Thoracic Osteology, Arthrology, and Myology Flashcards
what are the contents of the superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet)?
trachea, esophagus, plus the nerves and vessels that supply and drain the head, neck, and upper extremities
what are the contents of the inferior thoracic aperture (thoracic outlet)?
esophagus, inferior vena cava, and aorta
what is the thoracic cavity surrounded by?
an osteocartilaginous thoracic cage
what does the thoracic cavity contain?
two pulmonary cavities and the mediastinum
what are the three parts of the sternum?
the manubrium, the body of the sternum, and the xiphoid process
how many costal notches are there?
7
how many costal notches does the manubrium have?
1st and 1/2 of the 2nd costal notch
how many costal notches does the body of the sternum have?
1/2 of the 2nd, 3-6th, and 1/2 of the 7th
how many costal notches does the xiphoid process have?
1/2 of the 7th
where is the junction of the manubrium with the body of the sternum?
at the sternal angle
what is another name for the true ribs?
vertebrocostal
what is another name for the false ribs?
vertebrochondral
what is another name for floating ribs?
vertebral
what are the typical ribs?
ribs 3-9
what does the head of the rib articulate with (typical rib)
the body of thoracic vertebrae
what features do typical ribs have?
a head, neck, tubercle, and a body
what does the superior articular facet on the head of the typical ribs articulate with?
the inferior costal demifacet on the thoracic vertebrae body one numeric segment superiorly
what does the inferior articular facet found on the head of the typical ribs articulate with?
with the superior costal demifacet on the thoracic vertebral body of the same numeric segment
what separates the two articular facets that are found on the head of the typical ribs?
the crest of the head
what is the neck of the typical ribs?
the stretch of bone between the head and tubercle
what does the tubercle of the typical ribs articulate with?
with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae
what is found on the body of the typical ribs?
the costal groove and the costal angle
what does the costal groove house?
houses the intercostal nerve and vessels
what are the atypical ribs?
ribs 1, 2, 10, 11, 12
what is unique about the head of the 1st rib?
it has only one facet
what tubercle is found on the first rib?
the scalene tubercle
what is the purpose of the scalene tubercle?
it is the attachment point for the anterior scalene muscle
what grooves are found on the first rib?
the groove for the subclavian artery and the groove for the subclavian vein
which is more anterior: the groove for the subclavian artery or the groove for the subclavian vein?
the groove for the subclavian vein is more anterior
what is unique about the 2nd rib?
it has the tuberosity of the serratus anterior muscle, which is the insertion for the serratus anterior muscle
what is unique about the 10th rib?
its head only has one facet
what is unique about the 11th and 12th ribs?
their heads only have one facet and they do not have a tubercle or a neck present
what are the most commonly fractured ribs, and where are their weakest loci?
the most commonly fractured ribs are the middle ribs at their weakest loci, which is just anterior to the costal angle
what are supernumerary ribs?
extra ribs either in the cervical or lumbar region
What are the two joints found on the sternum?
manubriosternal joint and the xiphisternal
what does the manubriosternal joint add together and what type of joint is this?
the sternal angle and the 2nd costal notch; symphysis
what does the xiphisternal joint add together and what type of joint is this?
the inferior limit of the thorax and the 7th costal notch; synchondrosis joint
what are the sternocostal joints?
the junction of the costal cartilages with the sternum
what type of joint is the 1st rib to the sternum?
synchondrosis
what type of joint are ribs 2-7 to the sternum?
synovial planar
what ligaments do ribs 2-7 make?
the anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal ligaments
what type of joint is the costovertebral joint?
planar synovial
where is the radiate ligament found?
head of the rib to the vertebral body
Example: what does rib 6 articulate with?
T5 and T6 and T6’s transverse process
what type of joint are the costotransverse joints?
planar synovial
what two forms of movement occur at the costovertebral joint?
bucket handle movement and pump handle movement
what is the main purpose of the movements at the costovertebral joint?
to increase the thoracic volume, thereby decreasing thoracic pressure, which produces inhalation
what is the bucket handle movement?
elevation of the lateral most portion of the rib
what is the pump handle movement?
elevation of the sternal end of the rib
what type of joint are the costochondral joints?
synchondrosis
what does dislocation of the ribs refer to?
a dislocation at the sternocostal joint
what does separation of the ribs refer to?
a separation at the costochondral joint
where are the interchondral joints?
6/7, 7/8, 8/9, 9/10 costal catilages
what type of joint are the interchondral joints of 6/7, 7/8, and 8/9?
planar synovial
what type of joint are the 9th/10th interchondral joints?
fibrous joints
what are the intercostal muscles?
external intercostal muscle, internal intercostal muscle, and innermost intercostal muscle
what is the action of the external intercostal muscle?
elevate the ribs
what is the function of the internal intercostal muscles?
depress the ribs
what is the function of the innermost intercostal muscles?
depress the ribs
where does the external intercostal muscle become the external intercostal membrane?
anteriorly
where does the internal intercostal muscle become the internal intercostal muscle?
posteriorly
what does the neurovascular bundle travel between and what makes up this neurovascular bundle?
travels between the innermost and the internal intercostal muscles; made up of the intercostal nerve, the posterior intercostal artery, and the posterior intercostal vein
if you can see the neurovascular bundle, what is missing?
the innermost intercostal muscle
what is a thoracentesis?
insertion of a hypodermic needle through the intercostal musculature between the ribs to obtain a fluid sample or drain small amounts of blood or fluid from the pleural cavity
during a thoracentesis, where is the needle inserted?
between ribs inferior to the intercostal neurovascular bundle, but superior to the collateral branches
where is a chest tube typically inserted?
in the 5th or 6th intercostal space
what is a thorascopy?
insertion of a thorascope into the pleural cavity through small incisions for visualizing and biopsying the space inside the pleural cavity
what are the internal thoracic wall muscles?
the transverse thoracic muscle and the subcostal muscle
what is the action of the transverse thoracic muscle and the subcostal muscle?
depress the ribs
