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Anatomy > Thorax 2 > Flashcards

Thorax 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the upper respiratory tract made up of?

A

-nasal cavity
-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-larynx

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2
Q

what is the lower respiratory tract made up of

A

-trachea
-main bronchi
-bronchiole tree
-lungs

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3
Q

what separates the upper respiratory tract from the lower

A

inferior border of cricoid cartilage

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4
Q

what does the conducting system ivolve

A

upper resp tract and most of lower
-takes air from external environment and filters particulates and humidfies (by warming); decreasing irritation of tissue and mucosa for perfect respiration

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5
Q

when does the tracheal begin?

A

at level of first tracheal ring at C6 and is continuous with the larynx

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6
Q

when does the trachea birfurcate?

A

at sternal angle between T4 and T5

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7
Q

what is carina

A

the cartilagenous structure between the left and right broncha and where the trachea terminates

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8
Q

hilum

A

site of mediastinum surface of lung where a no. of structures enter or leave lung

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9
Q

what sort of structures can be found at the hilum?

A

-main bronchi
-pulmonary artery
-pulmonary veins

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10
Q

the main bronchi branches off into?

A

-secondary/lobar bronchi
-right: superior, intermediate (middle and
inferior)
-left: superior and inferior

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11
Q

function of lobar bronchi

A

supplies a lobe of the lung (superior, inferior, +/-middle)

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12
Q

what do lobar bronchi branch off into?

A

tertiary bronchi called segmental bronchi

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13
Q

segmental bronchi supplies the what and what is it accompanied by?

A

-the bronchopulmonary segment (a portion of lung)
-accompanied by a segmental vein and segmental artery

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14
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the lung and what are they?

A

-costal (covered by ribs)
-diaphragmatic (liver, stomach and spleen forms dome)
-mediastinal (heart and great vessels)

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15
Q

how many cavities do we have in the thorax and what are they?

A

-mediastinal (between lungs)
-pleural cavity x2

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16
Q

where does the apex sit?

A

above 1st rib and clavicle

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17
Q

what are the fissures for each lung?

A

right
-horizontal fissue
-right oblique fissue
left
-left oblique fissure

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18
Q

what lung is smaller than the other and why

A

left lung is smaller due to presence of heart (has cardiac notch)

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19
Q

what is also present in the left lung that isn’t in the right

A

cardiac notch and therefore lingula-> a small projection of lung tissue on inferior part of superior lobe of left lung

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20
Q

what structures are present in the mediastinum

A

-heart + great vessels
-oesophagus
-trachea and bronchus
-thoracic nerves

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21
Q

where is the hilum present?

A

in mediastinal part of lung

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22
Q

on the left lung, what is the usual arrangement of the hilum

A

-S->I
ABV

with veins branching into superior and inferior with the superior PV being most anterior (thats where superior lobe mostly is)

23
Q

function of pleurae

A

single layer of epithelium that allows lubrication for lungs due to serous fluid secretion in pleural cavity/space

24
Q

what are the portions of the pleura

A

-costal (direct contact w/ thoracic wall)
-diaphragmatic
-mediastinal

25
Q

describe the visceral pleura

A

pleura continuous with paritetal epithelium/layer and is closely adhered to lung itself

26
Q

costal part of pleura

A

all parietal pleura in contact with ribs and costal cartilages

27
Q

mediastinal part of pleura

A

all parietal pleura in contact with structures in mediastinum (heart and great vessels)

28
Q

what is the ligament of the pleura and what is it?

A

-> pulmonary ligament: excess parietal ligament hanging down hilum of lung

29
Q

what does pulmonary ligament do?

A

allows flexibility in the dynamic movement of hilum (the only fixed point of lung) during respiration (move up and down)

30
Q

diaphragmatic part of pleura

A

pleura over surface of diaphragm

31
Q

what are the two recesses of the pleura?

A

-costomedistinal
-costodiaphragmatic recess

32
Q

when are the costamediastinal and costadiaphragmaticc recess not present

A

in deep inhalation (lung fills this space)

33
Q

describe shape of diaphragm

A

-broad, thin muscular sheet with the right dome sitting slightly higher than left

34
Q

what sits underneath the diaphragm?

A

right right: liver
left dome: stomach and spleen

35
Q

origin of diaphragm (peripheral)

A

posterior: L1, L2, L3, ribs 7-12
laterally: costal ribs 7-10
anteriorly: posterior surface of xiphoid process

36
Q

insertion of diaphragm (central)

A

central tendon

37
Q

why is the central tendon of left dome of diaphragm important?

A

significant point of anchor for pericardium of heart

38
Q

name the ligaments of the diaphragm

A

-median arcuate ligament
-medial arcuate ligament
-lateral arcuate ligament
-suspensory muscle of duodenum (yes issa ligament)

39
Q

name the tendons of the diaphragm

A

-central tendon
-left and right crus

40
Q

median arcuate ligament function

A

hiatus for abdominal aorta to travel behind diaphragm into the abdomen

41
Q

medial arcuate ligament and lateral acruate ligament function

A

peripheral attachment of the diaphragm

42
Q

suspensory muscle of duodenum function

A

ligament of diaphragm that suspends the duodenum in place

43
Q

what are the three hiatus

A

caval, oseophageal and aortic

44
Q

caval hiatus components and state their direction

A

-IVC (a->t)
-phrenic nerve (t->a)

45
Q

level of caval hiatus

A

T8 vertebra

46
Q

oesophageal hiatus components + state their direction

A

-circular muscle layer of oesophagus (t-> a)(abdominal part)
-left and right vagus nerve (t->a)

47
Q

oesophageal hiatus level

A

T10 vertebrae

48
Q

aortic hiatus components and state their direction

A

-abdominal aorta (t->a)
-thoracic duct(a->t)
-azygos vein (a->t)

49
Q

aortic hiatus level

A

T12 vertebra

50
Q

what is the diaphragm innervated?

A

right and left phrenic nerves which arise from C3, 4, 5 spinal nerves

51
Q

right and left vagus nerve throguh oesophageal hiatus function

A

-provide oesophagus with parasympathetic innervation via oesophageal plexus
-once travelled thru, supplies majority of abdominal contents w/ parasymp innervation

51
Q

thoracic duct function

A

bring lymphatic fluid from lower limbs + abdomen and drains it at junction between left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein

52
Q

azygos vein function

A

transports deoxygenated blood from posterior abdominal wall and psoterior thoracic wall

Anatomy (10 decks)

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