Pelvis And Urogenital Flashcards
0
Q
What are the boundaries of the pelvic inlet?
A
Dorsal - sacrum promontory
Ventral - cranial edge of pubis
Lateral - arcuate line of ilium
1
Q
What are the diameters of pelvic inlet?
A
Conjugate - from sacrum to pubis
Transverse - laterally the widest portion
2
Q
What are the boundaries of the pelvic outlet?
A
Dorsal - last 3 caudal vertebra
Ventral - ischial arch
Lateral - sacrosciatic ligament
3
Q
What are the prominences of the sacrum?
A
Promontory - ventral surface of S1
Median sacral crest -horse - 5 separate spinous processes
-ruminant - all spinous processes fuse
Lateral sacral crest - transverse processes of the sacral vertebrae undergo fusion and both the horse and the ruminant
4
Q
At what level of the sacral vertebrae does the spinal cord stop?
A
S2
5
Q
What are the three peritoneal pouches?
A
Retrogenital pouch - most dorsal, blind ended pouch between rectum and genital organs
Vesilogenital pouch - between bladder and uterus/genital fold
Pubovesical pouch - between pubis and bladder
6
Q
What is another name for the poles of the kidney?
A
Extremities
7
Q
Topographic location of right kidney
A
T16,17,18 and L1
8
Q
Topographic location of left kidney
A
T18 and L1,2,3
9
Q
How can the adrenal gland be differentiated from a lymph node?
A
Possesses an obvious cortex and medulla which are absent in lymph nodes
10
Q
What is patent urachus?
A
Open urachus is extension of vertex of bladder into umbilical cord. Normally closes at birth and regresses. If remains open it is seen as a wet belly button due to dripping urine.
11
Q
Where are the male and female ureters located?
A
Male - found in flap of peritoneum called genital fold
Female - found in broad ligament of uterus
12
Q
What artery is absent in the horse that is present in the dog?
A
Median sacral artery
13
Q
What are the landmarks of the medial iliac lymph node? What does it drain?
A
Origin of the deep circumflex iliac artery
Drains pelvic viscera and in male testis
Inflammation–orchitis
14
Q
What condition would cause an enlarged medial iliac lymph node?
A
Orchitis = inflammation of the testis
15
Q
What condition is associated with enlargement of the lateral Iliac lymph node?
A
Gonitis = inflammation of stifle joint
Drains flank and thigh
16
Q
What are the layers of the scrotum from superficial to deep?
A
Skin, dartos, fascia, parietal tunic
17
Q
Tunica albuginea
A
Fibrous connective tissue that contains smooth muscle to help retract testis
18
Q
Describe the ligaments of the epididymis
A
Ligament of the tail of the epididymis - connects tail to parietal vaginal tunic
Proper ligament of the testis - connects tail of epididymis to the testicle itself
19
Q
What makes up the genital fold in male horses?
A
Lt and rt ampulla, cranial half of seminal vesicles, ureters, uterus mastulinus
20
Q
What is balanitis?
A
Enlarged superficial inguinal nodes which drain penis and scrotum
21
Q
What drains to medial iliac ln?
A
Testis (orchitis) and epididymis (epididymitis)
22
Q
What is the lymphatic drainage of the thigh?
A
Subiliac ln to lateral iliac ln= gonitis
23
Q
What is the Epoophoron?
A
Mesonephric tubules and ducts
24
What is Paroophoron
Cystic structure within mesovarium vestigial structure mesonephros
25
Contents of the spermatic cord (anatomic)
Testicular v/a/n/lymphatics
Ductus deferens w/ deferential a. and v.
Visceral vaginal tunic
26
Contents of spermatic cord (clinical)
Same as anatomic +
Parietal vaginal tunic
Cremaster m.
27
Parts of visceral vaginal tunic (3)
Mesofuniculus
Mesorchium
Mesoductus
28
Part of visceral vaginal tunic that holds testicular v/a/n/lymphatics
Mesorchium
29
Part of visceral vaginal tunic that holds ductus deferens, deferential a. and v.
Mesoductus
30
Testicular v. aka
Pampiniform plexus
31
Closed castration
Crush then cut off all structures at once - spermatic cord including cremaster and parietal tunic
32
Open castration
Open parietal tunic then cut - better access to blood supply, avoid hemorrhage
33
3 parts of the penis
Root (L and R crura), body, glans
34
Structures with corpus cavernosum
Crura, body, ischiocavernosus
35
Structures with corpus spongiosum
Bulb of the penis, glans, bulbospongiosus
36
Parts of the glans (5)
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Dorsal process
Corona glandis
Urethral process
Fossa glandis
Urethral sinus
```
37
Ischiocavernosus covers what
Each crus
38
Which spp has an external preputial fold
Canine
39
The internal preputial fold holds what
Glans of the penis
40
The openings of the external and internal preputial folds are called what
External - preputial orifice
| Internal - preputial ring
41
What is the "bean"
Condensation of smegma in the urethral sinus
42
How many excretory ducts does the bulbourethral gland have and where do they open
6-8; open into dorsal urethra at level of ischial arch
43
How many prostatic ducts does the prostate gland have and where do they empty
15-20; lateral to colliculus seminalis on either side
| -L and R wings connected by isthmus
44
Seminal vesicles aka
Vesicular glands
45
Ampulla are the end of what
Ductus deferens
46
Which 2 accessory glands fuse and open on common ejaculatory orifice on the colliculus seminalis
Ampulla and seminal vesicles
47
The genital fold turns into what in the female
Broad ligament of the uterus
48
The genital fold consists of what 4 structures
L and R ampulla, seminal vesicles (cranial half), ureters, uterus masculinus (vestigial)
49
The urethralis changes into what other 2 mm. caudally
Urethralis -> bulboglandularis (covers bulbourethral glands) -> bulbospongiosus
50
Retractor penis
L and R, appear fused, wrap around anal opening
51
Triple origin of blood supply to the penis (dorsal a. of the penis)
Internal pudendal, obturator, external pudendal
52
Path of internal pudendal a.
Becomes a. of penis -> bifurcates into a. of bulb of penis and dorsal a. of penis
53
Path of obturator a.
Becomes middle a. of penis -> bifurcates into deep a. of penis and dorsal a. of penis
54
Path of external pudendal a.
Superficial caudal epigastric branches off -> becomes cranial a. of penis -> bifurcates into dorsal a. of penis x2
55
Origin of dorsal a. of the penis
Anastomotic from a. of penis, middle a. of penis, cranial a. of penis
56
Venous return of penis
Large venous plexus immediately dorsal to penis
57
Sympathetic innervation to penis
Hypogastric n.
58
Parasympathetic innervation to penis
Pelvic n.
59
Dorsal n. is continuation of what nerve
Pudendal
60
Genitofemoral n. comes from where and innervates what
L3 (can be contribution from L2, L4); sensory to scrotum and medial thigh
61
Testicular n. comes from what
Caudal mesenteric ganglion
62
Penis and scrotum drain to what ln.
Superficial inguinal ln.
63
Testes and epididymis drain to what ln.
Medial iliac ln.
64
Thigh (including stifle) drains to what ln.
Subiliac ln. -> drain to lateral iliac ln.
65
Inflammation of the penis
Balanitis
66
Inflammation of the testes
Orchitis
67
Inflammation of the epididymis
Epididymitis
68
Inflammation of the stifle
Gonitis
69
Broad ligament of the uterus and its 3 parts
Periosteal flap, separates reproductive tract; mesometrium, mesovarium, mesosalpinx
70
What cord-like ligament can be found in the mesometrium and what is its homologue in the male
Round ligament of the uterus; ligament of the tail of the epididymis
71
Mesosalpinx attaches where and makes up what
Uterine tube; wall of the ovarian bursa
72
Location of ovary
Halfway b/w last rib and tuber coxae
73
The ovulation fossa is on which surface of the ovary (equine only)
Concave surface - only place eggs are released
74
Ovarian hilus
Convex surface of ovary, space where ovarian vessels enter/leave
75
Ovarian ligaments in equine
Proper ligament of the ovary (exit to uterus)
| *NO suspensory ligament in equine
76
Vestigial structures of ovary
Mesonephric tubules and ducts (from developing kidney), grape-like cysts in mesovarium - epoophoron, paroophoron
77
Main blood supply to ovary
Ovarian a. - from aorta, comes through mesovarium
78
Associated blood supply to uterus from ovarian a.
Uterine branch of ovarian
79
Uterine tube structures
Infundibulum - funnel
| Fimbriae - flaps, beginning of tube
80
Abdominal ostium
Entrance to uterine tube, close to ovary
81
Uterine ostium
Exit of uterine tube, close to uterus
82
What characterizes the cervix
A series of folds, mucus cells
83
Orifices in cervical canal
Internal uterine orifice (entrance) - uterus -> canal
| External uterine orifice (exit) - into vagina
84
Vaginal portion of cervix
Protrusion into cranial vagina
85
Blood supply to uterus (3)
Primary - uterine (normally from external iliac but sometimes directly from aorta)
Secondary - uterine branch of ovarian, uterine branch of vaginal
86
Fornix
Recess in cranial vagina where cervix protrudes
87
Hymen = transverse fold
Division b/w vagina cranially and vestibule caudally
88
Constrictor vestibuli m.
External lateral surface **check this
89
Vestibular bulb
Rectal cavernous tissue buried in wall of vestibule
90
Vestibular glands
Minor - openings in floor
| Major - openings in dorsolateral wall, variable **same as Bartholin's (bovine)
91
External urethral orifice
Cranial part of vestibule ~12 cm. from opening **important for placing urinary catheter
92
Vulvar cleft = Rima pudenda
L and R labia
93
Commissures
Dorsal and ventral, where L and R come together
94
3 parts of clitoris (in clitoral fossa)
Crura - buried in tissue
Body - cavernous erectile tissue
Glans - ventral commissure - protrudes in fossa
-preputium clitoridis - equivalent of prepuce
95
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)
Agent is Taylorella equigenitalis, hides out in L and R lateral sinuses and median sinus, *reportable
96
Winking
Rapid protrusion of clitoris in/out of ventral commissure during estrus
97
Constrictor vulvae m.
Superficial to constrictor vestibulae
98
Preputial orifice (ruminant)
Small, indicated by tuft of coarse, long hair on ventral abdominal wall
99
Preputial cavity (ruminant)
Cranial portion usually empty, penis located caudally
100
Membrane/muscle of prepuce (ruminant)
Membrane thrown into folds that efface when penis becomes erect, cutaneous abdominal muscle modified to form preputial mm.
101
Cranial preputial m. = preputial protractor
Pulls sheath cranially, covers penis
102
Caudal preputial m. = preputial retractor
Pulls sheath caudally, exposes penis
103
Position of testes in ruminant
Vertical (vs equine - horizontal)
104
Ruminant penis
Cylindrical, small diameter, covered by thick tunica albuginea; root, body, and glans like equine
105
Sigmoid flexure
Characteristic, on body of penis just caudal to scrotum
106
Corpus cavernosum penis (ruminant)
Characterized as being primarily filled by connective tissue with relatively few cavernous sinuses
107
Meaning of fibroelastic penis (ruminant)
Instead of engorging with blood (musculocavernous penis - equine), becomes erect by straightening of the sigmoid flexure
108
Where do urinary calculi typically lodge (ruminant)
In penile urethra at distal portion of sigmoid flexure
109
Urethral process (ruminant)
Small at tip and big at base, can cut if constricted
110
Ruminant vesicular glands
Large and lobulated, located next to ampullae and open on colliculus seminalis w/ ampullae (same as equine)
111
Bovine prostate gland
2 portions:
Body - on surface, small, connected by isthmus
Disseminate part - surrounds urethra, covered by urethralis m. (not grossly visible)
-numerous secretory ducts open directly into urethra
112
What part of the prostate gland is present in small ruminants
Disseminate part (only)
113
Bovine bulbourethral glands
Paired, located at level of ischial arch, covered by bulbospongiosus, usually not palpable **NO bulboglandularis
114
Small ruminant bulbourethral glands
Much larger, easily observed grossly
115
Where do the ruminant bulbourethral glands open
Into a urethral diverticulum located in the dorsal wall of the urethra **can prevent urinary catheter from entering pelvic portion of urethra if makes it through sigmoid flexure
116
When does the internal iliac a. become the caudal gluteal (ruminant)
At the level of the lesser sciatic foramen
117
What is the origin of the prostatic a. in ruminants
Comes off internal iliac *diff. from equine(internal pudendal)
118
How do the ovaries move during fetal development (ruminant)
Caudally to the caudal part of the abdomen; weight of gravid uterus will pull ovary forward
119
Location of ovary in ruminant
Associated w/ ventral part of shaft of ilium at level of pelvic inlet
120
Uterine horns (ruminant)
Follow descent of ovaries, drawn caudally to produce characteristically coiled appearance
121
Where can ova be released from the ruminant ovary
Anywhere **no ovulation fossa (equine)
122
Corpus luteum
Develops during pregnancy and appears as a prominent bulge on the surface of the ovary
123
Fimbriae (ruminant)
Formed by fingerlike projections, which sweep egg into abdominal ostium, at ovarian end of tube
124
Ruminant uterus structure
Body actually very short, disguised by common serosal and muscular coat enclosing uterine horns
125
Intercornual ligament
Dorsal and ventral, formed by superficial tissue b/w uterine horns, can be grasped during rectal palpation to help stabilize uterus
126
Caruncles
Elevations on mucosal surface of uterus, serve as attachments for fetal membranes, enlarge with advancing stages of pregnancy (but present normally)
127
What keeps the internal and external uterine orifices tightly closed to protect the fetus from infection
Circular and longitudinal mucosal folds in the cervical canal and the secretion of a mucus plug
128
Ruminant cervix
Its size and firmness can often serve as a palpation landmark although its position is variable
129
Ruminant vagina
Relatively featureless, can stretch in length during pregnancy as uterus falls forward into abdominal cavity, mucosa in cranial part characterized by circular ridges with low longitudinal folds passing caudally
130
Gartner's ducts (ruminant)
Variable, may be present near the junction b/w vagina and vestibule, vestiges of mesonephric ducts, may form cysts
131
Major vestibular glands = Bartholin's glands
Ruminant only, may be covered by mucosal folds, openings are lateral and caudal to external urethral orifice
132
Suburethral diverticulum (ruminant)
Conspicuous feature in floor of vestibule (large enough for fingertip in bovine) **avoid when inserting urinary catheter
133
Location of clitoris in ruminant (glans)
Floor of vestibule just inside labia
134
Which a. supplies the ovary and uterine tube in ruminants
Ovarian a. - coiled and intermingled w/ ovarian v. as they pass through the broad ligament (uterine branch supplies tip of uterine horn)
135
Uterine a. (ruminant)
Originates from umbilical a. or w/ umbilical as common stalk from internal iliac depending on spp (*external iliac in equine), largest artery supplying reproductive tract, cranial and caudal branches
136
Fremitus
Uterine a. is somewhat mobile within broad ligament - can be felt to vibrate during rectal palpation around third month of pregnancy *pathognomonic for pregnancy
137
What part of the uterine wall has diminished vascular supply (ruminant)
Antimesometrial
138
Vaginal a. is a branch of what artery (ruminant)
Internal iliac
139
Placentomes
Where fetal membranes of the placenta attach in the uterus, each formed by maternal caruncle and fetal cotyledon, develop rapidly during early weeks of pregnancy and fill uterine horns (ruminant)
140
Retained placenta
Fetal membranes (normally expelled shortly after birth) fail to separate from caruncles
141
When does internal iliac a. change into internal pudendal (female ruminant)
After caudal gluteal comes off
142
Main blood flow for female ruminant genitalia
Internal iliac (caudal gluteal) -> internal pudendal (ventral perineal) -> a. of the clitoris
143
Female /male genital vessel naming equivalents
Vaginal a. = prostatic
Uterine a. = deferential
Ovarian a. = testicular
a. of the clitoris = a. of the penis
144
Equine teat/papilla
2 openings/teat = 4 milk-producing units (cranial and caudal glands open on same spigot)
145
Lactiferous ducts
Canals through mammary parenchyma
146
Lactiferous sinus (equine, 2 parts)
Gland sinus - dorsal cavity
Teat or papillary sinus - continuation into teat
(Storage units for milk)
147
Teat/papillary duct
Drains papillary sinus
148
Teat/papillary orifice
Opening out of teat
149
Waxing (mammary gland)
Sebaceous secretions, epithelial debris, colostrum - coats outside of teat prior to parturition
150
Mammary groove (ruminant)
Along midline, demarcates L and R halves
151
Bovine teats
Each half has a cranial and caudal quarter indicated by a teat (functionally distinct but no anatomical division), supernumerary teats not uncommon
152
Small ruminant teats
2 teats w/ L and R half to udder (one teat/side, each teat drains one milk-producing unit)
153
Lactiferous sinus (ruminant, 2 parts)
Gland sinus - ventral portion
| Teat sinus - cavity within teat
154
Furstenberg's rosette
Refers to mucosal folds at proximal aspect of papillary duct, may be inconspicuous but if enlarged can block easy milk flow
155
Suspensory apparatus
Supports weight of mammary gland, attachments originate from symphyseal tendon of pelvis and give rise to medial and lateral laminae (2 medial laminae are elastic and apposed next to each other along midline) **can rupture in high-producing cows
156
Surgical treatment of mastitis
Mastectomy - clean separation of L and R halves of udder possible
157
Lateral lamina (suspensory apparatus)
Composed of dense connective tissue, separates into 2 sheets - superficial sheet that blends w/ femoral fascia and deep sheet that covers the lateral aspect of the gland
158
External pudendal a. (udder)
Main blood supply to udder, becomes greatly enlarged in lactating cow, characterized by a sigmoid flexure as it passes toward mammary gland, divides into cranial and caudal mammary aa. to supply milk-producing parenchyma
159
Which vessel supplies the hindquarter of the mammary gland and may anastomose w/ the caudal mammary a.
Mammary branch of the ventral perineal a.
160
Venous return from udder
Venous ring surrounds base, can travel via 3 routes: 1) milk v. 2) external pudendal v. 3) perineal v.
*ventral labial v. (Dyce) - connects caudal mammary and ventral perineal
161
Milk v. = subcutaneous abdominal v.
Passes cranially along abdominal wall, becomes prominently enlarged during active lactation, formed by fusion of cranial and caudal superficial epigastric vv., enters foramen in rectus abdominis m. called "milk well" *palpable
162
Innervation to mammary gland tissue and middle cutaneous part of udder
Genitofemoral n.
163
Innervation to skin over cranial part of udder
Ventral branches of L1 and L2
164
Innervation to caudal cutaneous part of udder
Mammary branch of pudendal n.
165
Lymphatic drainage for udder
Supramammary ln.
166
teats for equine/bovine/small ruminant
Equine - 2 teats, 4 milk-producing units
Bovine - 4 teats, 4 milk-producing units
Small ruminant - 2 teats, 2 milk-producing units
167
Perineum
Refers to 3D structures that close off pelvic cavity
168
Superficial boundaries of perineum
Dorsal - root of the tail
Ventral - scrotum/mammary gland (equine) or udder (ruminant)
Lateral - semimembranosus
169
Deep boundaries of perineum
Dorsal - end of sacrum and 1st caudal vertebrae
Ventral - ischial arch
Lateral - sacrosciatic ligament
170
Coccygeus
Triangular, causes tent when lift tail, originates at ischiatic spine and inserts at base of tail
171
Levator ani
Covers rectum, 3 parts/bundles
172
Retractor of clitoris
Homologue of retractor penis
173
Perineal body
3D structure formed by muscle and connective tissue b/w termination of GI and repro tracts
174
Components of perineal body (5)
```
Smooth m. of internal anal sphincter
Skeletal m. of external anal sphincter
Connective tissue of rectovaginal septum
Muscle of vestibular and vaginal wall
Muscle of rectum and anal canal
```
175
Perineal lacerations
Calf can tear perineal structures at time of parturition - linear tears, rectovaginal fistula
176
Slope of the pelvis
Tuber coxae to ischiatic tuberosity - use to recognize coxofemoral luxation (greater trochanter of femur)
177
Ischiatic spine
Origin of coccygeus, part of insertion for sacrosciatic ligament
178
Sacroiliac ligament
Connective tissue sheath from tuber sacrale (medial-directed tuberosity) to lateral sacral crest (one part) and spinous processes (2nd part)
179
Sacrosciatic ligament
Lateral sacral crest to ischiatic spine and tuberosity (large sheet in equine)
180
Greater and lesser sciatic notches
Form greater and lesser sciatic foramina when covered by sacrosciatic ligament
181
What passes through the greater sciatic foramen
Sciatic n. (gives off cranial gluteal n. after passing through) and cranial gluteal a.
182
What passes through the lesser sciatic foramen
Tendon of internal obturator *internal pudendal a. visible medial to foramen but does NOT pass through
183
Sciatic n. branches (3)
Cranial gluteal, caudal gluteal, caudal cutaneous femoral
184
Caudal cutaneous femoral n.
Sensory to caudal thigh, can come off anywhere but will always be after caudal gluteal branches
185
Pudendal n. becomes what
Dorsal n. of penis/clitoris
186
Caudal rectal n. innervates (3)
Coccygeus, levator ani, anal sphincters
