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Anatomy > HNS 2 > Flashcards

HNS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three functions of the neck?

A

structural (supports and moves the head), visceral (contains airway + oesophagus), conduit for blood vessels (to head) and nerves (to thorax)

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2
Q

What are fascia?

A

connective tissue that contian mainly collagen fibres that separate compartments

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3
Q

function of fascia

A

prevents spread of infection and houses different structures

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4
Q

what are 5 fascia?

A

superficial, pretracheal, carotid sheath, investing and prevertebral (back of neck) fascia

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5
Q

what does the superficial fascia contain?

A

platysma

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6
Q

what does the carotide sheath contain

A

vascualr compartment on the left and right sides of the neck (bvs and nerves)

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7
Q

what does the pretracheal fascia contain?

A

-trachea
-oesophagus
-thyroid gland
-infrahyoid muscle

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8
Q

what does the prevertebral fascia contain?

A

-is the back of then neck and contains many muscles and vertebrae

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9
Q

what does the investing layer contain?

A

sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius muscle

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10
Q

what is the anterior triangle of the neck made up of?

A

-mainly muscles (platysma, deeper: mylohyoid, digastric and infrahyoid (strap) muscles)
-blood vessels: carotid arteries

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11
Q

What is the posterior triangle of neck made up of?

A

-external jugular vein (from brachiocephallic vein)
-subclavian artery and vein
-trunks of the brachial plexus
-phrenic nerve
-vagus nerve
-spinal accessory nerve

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12
Q

trunks of the brachial plexus supplies?

A

upper limb

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13
Q

phrenic nerve supplies?

A

diaphragm

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14
Q

vagus nerve supplies?

A

respiratory, cardiovasuclar, and GI responses

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15
Q

the spinal accessory nerve [IX] supplies?

A

the pair of muscles in the neck

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16
Q

what are the 4 infrahyoid (strap) muscles of the anterior triangle (look at diagram to help you remember)

A

-thyrohyoid
-sternothyroid
-sternohyoid
-omohyoid

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17
Q

What is the larynx?

A

a hollow structure composed of cartilages, membranes and muscles that acts as a valve (epiglottis) and sound producer

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18
Q

what are the 3 laryngeal cartilages?

A

cricoid, cricoarytenoid and thyroid

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19
Q

the opening from the infraglottic space (going into trachea) to vestibule is called?

A

the glottis

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20
Q

what are the muscles of the larynx

A

anterior: cricothyroid muscle (straight and oblique)
posterior: posterior and lateral crico-arytenoids
oblique + transferse arytenoids, vocalis muscle

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21
Q

what are the ligaments of the larynx

A

-vocal ligament
-lateral cricothyroid ligament

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22
Q

What nerve innervates the larynx?

A

vagus nerve

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23
Q

what are the 4 protective mechanisms for the airway?

A

-swallowing
-gag reflex (CNIX)
-sneezing
-coughing

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24
Q

lesion to vagus nerve causes?

A

complete paralysis of larynx

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25
Q

vagus nerves branch into?

A

superior (to internal and external) and recurrent laryngeal nerve (goes into thorax and then back to thorax)

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26
Q

lesion to internal layngeal nerve causes?

A

loss of sensation above the vocal folds

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27
Q

lesion to external layngeal nerve causes?

A

paralysis of cricothyroid (anterior)

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28
Q

lesion to recurrent laryngeal nerve causes?

A

paralysis of all muscles of larynx except cricothyroid and loss of sensation below the vocal folds

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29
Q

why must surgery of thyroid be done carefully?

A

the recurrent laryngeal nerve (left and right) runs close to the thyroid and therefore damage can cause paralysis of larynx (+ sensation loss below vocal folds)

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30
Q

Why should eye infections be of concern?

A

the opthalmic veins drains back into the cavernous sinus which is situated deep in cranial cavity.
This can provide a potential route of infection into cranial cavity

31
Q

where can we put in a central venous line to measure central venous pressure?

A

-internal jugular vein (middle of neck)
-subclavian veins

32
Q

what nodes are right next to the internal jugular vein?

A

deep cervical nodes

33
Q

what is the function of the vertebral column?

A

support, protection and movement

34
Q

what are the regions of the vertebral column?

A

-cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar(5), sacral (5 fused), coccygeal (4 fused)

35
Q

what structures are in the vertebral column

A

bone, ligaments and intervertebral discs (cartilage)

36
Q

what movements can the vertebral column allow?

A

extension, flexion, lateral flexion and rotation

37
Q

how does the vertebral column provide support and protection?

A

-supports body weight, the head and upper limps (aid movements)
-transmit forces
-protects spinal cord

38
Q

how does the vertebral column provide movement?

A

-upper limbs and ribs (extrinsic muscles)
-postural control and movement (intrinsic muscles)

39
Q

What makes up a typical vertebrae?

A

vertebral body, vertebral arch and pedicles

40
Q

what is the vertebral body

A

major weight bearing part

41
Q

what is the verterbral arch

A

-it forms roof of vertebral canal and has projections for attachment of muscles and ligaments + sites of articulation for adjacent vertebrae

42
Q

what are the pedicles of typical vertebrae?

A

they anchor the vertebral arch to the verebral body

43
Q

describe a typical cervical vertebrae

A

-rectangular bodies with concave superior and convex inferior surface with uncus of body (uncinate process)
-triangular vertebral foramen
-has foramen transversarium (for arteries)
-oblique, relatively horizontal articular facets
-perforated transverse processes w/ a+p tubercles
-bifid spinous process

44
Q

describe a typical thoracic vertebrae

A

-columnar, heart-shaped bodies
-circular vertebral foramen
-has 2 costal facets each side (1 on transverse process)
-nearly vertical articular facets posteriorly and anteriorly
-long and sloping spinous process overlapping inferior vertebra

45
Q

describe a typical lumbar vertebrae

A

-massive columnar kidney-shaped body
-triangular vertebral foramen
-nearly verticle articular facets
-short, broad and blunt spinous process
-long slender lateral transverse processes

46
Q

what are the two atypical vertebrae

A

C1 and C2

47
Q

what joint is the yes joint? (nodding)

A

atlanto-occipital joint

48
Q

what is the atlanto-occipital joint made up of?

A

2 ligaments: alar ligament and cruciate/cruciform ligament

49
Q

what is the no joint?(shaking head)

A

atlanto-axial joint (between C1 and C2)

50
Q

what is ligament flava and function

A

ligament that connect the lamina adjacent vertebrae and maintain the alignment of the spine.

51
Q

what muscles are used in flexion (starting from extended position then forward)

A

rectus abdominis and psoas major

52
Q

what muscles are used in extension (starting from extended position forwards then backwards)

A

erector spinae and gluteus maximus

53
Q

what muscles are used in lateral flexion

A

-rhomboids
-serratus anterior
-external oblique (anterior)
-internal oblique (anterior)
-internal and external obliques (lateral part)
-quadratus lumborum

54
Q

what muscles are used in rotation

A

sternocleidomastoid, splenius, transversospinalis, iliocostalis and longissimus, external and internal oblique

55
Q

intervertebral discs role

A

weight bearing and osme degree of flexibility

56
Q

oculomotor nerve function

A

motor: levator palpebrae superioris, all rectus (except LR), and inferior oblique
parasympathetic: motor to sphincter pupillae, ciliary muscles for accommodation (ciliary ganglion-changing pupil size and lens thickness)

57
Q

optic nerve nerve function

A

vision

58
Q

trochlear nerve function

A

motor: superior oblique

59
Q

trigeminal nerve function

A

motor: muscles of mastication
sensory: proprioception from muscles of mastication; discriminative touch and vibration from head + sensation of A2/3 of tongue; pain and temperature of head

60
Q

abducens (VI) nerve function

A

motor: lateral rectus

61
Q

facial nerve function

A

sensory: a2/3(t, external auditory meatus + deeper parts of auricle and skin posterior to ear
motor: muscles of facial epression; pm in lacrimal, sublingual and submandibular gland

62
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve function

A

balance and hearing

63
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve function

A

sensory: p1/3 (s+t), tonsils and pharynx (gag); chemo+baroreceptors in carotid and i+e surfaces of tympanic membrane
motor: stylopharyngeus, pm in parotid gland

64
Q

vagus nerve function

A

sensory: base of tongue + epiglottis, posterior meninges, external acoustic meatus and skin posterior to ear; larynx, trachea, oesophagus, thoracic and abdominal viscera; stretch receptors in aortic arch
motor: pharyngeal muscles; cricothyroid, pm to smooth muscles and glands of the pharynx, larynx and thoracic and abdominal viscera; cardiac muscles

65
Q

hypoglossal nerve function

A

Hyoglossus, genioglossus, styloglossus and all intrinsic muscles of the tongue

66
Q

what are the branches of the external caroitid

A

-superficial temporal
-maxillary
-posteiror auricular
-facial
-occipital (crosses over internal)
-lingual(under facial)
-ascending pharyngeal
-superior thyroid

67
Q

superficial temporal artery appears where?

A

arising up anterior to ear

68
Q

posterior auricular artery location

A

rising up behind ear

69
Q

maxillary artery location

A

brached off external carotid at the zygomatic level

70
Q

facial artery lcoation

A

branched off external carotid at the mandibular level

71
Q

location of lingual artery

A

branched off external carotid below facial artery

72
Q

ascending pharyngeal artery location

A

after superior thyroid artery (goes downwards), one of the first branches of external carotid and rises up

73
Q

occipital artery location

A

after facial artery, branch of external carotid artery

74
Q

auriculotemporal nerve location

A

in front of ear going uo

Anatomy (10 decks)

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