Thorax 2

Question 1

what is the upper respiratory tract made up of?

Answer 1

-nasal cavity
-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-larynx

Question 2

what is the lower respiratory tract made up of

Answer 2

-trachea
-main bronchi
-bronchiole tree
-lungs

Question 3

what separates the upper respiratory tract from the lower

Answer 3

inferior border of cricoid cartilage

Question 4

what does the conducting system ivolve

Answer 4

upper resp tract and most of lower
-takes air from external environment and filters particulates and humidfies (by warming); decreasing irritation of tissue and mucosa for perfect respiration

Question 5

when does the tracheal begin?

Answer 5

at level of first tracheal ring at C6 and is continuous with the larynx

Question 6

when does the trachea birfurcate?

Answer 6

at sternal angle between T4 and T5

Question 7

what is carina

Answer 7

the cartilagenous structure between the left and right broncha and where the trachea terminates

Question 8

hilum

Answer 8

site of mediastinum surface of lung where a no. of structures enter or leave lung

Question 9

what sort of structures can be found at the hilum?

Answer 9

-main bronchi
-pulmonary artery
-pulmonary veins

Question 10

the main bronchi branches off into?

Answer 10

-secondary/lobar bronchi
-right: superior, intermediate (middle and
inferior)
-left: superior and inferior

Question 11

function of lobar bronchi

Answer 11

supplies a lobe of the lung (superior, inferior, +/-middle)

Question 12

what do lobar bronchi branch off into?

Answer 12

tertiary bronchi called segmental bronchi

Question 13

segmental bronchi supplies the what and what is it accompanied by?

Answer 13

-the bronchopulmonary segment (a portion of lung)
-accompanied by a segmental vein and segmental artery

Question 14

What are the 3 surfaces of the lung and what are they?

Answer 14

-costal (covered by ribs)
-diaphragmatic (liver, stomach and spleen forms dome)
-mediastinal (heart and great vessels)

Question 15

how many cavities do we have in the thorax and what are they?

Answer 15

-mediastinal (between lungs)
-pleural cavity x2

Question 16

where does the apex sit?

Answer 16

above 1st rib and clavicle

Question 17

what are the fissures for each lung?

Answer 17

right
-horizontal fissue
-right oblique fissue
left
-left oblique fissure

Question 18

what lung is smaller than the other and why

Answer 18

left lung is smaller due to presence of heart (has cardiac notch)

Question 19

what is also present in the left lung that isn’t in the right

Answer 19

cardiac notch and therefore lingula-> a small projection of lung tissue on inferior part of superior lobe of left lung

Question 20

what structures are present in the mediastinum

Answer 20

-heart + great vessels
-oesophagus
-trachea and bronchus
-thoracic nerves

Question 21

where is the hilum present?

Answer 21

in mediastinal part of lung

Question 22

on the left lung, what is the usual arrangement of the hilum

Answer 22

-S->I
ABV

with veins branching into superior and inferior with the superior PV being most anterior (thats where superior lobe mostly is)

Question 23

function of pleurae

Answer 23

single layer of epithelium that allows lubrication for lungs due to serous fluid secretion in pleural cavity/space

Question 24

what are the portions of the pleura

Answer 24

-costal (direct contact w/ thoracic wall)
-diaphragmatic
-mediastinal

Question 25

describe the visceral pleura

Answer 25

pleura continuous with paritetal epithelium/layer and is closely adhered to lung itself

Question 26

costal part of pleura

Answer 26

all parietal pleura in contact with ribs and costal cartilages

Question 27

mediastinal part of pleura

Answer 27

all parietal pleura in contact with structures in mediastinum (heart and great vessels)

Question 28

what is the ligament of the pleura and what is it?

Answer 28

-> pulmonary ligament: excess parietal ligament hanging down hilum of lung

Question 29

what does pulmonary ligament do?

Answer 29

allows flexibility in the dynamic movement of hilum (the only fixed point of lung) during respiration (move up and down)

Question 30

diaphragmatic part of pleura

Answer 30

pleura over surface of diaphragm

Question 31

what are the two recesses of the pleura?

Answer 31

-costomedistinal -costodiaphragmatic recess

Question 32

when are the costamediastinal and costadiaphragmaticc recess not present

Answer 32

in deep inhalation (lung fills this space)

Question 33

describe shape of diaphragm

Answer 33

-broad, thin muscular sheet with the right dome sitting slightly higher than left

Question 34

what sits underneath the diaphragm?

Answer 34

right right: liver left dome: stomach and spleen

Question 35

origin of diaphragm (peripheral)

Answer 35

posterior: L1, L2, L3, ribs 7-12 laterally: costal ribs 7-10 anteriorly: posterior surface of xiphoid process

Question 36

insertion of diaphragm (central)

Answer 36

central tendon

Question 37

why is the central tendon of left dome of diaphragm important?

Answer 37

significant point of anchor for pericardium of heart

Question 38

name the ligaments of the diaphragm

Answer 38

-median arcuate ligament -medial arcuate ligament -lateral arcuate ligament -suspensory muscle of duodenum (yes issa ligament)

Question 39

name the tendons of the diaphragm

Answer 39

-central tendon -left and right crus

Question 40

median arcuate ligament function

Answer 40

hiatus for abdominal aorta to travel behind diaphragm into the abdomen

Question 41

medial arcuate ligament and lateral acruate ligament function

Answer 41

peripheral attachment of the diaphragm

Question 42

suspensory muscle of duodenum function

Answer 42

ligament of diaphragm that suspends the duodenum in place

Question 43

what are the three hiatus

Answer 43

caval, oseophageal and aortic

Question 44

caval hiatus components and state their direction

Answer 44

-IVC (a->t) -phrenic nerve (t->a)

Question 45

level of caval hiatus

Answer 45

T8 vertebra

Question 46

oesophageal hiatus components + state their direction

Answer 46

-circular muscle layer of oesophagus (t-> a)(abdominal part) -left and right vagus nerve (t->a)

Question 47

oesophageal hiatus level

Answer 47

T10 vertebrae

Question 48

aortic hiatus components and state their direction

Answer 48

-abdominal aorta (t->a) -thoracic duct(a->t) -azygos vein (a->t)

Question 49

aortic hiatus level

Answer 49

T12 vertebra

Question 50

what is the diaphragm innervated?

Answer 50

right and left phrenic nerves which arise from C3, 4, 5 spinal nerves

Question 51

right and left vagus nerve throguh oesophageal hiatus function

Answer 51

-provide oesophagus with parasympathetic innervation via oesophageal plexus -once travelled thru, supplies majority of abdominal contents w/ parasymp innervation

Question 51

thoracic duct function

Answer 51

bring lymphatic fluid from lower limbs + abdomen and drains it at junction between left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein

Question 52

azygos vein function

Answer 52

transports deoxygenated blood from posterior abdominal wall and psoterior thoracic wall