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anatomy-horse And Ruminant > Pelvis And Urogenital > Flashcards

Pelvis And Urogenital Flashcards

0
Q

What are the boundaries of the pelvic inlet?

A

Dorsal - sacrum promontory
Ventral - cranial edge of pubis
Lateral - arcuate line of ilium

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1
Q

What are the diameters of pelvic inlet?

A

Conjugate - from sacrum to pubis

Transverse - laterally the widest portion

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2
Q

What are the boundaries of the pelvic outlet?

A

Dorsal - last 3 caudal vertebra
Ventral - ischial arch
Lateral - sacrosciatic ligament

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3
Q

What are the prominences of the sacrum?

A

Promontory - ventral surface of S1
Median sacral crest -horse - 5 separate spinous processes
-ruminant - all spinous processes fuse
Lateral sacral crest - transverse processes of the sacral vertebrae undergo fusion and both the horse and the ruminant

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4
Q

At what level of the sacral vertebrae does the spinal cord stop?

A

S2

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5
Q

What are the three peritoneal pouches?

A

Retrogenital pouch - most dorsal, blind ended pouch between rectum and genital organs
Vesilogenital pouch - between bladder and uterus/genital fold
Pubovesical pouch - between pubis and bladder

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6
Q

What is another name for the poles of the kidney?

A

Extremities

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7
Q

Topographic location of right kidney

A

T16,17,18 and L1

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8
Q

Topographic location of left kidney

A

T18 and L1,2,3

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9
Q

How can the adrenal gland be differentiated from a lymph node?

A

Possesses an obvious cortex and medulla which are absent in lymph nodes

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10
Q

What is patent urachus?

A

Open urachus is extension of vertex of bladder into umbilical cord. Normally closes at birth and regresses. If remains open it is seen as a wet belly button due to dripping urine.

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11
Q

Where are the male and female ureters located?

A

Male - found in flap of peritoneum called genital fold

Female - found in broad ligament of uterus

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12
Q

What artery is absent in the horse that is present in the dog?

A

Median sacral artery

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13
Q

What are the landmarks of the medial iliac lymph node? What does it drain?

A

Origin of the deep circumflex iliac artery
Drains pelvic viscera and in male testis
Inflammation–orchitis

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14
Q

What condition would cause an enlarged medial iliac lymph node?

A

Orchitis = inflammation of the testis

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15
Q

What condition is associated with enlargement of the lateral Iliac lymph node?

A

Gonitis = inflammation of stifle joint

Drains flank and thigh

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16
Q

What are the layers of the scrotum from superficial to deep?

A

Skin, dartos, fascia, parietal tunic

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17
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Fibrous connective tissue that contains smooth muscle to help retract testis

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18
Q

Describe the ligaments of the epididymis

A

Ligament of the tail of the epididymis - connects tail to parietal vaginal tunic
Proper ligament of the testis - connects tail of epididymis to the testicle itself

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19
Q

What makes up the genital fold in male horses?

A

Lt and rt ampulla, cranial half of seminal vesicles, ureters, uterus mastulinus

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20
Q

What is balanitis?

A

Enlarged superficial inguinal nodes which drain penis and scrotum

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21
Q

What drains to medial iliac ln?

A

Testis (orchitis) and epididymis (epididymitis)

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22
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the thigh?

A

Subiliac ln to lateral iliac ln= gonitis

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23
Q

What is the Epoophoron?

A

Mesonephric tubules and ducts

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24
Q

What is Paroophoron

A

Cystic structure within mesovarium vestigial structure mesonephros

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25
Q

Contents of the spermatic cord (anatomic)

A

Testicular v/a/n/lymphatics
Ductus deferens w/ deferential a. and v.
Visceral vaginal tunic

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26
Q

Contents of spermatic cord (clinical)

A

Same as anatomic +
Parietal vaginal tunic
Cremaster m.

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27
Q

Parts of visceral vaginal tunic (3)

A

Mesofuniculus
Mesorchium
Mesoductus

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28
Q

Part of visceral vaginal tunic that holds testicular v/a/n/lymphatics

A

Mesorchium

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29
Q

Part of visceral vaginal tunic that holds ductus deferens, deferential a. and v.

A

Mesoductus

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30
Q

Testicular v. aka

A

Pampiniform plexus

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31
Q

Closed castration

A

Crush then cut off all structures at once - spermatic cord including cremaster and parietal tunic

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32
Q

Open castration

A

Open parietal tunic then cut - better access to blood supply, avoid hemorrhage

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33
Q

3 parts of the penis

A

Root (L and R crura), body, glans

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34
Q

Structures with corpus cavernosum

A

Crura, body, ischiocavernosus

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35
Q

Structures with corpus spongiosum

A

Bulb of the penis, glans, bulbospongiosus

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36
Q

Parts of the glans (5)

A 
Dorsal process
Corona glandis
Urethral process
Fossa glandis
Urethral sinus
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37
Q

Ischiocavernosus covers what

A

Each crus

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38
Q

Which spp has an external preputial fold

A

Canine

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39
Q

The internal preputial fold holds what

A

Glans of the penis

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40
Q

The openings of the external and internal preputial folds are called what

A

External - preputial orifice

Internal - preputial ring

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41
Q

What is the “bean”

A

Condensation of smegma in the urethral sinus

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42
Q

How many excretory ducts does the bulbourethral gland have and where do they open

A

6-8; open into dorsal urethra at level of ischial arch

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43
Q

How many prostatic ducts does the prostate gland have and where do they empty

A

15-20; lateral to colliculus seminalis on either side

-L and R wings connected by isthmus

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44
Q

Seminal vesicles aka

A

Vesicular glands

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45
Q

Ampulla are the end of what

A

Ductus deferens

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46
Q

Which 2 accessory glands fuse and open on common ejaculatory orifice on the colliculus seminalis

A

Ampulla and seminal vesicles

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47
Q

The genital fold turns into what in the female

A

Broad ligament of the uterus

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48
Q

The genital fold consists of what 4 structures

A

L and R ampulla, seminal vesicles (cranial half), ureters, uterus masculinus (vestigial)

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49
Q

The urethralis changes into what other 2 mm. caudally

A

Urethralis -> bulboglandularis (covers bulbourethral glands) -> bulbospongiosus

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50
Q

Retractor penis

A

L and R, appear fused, wrap around anal opening

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51
Q

Triple origin of blood supply to the penis (dorsal a. of the penis)

A

Internal pudendal, obturator, external pudendal

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52
Q

Path of internal pudendal a.

A

Becomes a. of penis -> bifurcates into a. of bulb of penis and dorsal a. of penis

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53
Q

Path of obturator a.

A

Becomes middle a. of penis -> bifurcates into deep a. of penis and dorsal a. of penis

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54
Q

Path of external pudendal a.

A

Superficial caudal epigastric branches off -> becomes cranial a. of penis -> bifurcates into dorsal a. of penis x2

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55
Q

Origin of dorsal a. of the penis

A

Anastomotic from a. of penis, middle a. of penis, cranial a. of penis

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56
Q

Venous return of penis

A

Large venous plexus immediately dorsal to penis

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57
Q

Sympathetic innervation to penis

A

Hypogastric n.

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58
Q

Parasympathetic innervation to penis

A

Pelvic n.

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59
Q

Dorsal n. is continuation of what nerve

A

Pudendal

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60
Q

Genitofemoral n. comes from where and innervates what

A

L3 (can be contribution from L2, L4); sensory to scrotum and medial thigh

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61
Q

Testicular n. comes from what

A

Caudal mesenteric ganglion

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62
Q

Penis and scrotum drain to what ln.

A

Superficial inguinal ln.

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63
Q

Testes and epididymis drain to what ln.

A

Medial iliac ln.

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64
Q

Thigh (including stifle) drains to what ln.

A

Subiliac ln. -> drain to lateral iliac ln.

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65
Q

Inflammation of the penis

A

Balanitis

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66
Q

Inflammation of the testes

A

Orchitis

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67
Q

Inflammation of the epididymis

A

Epididymitis

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68
Q

Inflammation of the stifle

A

Gonitis

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69
Q

Broad ligament of the uterus and its 3 parts

A

Periosteal flap, separates reproductive tract; mesometrium, mesovarium, mesosalpinx

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70
Q

What cord-like ligament can be found in the mesometrium and what is its homologue in the male

A

Round ligament of the uterus; ligament of the tail of the epididymis

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71
Q

Mesosalpinx attaches where and makes up what

A

Uterine tube; wall of the ovarian bursa

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72
Q

Location of ovary

A

Halfway b/w last rib and tuber coxae

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73
Q

The ovulation fossa is on which surface of the ovary (equine only)

A

Concave surface - only place eggs are released

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74
Q

Ovarian hilus

A

Convex surface of ovary, space where ovarian vessels enter/leave

75
Q

Ovarian ligaments in equine

A

Proper ligament of the ovary (exit to uterus)

*NO suspensory ligament in equine

76
Q

Vestigial structures of ovary

A

Mesonephric tubules and ducts (from developing kidney), grape-like cysts in mesovarium - epoophoron, paroophoron

77
Q

Main blood supply to ovary

A

Ovarian a. - from aorta, comes through mesovarium

78
Q

Associated blood supply to uterus from ovarian a.

A

Uterine branch of ovarian

79
Q

Uterine tube structures

A

Infundibulum - funnel

Fimbriae - flaps, beginning of tube

80
Q

Abdominal ostium

A

Entrance to uterine tube, close to ovary

81
Q

Uterine ostium

A

Exit of uterine tube, close to uterus

82
Q

What characterizes the cervix

A

A series of folds, mucus cells

83
Q

Orifices in cervical canal

A

Internal uterine orifice (entrance) - uterus -> canal

External uterine orifice (exit) - into vagina

84
Q

Vaginal portion of cervix

A

Protrusion into cranial vagina

85
Q

Blood supply to uterus (3)

A

Primary - uterine (normally from external iliac but sometimes directly from aorta)
Secondary - uterine branch of ovarian, uterine branch of vaginal

86
Q

Fornix

A

Recess in cranial vagina where cervix protrudes

87
Q

Hymen = transverse fold

A

Division b/w vagina cranially and vestibule caudally

88
Q

Constrictor vestibuli m.

A

External lateral surface **check this

89
Q

Vestibular bulb

A

Rectal cavernous tissue buried in wall of vestibule

90
Q

Vestibular glands

A

Minor - openings in floor

Major - openings in dorsolateral wall, variable **same as Bartholin’s (bovine)

91
Q

External urethral orifice

A

Cranial part of vestibule ~12 cm. from opening **important for placing urinary catheter

92
Q

Vulvar cleft = Rima pudenda

A

L and R labia

93
Q

Commissures

A

Dorsal and ventral, where L and R come together

94
Q

3 parts of clitoris (in clitoral fossa)

A

Crura - buried in tissue
Body - cavernous erectile tissue
Glans - ventral commissure - protrudes in fossa
-preputium clitoridis - equivalent of prepuce

95
Q

Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)

A

Agent is Taylorella equigenitalis, hides out in L and R lateral sinuses and median sinus, *reportable

96
Q

Winking

A

Rapid protrusion of clitoris in/out of ventral commissure during estrus

97
Q

Constrictor vulvae m.

A

Superficial to constrictor vestibulae

98
Q

Preputial orifice (ruminant)

A

Small, indicated by tuft of coarse, long hair on ventral abdominal wall

99
Q

Preputial cavity (ruminant)

A

Cranial portion usually empty, penis located caudally

100
Q

Membrane/muscle of prepuce (ruminant)

A

Membrane thrown into folds that efface when penis becomes erect, cutaneous abdominal muscle modified to form preputial mm.

101
Q

Cranial preputial m. = preputial protractor

A

Pulls sheath cranially, covers penis

102
Q

Caudal preputial m. = preputial retractor

A

Pulls sheath caudally, exposes penis

103
Q

Position of testes in ruminant

A

Vertical (vs equine - horizontal)

104
Q

Ruminant penis

A

Cylindrical, small diameter, covered by thick tunica albuginea; root, body, and glans like equine

105
Q

Sigmoid flexure

A

Characteristic, on body of penis just caudal to scrotum

106
Q

Corpus cavernosum penis (ruminant)

A

Characterized as being primarily filled by connective tissue with relatively few cavernous sinuses

107
Q

Meaning of fibroelastic penis (ruminant)

A

Instead of engorging with blood (musculocavernous penis - equine), becomes erect by straightening of the sigmoid flexure

108
Q

Where do urinary calculi typically lodge (ruminant)

A

In penile urethra at distal portion of sigmoid flexure

109
Q

Urethral process (ruminant)

A

Small at tip and big at base, can cut if constricted

110
Q

Ruminant vesicular glands

A

Large and lobulated, located next to ampullae and open on colliculus seminalis w/ ampullae (same as equine)

111
Q

Bovine prostate gland

A

2 portions:
Body - on surface, small, connected by isthmus
Disseminate part - surrounds urethra, covered by urethralis m. (not grossly visible)
-numerous secretory ducts open directly into urethra

112
Q

What part of the prostate gland is present in small ruminants

A

Disseminate part (only)

113
Q

Bovine bulbourethral glands

A

Paired, located at level of ischial arch, covered by bulbospongiosus, usually not palpable **NO bulboglandularis

114
Q

Small ruminant bulbourethral glands

A

Much larger, easily observed grossly

115
Q

Where do the ruminant bulbourethral glands open

A

Into a urethral diverticulum located in the dorsal wall of the urethra **can prevent urinary catheter from entering pelvic portion of urethra if makes it through sigmoid flexure

116
Q

When does the internal iliac a. become the caudal gluteal (ruminant)

A

At the level of the lesser sciatic foramen

117
Q

What is the origin of the prostatic a. in ruminants

A

Comes off internal iliac *diff. from equine(internal pudendal)

118
Q

How do the ovaries move during fetal development (ruminant)

A

Caudally to the caudal part of the abdomen; weight of gravid uterus will pull ovary forward

119
Q

Location of ovary in ruminant

A

Associated w/ ventral part of shaft of ilium at level of pelvic inlet

120
Q

Uterine horns (ruminant)

A

Follow descent of ovaries, drawn caudally to produce characteristically coiled appearance

121
Q

Where can ova be released from the ruminant ovary

A

Anywhere **no ovulation fossa (equine)

122
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Develops during pregnancy and appears as a prominent bulge on the surface of the ovary

123
Q

Fimbriae (ruminant)

A

Formed by fingerlike projections, which sweep egg into abdominal ostium, at ovarian end of tube

124
Q

Ruminant uterus structure

A

Body actually very short, disguised by common serosal and muscular coat enclosing uterine horns

125
Q

Intercornual ligament

A

Dorsal and ventral, formed by superficial tissue b/w uterine horns, can be grasped during rectal palpation to help stabilize uterus

126
Q

Caruncles

A

Elevations on mucosal surface of uterus, serve as attachments for fetal membranes, enlarge with advancing stages of pregnancy (but present normally)

127
Q

What keeps the internal and external uterine orifices tightly closed to protect the fetus from infection

A

Circular and longitudinal mucosal folds in the cervical canal and the secretion of a mucus plug

128
Q

Ruminant cervix

A

Its size and firmness can often serve as a palpation landmark although its position is variable

129
Q

Ruminant vagina

A

Relatively featureless, can stretch in length during pregnancy as uterus falls forward into abdominal cavity, mucosa in cranial part characterized by circular ridges with low longitudinal folds passing caudally

130
Q

Gartner’s ducts (ruminant)

A

Variable, may be present near the junction b/w vagina and vestibule, vestiges of mesonephric ducts, may form cysts

131
Q

Major vestibular glands = Bartholin’s glands

A

Ruminant only, may be covered by mucosal folds, openings are lateral and caudal to external urethral orifice

132
Q

Suburethral diverticulum (ruminant)

A

Conspicuous feature in floor of vestibule (large enough for fingertip in bovine) **avoid when inserting urinary catheter

133
Q

Location of clitoris in ruminant (glans)

A

Floor of vestibule just inside labia

134
Q

Which a. supplies the ovary and uterine tube in ruminants

A

Ovarian a. - coiled and intermingled w/ ovarian v. as they pass through the broad ligament (uterine branch supplies tip of uterine horn)

135
Q

Uterine a. (ruminant)

A

Originates from umbilical a. or w/ umbilical as common stalk from internal iliac depending on spp (*external iliac in equine), largest artery supplying reproductive tract, cranial and caudal branches

136
Q

Fremitus

A

Uterine a. is somewhat mobile within broad ligament - can be felt to vibrate during rectal palpation around third month of pregnancy *pathognomonic for pregnancy

137
Q

What part of the uterine wall has diminished vascular supply (ruminant)

A

Antimesometrial

138
Q

Vaginal a. is a branch of what artery (ruminant)

A

Internal iliac

139
Q

Placentomes

A

Where fetal membranes of the placenta attach in the uterus, each formed by maternal caruncle and fetal cotyledon, develop rapidly during early weeks of pregnancy and fill uterine horns (ruminant)

140
Q

Retained placenta

A

Fetal membranes (normally expelled shortly after birth) fail to separate from caruncles

141
Q

When does internal iliac a. change into internal pudendal (female ruminant)

A

After caudal gluteal comes off

142
Q

Main blood flow for female ruminant genitalia

A

Internal iliac (caudal gluteal) -> internal pudendal (ventral perineal) -> a. of the clitoris

143
Q

Female /male genital vessel naming equivalents

A

Vaginal a. = prostatic
Uterine a. = deferential
Ovarian a. = testicular
a. of the clitoris = a. of the penis

144
Q

Equine teat/papilla

A

2 openings/teat = 4 milk-producing units (cranial and caudal glands open on same spigot)

145
Q

Lactiferous ducts

A

Canals through mammary parenchyma

146
Q

Lactiferous sinus (equine, 2 parts)

A

Gland sinus - dorsal cavity
Teat or papillary sinus - continuation into teat
(Storage units for milk)

147
Q

Teat/papillary duct

A

Drains papillary sinus

148
Q

Teat/papillary orifice

A

Opening out of teat

149
Q

Waxing (mammary gland)

A

Sebaceous secretions, epithelial debris, colostrum - coats outside of teat prior to parturition

150
Q

Mammary groove (ruminant)

A

Along midline, demarcates L and R halves

151
Q

Bovine teats

A

Each half has a cranial and caudal quarter indicated by a teat (functionally distinct but no anatomical division), supernumerary teats not uncommon

152
Q

Small ruminant teats

A

2 teats w/ L and R half to udder (one teat/side, each teat drains one milk-producing unit)

153
Q

Lactiferous sinus (ruminant, 2 parts)

A

Gland sinus - ventral portion

Teat sinus - cavity within teat

154
Q

Furstenberg’s rosette

A

Refers to mucosal folds at proximal aspect of papillary duct, may be inconspicuous but if enlarged can block easy milk flow

155
Q

Suspensory apparatus

A

Supports weight of mammary gland, attachments originate from symphyseal tendon of pelvis and give rise to medial and lateral laminae (2 medial laminae are elastic and apposed next to each other along midline) **can rupture in high-producing cows

156
Q

Surgical treatment of mastitis

A

Mastectomy - clean separation of L and R halves of udder possible

157
Q

Lateral lamina (suspensory apparatus)

A

Composed of dense connective tissue, separates into 2 sheets - superficial sheet that blends w/ femoral fascia and deep sheet that covers the lateral aspect of the gland

158
Q

External pudendal a. (udder)

A

Main blood supply to udder, becomes greatly enlarged in lactating cow, characterized by a sigmoid flexure as it passes toward mammary gland, divides into cranial and caudal mammary aa. to supply milk-producing parenchyma

159
Q

Which vessel supplies the hindquarter of the mammary gland and may anastomose w/ the caudal mammary a.

A

Mammary branch of the ventral perineal a.

160
Q

Venous return from udder

A

Venous ring surrounds base, can travel via 3 routes: 1) milk v. 2) external pudendal v. 3) perineal v.
*ventral labial v. (Dyce) - connects caudal mammary and ventral perineal

161
Q

Milk v. = subcutaneous abdominal v.

A

Passes cranially along abdominal wall, becomes prominently enlarged during active lactation, formed by fusion of cranial and caudal superficial epigastric vv., enters foramen in rectus abdominis m. called “milk well” *palpable

162
Q

Innervation to mammary gland tissue and middle cutaneous part of udder

A

Genitofemoral n.

163
Q

Innervation to skin over cranial part of udder

A

Ventral branches of L1 and L2

164
Q

Innervation to caudal cutaneous part of udder

A

Mammary branch of pudendal n.

165
Q

Lymphatic drainage for udder

A

Supramammary ln.

166
Q

teats for equine/bovine/small ruminant

A

Equine - 2 teats, 4 milk-producing units
Bovine - 4 teats, 4 milk-producing units
Small ruminant - 2 teats, 2 milk-producing units

167
Q

Perineum

A

Refers to 3D structures that close off pelvic cavity

168
Q

Superficial boundaries of perineum

A

Dorsal - root of the tail
Ventral - scrotum/mammary gland (equine) or udder (ruminant)
Lateral - semimembranosus

169
Q

Deep boundaries of perineum

A

Dorsal - end of sacrum and 1st caudal vertebrae
Ventral - ischial arch
Lateral - sacrosciatic ligament

170
Q

Coccygeus

A

Triangular, causes tent when lift tail, originates at ischiatic spine and inserts at base of tail

171
Q

Levator ani

A

Covers rectum, 3 parts/bundles

172
Q

Retractor of clitoris

A

Homologue of retractor penis

173
Q

Perineal body

A

3D structure formed by muscle and connective tissue b/w termination of GI and repro tracts

174
Q

Components of perineal body (5)

A 
Smooth m. of internal anal sphincter
Skeletal m. of external anal sphincter
Connective tissue of rectovaginal septum
Muscle of vestibular and vaginal wall
Muscle of rectum and anal canal
175
Q

Perineal lacerations

A

Calf can tear perineal structures at time of parturition - linear tears, rectovaginal fistula

176
Q

Slope of the pelvis

A

Tuber coxae to ischiatic tuberosity - use to recognize coxofemoral luxation (greater trochanter of femur)

177
Q

Ischiatic spine

A

Origin of coccygeus, part of insertion for sacrosciatic ligament

178
Q

Sacroiliac ligament

A

Connective tissue sheath from tuber sacrale (medial-directed tuberosity) to lateral sacral crest (one part) and spinous processes (2nd part)

179
Q

Sacrosciatic ligament

A

Lateral sacral crest to ischiatic spine and tuberosity (large sheet in equine)

180
Q

Greater and lesser sciatic notches

A

Form greater and lesser sciatic foramina when covered by sacrosciatic ligament

181
Q

What passes through the greater sciatic foramen

A

Sciatic n. (gives off cranial gluteal n. after passing through) and cranial gluteal a.

182
Q

What passes through the lesser sciatic foramen

A

Tendon of internal obturator *internal pudendal a. visible medial to foramen but does NOT pass through

183
Q

Sciatic n. branches (3)

A

Cranial gluteal, caudal gluteal, caudal cutaneous femoral

184
Q

Caudal cutaneous femoral n.

A

Sensory to caudal thigh, can come off anywhere but will always be after caudal gluteal branches

185
Q

Pudendal n. becomes what

A

Dorsal n. of penis/clitoris

186
Q

Caudal rectal n. innervates (3)

A

Coccygeus, levator ani, anal sphincters

anatomy-horse And Ruminant (9 decks)

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