralis cervicis

A

innervated by cervical spinal nerves

function: acts as a sling/ retracts the scapula

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4
Q

Trapezius cervicis/thoracis

A

innervated by CN XI-accessory nerve

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5
Q

Brachiocephalicus

A

innervated by CN XI-accessory nerve

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6
Q

omotransversarius

A

innervated by CN XI- accessory nerve

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7
Q

What are the 4 pectoral muscles? What is their function and innervation?

A

Subclavius, descending pectoral, transverse pectoral, deep pectoral
Innervated by pectoral nerves
Function: Adduct the limb

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8
Q

Serratus ventralis thoracis

A

innervated by long thoracic nerves

function: acts as a sling/ retracts the scapula

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9
Q

what is the condition involving injury to the suprascapular n. and what muscles does it effect?

A

Sweeney–infraspinatus, supraspinatus

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10
Q

what is the lacertus fibrosus

A

Continuation of internal tendon of biceps brachii, joins extensor carpi radialis
Function: helps prevent flexing of shoulder

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11
Q

What are the extensor muscles and what is their origin, function and innervations

A

Extensor carpi radialis, common digital extensor, lateral digital extensor, ulnaris lateralis
Origin: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Innervation: Radial nerve
Function:Extensors of the carpus and digits

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12
Q

What muscle is analogous to the adductor pollicis muscle in canine?

A

extensor carpi obliquus–horses lack a pollex (1st digit)

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13
Q

what are the flexor muscles of the antebrachium and what is their origin, function, and innervation

A

Deep digital flexor, superficial digital flexor, flexor carpi ulnaris (humeral and ulnar head), flexor carpi radialis
Origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus
innervation: median and ulnar nerves
Function: Flexor of the carpus and digits

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14
Q

Accessory ligament of SDF

A

band of tissue from radius that holds SDF in place

Proximal Check Ligament

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15
Q

Accessory band of the DDF

A

band of tissue holding the DDF in place (Distal Check ligament)

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16
Q

Suspensory ligament

A

Band of connective tissue equivalent to the interosseus muscles in other species

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17
Q

Order of structures during palpation of limb from deep to superficial.

A

cannon bone (splint bones), suspensory ligament, DDF tendon, SDF tendon

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18
Q

What artery is a contiuation of the subclavian artery and is the origin of blood flow to the thoracic limb

A

Axillary artery–courses from the axillary space to the medial side of the scapula

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19
Q

what is the distal continuation of the axillary artery

A

brachial artery begins at the level of proximal antebrachium

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20
Q

what is the continuation of the brachial artery distal to the level of the carpus

A

Median artery–enters and passes through the carpal canal

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21
Q

what artery is the principle blood supply to the equine digit

A

medial palmar artery–emerges distal to the carpal canal

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22
Q

Medial palmar artery splits at the level of the fetlock into..

A

medial and lateral digital arteries–continue down to level of PIII and enter into solar foramina

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23
Q

what is the arcus terminalis

A

medial and lateral digital arteries enter the solar foramina at the level of PIII and anastomose inside the solar canal to form the terminal arch

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24
Q

What branch of the axillary artery courses on the cranial aspect of the scapula and dives deep between supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles?

A

Suprascapular artery

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25
what branch of the axillary artery runs between the subscapularis and teres major muscles along the caudal aspect of the caudal angle of the scapula?
Subscapular artery
26
What branch of the axillary wraps around the caudal aspect of the proximal humerus
caudal circumflex humeral
27
branch of the axillary artery that supplies latissimus dorsi
thoracodorsal
28
Last branch of the axillary artery that wraps around the cranial aspect of the proximal humerus.
Cranial circumflex humeral--anastomoses with caudal circumflex humeral forming vascular ring
29
First branch of the brachial artery dives deep into the mid-brachial region
deep brachial artery
30
Any artery going to the biceps brachii
Bicipital artery-possible to have more than one
31
Branch of the brachial artery that courses caudally toward medial side of elbow and fans into more than one branch
collateral ulnar artery--continues distally down caudolateral aspect of limb to contribute to the formation of the lateral palmar artery
32
Branch of brachial artery that dives at the level of the elbow to supply the joint and contributes to the formation of the rete carpi dorsale
transverse cubital artery
33
Last branch of brachial artery dives between interosseous space between the radius and ulna
common interosseus--branches into cranial and caudal interosseous
34
What is the rete carpi dorsale?
spider web like network of arteries of the dorsal aspect of the carpus that gives rise to two dorsal metacarpal arteries distally (medial and lateral dorsal metacarpal aa.)
35
what two arteries form the rete carpi dorsale
transverse cubital and cranial interosseous arteries
36
First Branch of the median artery supplying the caudomedial muscles of the antebrachium
Deep antebrachial artery
37
branch of the median artery that supplies the carpal joint
Proximal radial artery
38
principal blood flow to the digit
median a. --> medial palmar a.
39
Ancillary blood flow; lateral and deep
Median a. --> palmar branch of median a.
40
ancillary blood flow;medial and deep
median a. --> radial a.
41
what arteries are branches of the medial palmar artery after it divides at the fetlock that then form the dorsal and palmar branches of PI,PII,PIII and branch to the digital cushion enters medial solar foramen.
Medial and lateral digital arteries
42
Palmar branch of the median a.
fuses with collateral ulnar a. to form the lateral palmar artery. part of the ancillary blood flow: lateral and deep
43
branch of the palmar branch of the median artery that supplies the deep palmar arch and fuses with the lateral digital artery
lateral palmar artery
44
what artery arises from the median artery at the same level as the palmar branch of the median artery and courses medially
Radial artery
45
Deep palmar arch
gives off the medial and lateral palmar metacarpal arteries which fuse at distal end of splint bone and empty into lateral digital artery
46
Median cubital vein
connects superficial and deep venous return of thoracic limb
47
Brachial plexus
Ventral branches of spinal nn. C6, 7, 8, T1, 2
48
nn. of brachial plexus exit what
Intervertebral foramina
49
Long thoracic n. innervates
Serratus ventralis
50
Lateral thoracic n. innervates
Cutaneus trunci
51
Suprascapular n. Iocation/innervates
Dives b/w supraspinatus and infraspinatus and courses around cranial scapula to lateral side; supra and infraspinatus
52
Subscapular n. location
Branches entering directly into subscapularis
53
Thoracodorsal n. innervates
Latissimus dorsi
54
Axillary n. location/innervates
Dives b/w subscapularis and teres major as passes toward lateral side; teres major, teres minor, deltoideus
55
Cranial pectoral n. innervates
Superficial pectoral mm.
56
Caudal pectoral n. innervates
Deep pectoral mm.
57
Radial n. location/innervates
Dives at mid-brachial region toward lateral limb; triceps mm. and craniolateral mm. of antebrachium (extensors of carpus and digit)
58
Musculocutaneous n. branches/innervates
proximal and distal muscular branches; flexors of elbow joint - biceps brachii and brachialis *fused w/ median n. in horse
59
Median n. innervates
Caudomedial mm. of antebrachium (flexors of carpus and digit), functional overlap w/ ulnar *fused w/ musculocutaneous in brachial region
60
Ulnar n. innervates
Caudomedial mm. of antebrachium (flexors of carpus and digit), functional overlap w/ median
61
Primary difference b/w canine and equine TL neurology
Path of median and ulnar nn. distal to carpus
62
Path of median n.
Median -> medial and lateral palmar -> medial and lateral digital (level of fetlock) -> dorsal branches of medial and lateral digital
63
Communicating branch
Connects medial and lateral palmar nn. at mid metacarpal region
64
Branches of ulnar n.
Dorsal branch of ulnar Palmar branch of ulnar + lateral palmar n. from median -> deep branch of the lateral palmar -> medial and lateral palmar metacarpal
65
Cranial cutaneous antebrachial n. parent n.
Axillary n.
66
Caudal cutaneous antebrachial n. parent n.
Ulnar n.
67
Medial cutaneous antebrachial n. parent n.
Musculocutaneous n.
68
Lateral cutaneous antebrachial n. parent n.
Radial n.
69
Synovial joint compartments (3)
Antebrachiocarpal = radiocarpal joint Midcarpal joint Carpometacarpal joint -last 2 communicate
70
Synovial tendon sheath of ulnaris lateralis
Short tendon - no sheath | Long tendon - sheath
71
Which flexor m. doesn't have a synovial tendon sheath
Flexor carpi ulnaris
72
Synovial tendon sheath of SDF and DDF
Common sheath = carpal sheath
73
What tendons, vessel, and nerve run through the flexor retinaculum
SDF, DDF, median a., medial palmar n.
74
What is the deep boundary of the carpal canal
Palmar carpal ligament
75
Order of palpation starting w/ SDF (outermost structure)
SDF -> DDF -> suspensory ligament = interosseus m. -> MC IV
76
What 2 mm. fuse and insert on the extensor process of PIII
Common and lateral digital extensors
77
Interosseus m. (suspensory ligament) inserts where
Bifurcates and inserts on proximal sesamoids
78
Where does DDF insert
Flexor surface of PIII
79
Annular ligaments (3)
Palmar annular Proximal digital annular *X-shaped Distal digital annular
80
Palmar ligament (at the fetlock) also known as
Intersesamoidean ligament *white, cartilaginous
81
Navicular bone also known as
Distal sesamoid
82
Navicular bursa also known as
Bursa podotrochlearis
83
Where does SDF insert
Splits and inserts on distal PI and proximal PII
84
Navicular syndrome
Bone, bursa, DDF infected, vascular
85
Navicular bursitis
Nail-penetrating wound - bacterial infection of bursa
86
Concussion mechanism of hoof
Frog (first thing to hit ground) -> heel -> bar -> quarter -> toe -> laminae -> periosteum -> distal phalanx -absorbs shock and squeezes blood to venous return
87
Bones of shoulder girdle in ruminant
Scapula (clavicle absent)
88
Difference in humerus b/w equine and ruminant
Ruminant doesn't have intermediate tubercle
89
Difference in antebrachium b/w equine and ruminant
Ruminants have proximal and distal interosseus spaces, equine only has antebrachial interosseus space
90
Which carpal bones are absent/fused in the ruminant
1st absent, 2nd and 3rd fused
91
Carpal joint that provides the most movement in equine and ruminant
Antebrachiocarpal
92
Which metacarpal bones are absent/fused in the ruminant
MC II absent, MC V small and usually absent in small ruminants, MC III and IV fused (large)
93
Which digits are known as "dewclaws" (ruminant)
II and V - vestigial
94
Which digits are medial/lateral
Medial - III ("axial") | Lateral - IV ("abaxial")
95
Proximal and distal sesamoids are at what levels (ruminant)
Proximal at level of fetlock, distal at level of coffin
96
Each digit has how many sesamoid bones (ruminant)
2 proximal and 1 distal -> 6 total/foot
97
Which digit bears more weight in the thoracic and pelvic limbs
Thoracic - medial | Pelvic - lateral
98
Function of proximal and distal interdigital ligaments in bovine
To prevent digits from spreading apart under weight of animal
99
Interdigital ligaments in small ruminants
Proximal - not present | Distal - present as transverse band (vs X-shaped in bovine)
100
Which interdigital ligament could be identified as a "cruciate" ligament
Distal interdigital
101
Which artery runs along the dorsal surface of the ruminant digit
Dorsal metacarpal a. III (from radial a.)
102
Principal blood supply to ruminant digit
Median a. -> palmar common digital a. III -> palmar proper axial digital aa. III and IV
103
What comes from the proximal deep palmar arch
Palmar metacarpal aa. -> palmar common aa. and proper abaxial aa.
104
Common digital aa. give rise to
Proper digital aa.
105
Ruminant vessel/nerve naming surrounding fetlock
Named above fetlock -> "common" at level of fetlock -> "proper" distal to fetlock
106
Spine of the frog also known as
Frog stay
107
White line
Where sensitive and insensitive structures of equine hoof meet *important for nailing shoe
108
Function of corium (dermal)
Nutrition/sensation to foot
109
Laminar corium
Corium of the wall | Corium of the bar
110
Papillary corium
Perioplic corium Coronary corium Corium of the frog Corium of the sole
111
Hoof wall grows from what
Coronary corium
112
Layers of epidermis
Stratum externum -> stratum medium -> stratum internum (laminae)
113
Coronary cushion
Thickened hypodermis (deepest layer of dermis) on dorsal border
114
Coronary band
Coronary cushion, perioplic corium, coronary corium
115
Interdigitating hoof laminae
Primary dermal and epidermal; secondary dermal and epidermal
116
Which laminae separate in laminitis
Primary and secondary epidermal laminae
117
Laminitis
Laminae become inflamed -> interlocking mechanism breaks down -> "walking on eggshells" - bad enough - PIII rotates downward and penetrates sole (Founder's) * digital pulse
118
Cartilage of the hoof located where
Palmar process of distal phalanx
119
Venous plexuses of hoof (3)
Coronary, dorsal = parietal, palmar
120
Passive stay apparatus
Biomechanical construct of tendons and ligaments, horse can stand with limbs locked and expend little energy - prevents these movements: shoulder flexes -> elbow flexes -> carpus overextends -> fetlock overextends * Guide pg 148
121
Suspensory apparatus
Suspensory and sesamoidean ligaments, suspends fetlock
122
Thrush
Inflammation or degeneration of frog, usually the result of standing in urine/feces
123
Corns
Bruises of the sole at angle of sole
124
Quittor
Infection of hoof cartilage that can lead to necrosis
125
Sidebone
Ossification of hoof cartilage
126
Digital neurectomy
Cut nerves to eliminate symptom but not cause (frowned upon)
127
Ligament of the ergot
Vestige of metacarpal pad, can be mistakenly cut w/ neurectomy (proximity to lateral digital n.)
128
Which laminae aren't present in the ruminant hoof
Secondary laminae
129
Anatomy of ruminant dewclaws
Vestigial digits II &V, no osseous development, palmar surface at level of fetlock
130
Ruminant interdigital gland
Present in sheep b/w digits III and IV, opens in dorsal part of interdigital cleft and produces waxy substance *only on front limbs
131
Which artery runs through the proximal interosseus space (ruminant b/w radius and ulna)
Cranial interosseus a.

anatomy-horse And Ruminant (9 decks)

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