Thorax 2 Flashcards
what is the upper respiratory tract made up of?
-nasal cavity
-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-larynx
what is the lower respiratory tract made up of
-trachea
-main bronchi
-bronchiole tree
-lungs
what separates the upper respiratory tract from the lower
inferior border of cricoid cartilage
what does the conducting system ivolve
upper resp tract and most of lower
-takes air from external environment and filters particulates and humidfies (by warming); decreasing irritation of tissue and mucosa for perfect respiration
when does the tracheal begin?
at level of first tracheal ring at C6 and is continuous with the larynx
when does the trachea birfurcate?
at sternal angle between T4 and T5
what is carina
the cartilagenous structure between the left and right broncha and where the trachea terminates
hilum
site of mediastinum surface of lung where a no. of structures enter or leave lung
what sort of structures can be found at the hilum?
-main bronchi
-pulmonary artery
-pulmonary veins
the main bronchi branches off into?
-secondary/lobar bronchi
-right: superior, intermediate (middle and
inferior)
-left: superior and inferior
function of lobar bronchi
supplies a lobe of the lung (superior, inferior, +/-middle)
what do lobar bronchi branch off into?
tertiary bronchi called segmental bronchi
segmental bronchi supplies the what and what is it accompanied by?
-the bronchopulmonary segment (a portion of lung)
-accompanied by a segmental vein and segmental artery
What are the 3 surfaces of the lung and what are they?
-costal (covered by ribs)
-diaphragmatic (liver, stomach and spleen forms dome)
-mediastinal (heart and great vessels)
how many cavities do we have in the thorax and what are they?
-mediastinal (between lungs)
-pleural cavity x2
where does the apex sit?
above 1st rib and clavicle
what are the fissures for each lung?
right
-horizontal fissue
-right oblique fissue
left
-left oblique fissure
what lung is smaller than the other and why
left lung is smaller due to presence of heart (has cardiac notch)
what is also present in the left lung that isn’t in the right
cardiac notch and therefore lingula-> a small projection of lung tissue on inferior part of superior lobe of left lung
what structures are present in the mediastinum
-heart + great vessels
-oesophagus
-trachea and bronchus
-thoracic nerves
where is the hilum present?
in mediastinal part of lung
on the left lung, what is the usual arrangement of the hilum
-S->I
ABV
with veins branching into superior and inferior with the superior PV being most anterior (thats where superior lobe mostly is)
function of pleurae
single layer of epithelium that allows lubrication for lungs due to serous fluid secretion in pleural cavity/space
what are the portions of the pleura
-costal (direct contact w/ thoracic wall)
-diaphragmatic
-mediastinal
describe the visceral pleura
pleura continuous with paritetal epithelium/layer and is closely adhered to lung itself
costal part of pleura
all parietal pleura in contact with ribs and costal cartilages
mediastinal part of pleura
all parietal pleura in contact with structures in mediastinum (heart and great vessels)
what is the ligament of the pleura and what is it?
-> pulmonary ligament: excess parietal ligament hanging down hilum of lung
what does pulmonary ligament do?
allows flexibility in the dynamic movement of hilum (the only fixed point of lung) during respiration (move up and down)
diaphragmatic part of pleura
pleura over surface of diaphragm
what are the two recesses of the pleura?
-costomedistinal
-costodiaphragmatic recess
when are the costamediastinal and costadiaphragmaticc recess not present
in deep inhalation (lung fills this space)
describe shape of diaphragm
-broad, thin muscular sheet with the right dome sitting slightly higher than left
what sits underneath the diaphragm?
right right: liver
left dome: stomach and spleen
origin of diaphragm (peripheral)
posterior: L1, L2, L3, ribs 7-12
laterally: costal ribs 7-10
anteriorly: posterior surface of xiphoid process
insertion of diaphragm (central)
central tendon
why is the central tendon of left dome of diaphragm important?
significant point of anchor for pericardium of heart
name the ligaments of the diaphragm
-median arcuate ligament
-medial arcuate ligament
-lateral arcuate ligament
-suspensory muscle of duodenum (yes issa ligament)
name the tendons of the diaphragm
-central tendon
-left and right crus
median arcuate ligament function
hiatus for abdominal aorta to travel behind diaphragm into the abdomen
medial arcuate ligament and lateral acruate ligament function
peripheral attachment of the diaphragm
suspensory muscle of duodenum function
ligament of diaphragm that suspends the duodenum in place
what are the three hiatus
caval, oseophageal and aortic
caval hiatus components and state their direction
-IVC (a->t)
-phrenic nerve (t->a)
level of caval hiatus
T8 vertebra
oesophageal hiatus components + state their direction
-circular muscle layer of oesophagus (t-> a)(abdominal part)
-left and right vagus nerve (t->a)
oesophageal hiatus level
T10 vertebrae
aortic hiatus components and state their direction
-abdominal aorta (t->a)
-thoracic duct(a->t)
-azygos vein (a->t)
aortic hiatus level
T12 vertebra
what is the diaphragm innervated?
right and left phrenic nerves which arise from C3, 4, 5 spinal nerves
right and left vagus nerve throguh oesophageal hiatus function
-provide oesophagus with parasympathetic innervation via oesophageal plexus
-once travelled thru, supplies majority of abdominal contents w/ parasymp innervation
thoracic duct function
bring lymphatic fluid from lower limbs + abdomen and drains it at junction between left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein
azygos vein function
transports deoxygenated blood from posterior abdominal wall and psoterior thoracic wall
