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Anatomy > HNS 1 > Flashcards

HNS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges

A

Dura, arachnoid and pia mater

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2
Q

What is held within the anterior cranial fossa?

A

frontal lobe

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3
Q

What is held within the middle cranial fossa?

A

temporal lobe

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4
Q

What is held within the posterior cranial fossa?

A

cerebellum and brainstem

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5
Q

What is the point where the frontal, parietal, temporal and greater wing of sphenoid bone meet called?

A

Pterion

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6
Q

Suture between 2 parietal bones and occipital bone called?

A

Lambdoid suture

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7
Q

What is the point where the sagittal and coronal suture meet called?

A

Bregma

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8
Q

What is the point where the sagittal suture and lambdoid suture meet called?

A

Lambda

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9
Q

What is the unfused bone in the anterior
and posterior portion of the neonatal skull called?

A

Anterior fontanelle and posterior frontanelle

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10
Q

What are fontanelles

A

Soft part of a fetus skull which allows flexibility when exiting the birth canal

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11
Q

Describe the dura mater

A

thick inelastic with 2 layers (periosteal and meningeal)

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12
Q

Describe the arachnoid mater?

A

elastic with spiderlike projections

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13
Q

Describe pia mater

A

innermost, thin, delicate layer

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14
Q

What is the relationship of the dural venous sinuses to the brain?

A

the dural venous sinuses drains deoxygenated blood and CSF from the brain and surrounding structures

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15
Q

What is the blood supply to the meninges

A

anterior, middle (maxillary artery) + accessory and posterior meningeal artery

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16
Q

Explain the difference between extra-dural and sub-dural hemorrhages of the dura

A

extra-dural: damage to middle MA causing pooling of blood between dura and skull
sub-dural: damagae associated w/ venous sinuses causing pooling of blood between dura and arachnoid space

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17
Q

Blow to pterion can cause what?

A

intercranial bleed due to middle meningeal artery located here

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18
Q

What is the anatomy of the scalp?

A

SCALP: skin, connective tissue(dense), aponeurotic layer, loose connective tissue, pericranium

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19
Q

Why is it so important to avoid infection of lacerations (cut) to the scalp?

A

highly vascularised (including occipital artery) therefore could be rapid spread of infection to brain

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20
Q

difference between meninges arrangment between cranial cavity and vertebral canal?

A

dura is closely adherent to the skull whereas there is space (epidural space) between the dura and bone of the vertebral canal (allowing anaesthetics ie epidural)

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21
Q

What is in the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF

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22
Q

What is the largest dural venous sinus?

A

Superior sagittal sinus.

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23
Q

function of CSF

A

protection, buoyancy and chemical stability

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24
Q

what are the ventricles lined with?

A

ependymal cells forming the choroid plexus

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25
Q

CSF eventually drains where?

A

into the dura sinuses via arachnoid villi (granulations)

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26
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A
  • cylindrical shape continuous with the medulla oblongata through the foramen magnum at the base of the skull
  • it occupies the vertebral canal of the vertebral column to the L1 and L2 lumbar vertebral level
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27
Q

What is the spinal cord composed of?

A

segments that give rise to a pair of mixed spinal nerves

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28
Q

What are the spinal nerves of the spinal cord and their frequency?

A
  • 8 cervical spinal nerves (pair of mixed)
  • 12 thoracic spinal nerves
  • 5 lumbar spinal nerves
  • 5 sacral spinal nerves
  • 1 coccygeal spinal nerve
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29
Q

What nerves emerge above, and what nerves emerge below vertebrae?

A

Above: C1-C7

Below: C8-Co1

30
Q

Terminal end of spinal cord

A

conus medullaris

31
Q

Reasons for the impingement of spinal nerve roots

A

nerve root compression such as in pregnancy or herniated disc

32
Q

What does the middle meningeal artery supply?

A

the dura mater

33
Q

What does the cribiform plate contain?

A

Olfactory nervs [I]

34
Q

What foramina is in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

cribiform plate

35
Q

What foramina is in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

-internal acoustic meautus
-jugular foramina
-hypoglossal canal
-foramen magnum

36
Q

What does the cribiform plate contain?

A

Olfactory nervs [I]

37
Q

What foramina is in the anterior cranial fossa

A

cribiform plate

38
Q

What foramina is in the middle cranial fossa

A

-superior orbital fissure
-foramen rotundum
-foramen ovale
-foramen spinosum
-Carotid canal

39
Q

What does the cribiform plate contain?

A

Olfactory nerves [I]

40
Q

What does the optic cancal contain?

A

-optic nerve [II]
-opthalmic artery

41
Q

Superior orbital fissue contain?

A

-oculomotor nerve [III]
-trochlear nerve [IV]
-opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve [V1]
-abducen nerve [VI]
-opthalmic veins

42
Q

foramen rotundem contains?

A

-maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve [V2]

43
Q

foramen ovale contains?

A

-mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve [V3]
-lesser petrosal nerve

44
Q

foramen spinosum contains?

A

middle meningeal artery

45
Q

internal acoustic meatus contains?

A

-facial nerve
-vestibulocochlear nerve

46
Q

jugular foramen contains

A

-glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]
-vagus nerve [X]
-accessory nerve [XI]
-inferior pertrosal sinus
-sigmoid sinus (forming internal jugular vein)

47
Q

hypoglossal canal contains

A

-hypoglossal nerve [XII]
-meningeal branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery

48
Q

foramen magnum contains

A

-end of brainstem/beginning of spinal cord
-vertebral arteries
-spinal roots of the accesory nerve
-meninges

49
Q

describe epidural injections

A

-injected into epidural space (between dura and vertebral wall)

50
Q

epidural injections uses

A

labour + during and after surgery

51
Q

describe spinal injections

A

are injected to dural sac that contains CSF for immediate relief

dural sac-surrounds the spinal cord inside the vertebral column. It separates the epidural space from the subarachnoid space

52
Q

what are spinal injections used for

A

diagnostically and therapeutically

53
Q

describe caudal epidural

A

inserting a needle through the sacral hiatus to gain entrane into sacral epidural space

54
Q

what are the two spinotransversales muscles?

A

-splenius capitis
-splenius cervicis (colli

55
Q

origin of splenius capitis

A

Lower aspect of the ligamentum nuchae, and the spinous processes of C7 – T3/4 vertebrae

55
Q

what are the three erector spinae muscles?

A

-iliocostalis
-longissimus
-spinalis

56
Q

insertion of splenius capitis

A

Mastoid process and the occipital bone

56
Q

action of splenius capitis

A

Rotate head to the same side

57
Q

innervation of splenius capitis

A

Posterior rami of spinal nerves C3 and C4

58
Q

function of Splenius cervicis (colli)

A

Rotate head to the same side

59
Q

innervation of Splenius cervicis (colli)

A

Posterior rami of the lower cervical spinal nerves

60
Q

origin and insertion of Splenius cervicis (colli)

A

o: Spinous processes of T3-T6 vertebae
i: Transverse processes of C1-3/4

61
Q

iliocsotalis function

A

Unilaterally laterally flex the vertebral column Bilaterally extend the vertebral column and head

62
Q

iliocostalis innervation

A

Posterior rami of the spinal nerves

63
Q

iliocostalis attachments

A

o: Common tendinous origin of the erector spinae
i: Costal angle of the ribs and the cervical transverse processes

64
Q

what are the three erector spinae muscles?

A

-iliocostalis
-longissimus
-spinalis

64
Q

longissimus action

A

Unilaterally laterally flex the vertebral column. Bilaterally extend the vertebral column and head

65
Q

longissimus innervation

A

Posterior rami of the spinal nerves

66
Q

longissimus attachments

A

o: Common tendinous origin of the erector spinae
i: Lower ribs, the transverse processes of C2 – T12, and the mastoid process of the skull

67
Q

spinalis function

A

Unilaterally laterally flex the vertebral column. Bilaterally extend the vertebral column and head

68
Q

spinalis innervation

A

Posterior rami of the spinal nerves

69
Q

spinalis attachments

A

o:Common tendinous origin of the erector spinae
i: Spinous processes of C2, T1-T8 and the occipital bone of the skull

Anatomy (10 decks)

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