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Anatomy > HNS 3 > Flashcards

HNS 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The 5 phases of swallowing

A

-oral (prepartory + transit) phase
-pharyngeal (I + II) phase
-oesophageal phase

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2
Q

what sort of function is needed for the oral preparatoryphase

A

lip, jaw, tongue and palate sensory and motor function + dentition

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3
Q

oral preparatory phase

A

voluntary task where the air way is open and food/liquid chewed and formed into a bolus

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4
Q

what nerves take part in the oral preparatory phase

A

cranial nerves
-V, VII, IX, X, XII
-trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal, vagus and hypoglossal

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5
Q

oral transit phase

A

voluntary control where airway is open and bolus propelled to back of mouth and the soft palate seals entrance to nasal cavity

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6
Q

what are the functions needed for oral transit phase

A

lip, jaw tongue and palate sensory and motor function needed

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7
Q

what nerves supply the oral transit phase?

A

V, VII, IX, X, XII

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8
Q

pharyngeal phase I

A

-reflex control when the airway is closed and bolus reaches faucial arch (back of mouth) while the palate stays elevated
-tongue retracts, pushing bolus to pharynx

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9
Q

what nerves supply the pharyngeal phase I?

A

pharynx: IX, X
tongue: XII

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10
Q

what are the functions needed for phayngeal phase I

A

tongue, palate and laryngeal sensory and motor function needed

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11
Q

pharyngeal phase II

A

Reflex control where airway is closed by epiglottis, vocal cords and arytenoid action
+ bolus propelled through pharaynx

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12
Q

what nerves supply the pharyngeal phase II?

A

IX, X, XII

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13
Q

what are the functions needed for phayngeal phase II

A

tongue, palate and laryngeal sensory and motor function needed

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14
Q

what are the functions needed for phayngeal phase II

A

tongue, palate and laryngeal sensory and motor needed

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15
Q

oesophageal phase

A

reflex control where oesophagus opensm airways closed tf breath held
-bolus propelled through oesophagus
-respiration then resumes with an exhalation to clear any food particles from airway entrance

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16
Q

what nerves supply the oesophageal phase?

A

IX, X

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17
Q

what type of imaging can we use to examine swallowing?

A

videofluoroscopy

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18
Q

what is an ataxic swallow

A

-uncoordinated tongue retraction to propel food causing delayed airway closure

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19
Q

what can cause ataxic swallow?

A

cerebellar haematoma

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20
Q

fix for ataxic swallow

A

flexed neck during swallow prevents aspiration

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21
Q

how may a lower motor neurone lesion cause impaired swallowing?

A

ipsilateral paresis of phaynx, layrnx and tongue causing weak bolus propulsion tf failed airway closure->aspiration

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22
Q

fix for failed airway closure due to lower motor neurone lesion (excised acoustic neuroma-tumour removal from brain)

A

head rotation to direct bolus down strong side of pharynx and airway closure

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23
Q

describe the impaired swallowing in parkinsons disease

A

-typical repetitive tongue movement linked with muscle rigidity -> unable to lower the back of tongue + struggle with swallowing

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24
Q

fix for impaired swallowing in Parkinsons disease

A

active range of motion exercises of lips and tonue

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25
Q

what makes up normal swallowing?

A

-vocal cords adduct to produce voice and to close airway
-saliva is cleared in asingle swallow and does not accumulate
-water swallowed <1 second
-no residue in pharynx or in trachea

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25
Q

how are the muscles of facial expression grouped?

A

orbital, nasal and oral

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26
Q

what are the muscles of facial expression innervated by?

A

Facial nerve VII

27
Q

What muscles make up orbital group?

A

corrugator supercilli and the orbicularis oculi (orbital and palpebral)

28
Q

what muscles make up the nasal group?

A

procerus and nasalis (transverse and alar part) and depressor septi nasi

29
Q

what muscles make up the oral group?

A

a lot

30
Q

what muscles move the ear?

A

superior, anterior and posterior auricular

31
Q

what muscle contract to close eyelid?

A

(orbital) orbicularis oculi

32
Q

describe how facial nerve is distributed across the face

A

divides in the parotid gland and innervates the temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular and cervical (neck) muscles

33
Q

what is the temporomandiibular joint?

A

sinovial joint between temporal bone and mandible that allow the opening and closing of mouth (mastication)

34
Q

what are the muscles of mastication (moving mandible) innervated by?

A

mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

34
Q

describe what action predominates when i) jaws slightly opened ii) jaws widely open

A

i) hinge action predominates ii) hinge and gliding action combined

35
Q

what are the superficial muscles of mastication?

A

masseter and temporalis

36
Q

what are the deep muscles of mastication?

A

lateral ptyeryoid and medial pterygoid

37
Q

origin and insertion of masseter

A

zygomatic arch to lateral surface of ramus and angle of mandible

38
Q

function of masseter

A

elevation of mandible (forced closure of mouth)

39
Q

origin and insertion of temporalis

A

temporal fossato coronoid process of mandible

40
Q

function of temporalis

A

elevation and retraction of mandible

41
Q

function of temporalis

A

elevates and retracts mandible

42
Q

origin and insertion of lateral pterygoid

A

lateral pterygoid plate (sphenoid bone) to neck of mandible

43
Q

function of lateral pterygoid

A

open mouth by depressing and protracting mandible

44
Q

origin and insertion of medial prterygoid

A

lateral pterygoid plate + maxilla + palate to angle of mandible

45
Q

function of medial pterygoid

A

elevates, protracts and lateral movement of mandible for chewing

46
Q

how do we know when vagus nerve is fine?

A

if uvula goes up

47
Q

what are the 3 muscles of the pharynx?

A

superior, middle and inferior constrictors

48
Q

what nerves innervate the sensory function of the muscles of the phaynx?

A

pharyngeal plexus: glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X)

49
Q

what nerves innervate the motor function of the muscles of the phaynx?

A

Vagus (X) and sometimes accessory nerve (IX)

50
Q

function of muscles of the pharynx

A

aid swallowing via their coordinated sequential contraction

51
Q

what are the three salivary glands?

A

mainly serous: parotid and submandibular
mainly mucous: suplingual

52
Q

what innervates the parotid gland?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

53
Q

what innervates the submandibular gland?

A

Facial (VII)

54
Q

what innervates the sublingual gland?

A

Facial (VII)

55
Q

what innervates the anterior 2/3 of tongue and their function?

A

s: mandibular branch of trigeminal (V3) nerve- (lingual nerve)
t: facial (VII) nerve (chorda tympani-> also innervates sublingual)

56
Q

what innervates the posterior 1/3 of tongue and their function?

A

s and t: glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve

57
Q

what nerve allows movement of tongue?

A

hypoglossal (XII) nerve

58
Q

what innervates the base of tongue and the epiglottis?

A

vagus (X) nerve

59
Q

unami flavour area on tongue

A

all over

60
Q

sour flavour area on tongue

A

sides of tongue

61
Q

sweet flavour area on tongue

A

tip of tongue

62
Q

bitter flavour area on tongue

A

base of tongue

63
Q

fix for impaired swallowing in Parkinsons disease

A

active range of motion exercises of lips and tonue

63
Q

salty flavour area on tongue

A

border, tip of tongue

64
Q

What are the structures involved in tongue musculature?

A

muscles: tongue, extrinsic (palatoglossus, styloglossus, genioglossus)
nerves: lingual nerve with submadibular ganglion
bone: mandible and hyoid (bottom)

Anatomy (10 decks)

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