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CPR Midterm > Respiratory Tract Histology > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract Histology Flashcards

1
Q

there are two different portions of the respiratory tract. what are they?

A

the conducting portion and the respiratory portion

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2
Q

what makes up the conducting portion?

A

air passages that lead to the sites of respiration within the lungs where gas exchange takes place; the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea; primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi, and bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

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3
Q

what makes up the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

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4
Q

what cell types make up the respiratory epithelium?

A

ciliated, columnar epithelial cells; goblet cells, brush cells, and small granule cells

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5
Q

what are brush cells/ what is their purpose?

A

they have short blunt microvilli; they act as chemosensory cells that are connected to sensory nerve fibers

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6
Q

what are small granule cells?

A

they resemble basal cells, but they have secretory granules; they are endocrine cells of the DNES

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7
Q

what are basal cells?

A

they are non-ciliated stem cells that line on the basement membrane

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8
Q

there are three regions associated with the nasal cavity. What are they?

A

nasal vestibule, respiratory region, and the olfactory region

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9
Q

what is the nasal vestibule?

A

it is just inside the nostrils, lined by skin

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10
Q

what is the respiratory region?

A

it is the inferior 2/3 of the nasal cavities lined with respiratory mucosa

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11
Q

what is the olfactory region?

A

it is located at the apex (upper 1/3), lined by specialized olfactory mucosa

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12
Q

what is the role of the nasal cavity?

A

it adjusts temperature and humidity of inspired air- this is enhanced by the large surface area that is provided by the turbinate bones

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13
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses?

A

air-filled spaces in the bones of the walls of the nasal cavity

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14
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses lined by?

A

respiratory epithelium

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15
Q

how do the paranasal sinuses communicate with the nasal cavities?

A

via narrow openings onto the respiratory mucosa

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16
Q

what is the epithelium that makes up the nasal vestibule?

A

skin- so keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

what is the epithelium that makes up the respiratory region of the nasal cavity posterior to the vestibule?

A

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium (aka respiratory epithelium)

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18
Q

how is the olfactory mucosa different than the rest of the respiratory mucosa in the nasal cavities?

A

it is dramatically thicker and it lacks goblet cells; it also has nonmotile cilia

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19
Q

what glands are found in the olfactory mucosa?

A

olfactory (bowman’s) glands- produce a serous secretion that dissolve odorant molecules

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20
Q

what nervous tissue is found within the olfactory mucosa?

A

olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs)

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21
Q

what type of epithelia are brush cells?

A

ciliated columnar epithelial cells

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22
Q

what are sustentacular cells and where are they found?

A

found in the olfactory mucosa; they provide mechanical and metabolic support to ORNs

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23
Q

what is the larynx?

A

a short passage for air between the pharynx and the trachea

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24
Q

what is the larynx comprised of?

A

numerous pieces of cartilage

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25
Q

what do movements of the larynx involve and for what reason?

A

they involve skeletal muscle- produces phonation

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26
Q

what types of cartilage is found in the larynx?

A

hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage

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27
Q

what types of cartilage make up the hyaline cartilage?

A

thyroid, cricoid, and inferior arytenoid cartilages

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28
Q

what types of cartilage make up the elastic cartilage?

A

epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate, and superior arytenoid cartilages

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29
Q

what is the biggest piece of cartilage that we have (related to our airways)?

A

the epiglottis

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30
Q

what is the purpose of the epiglottis?

A

it prevents swallowed food/fluid from entering the air ways

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31
Q

what makes up the core of the epiglottis?

A

elastic cartilage

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32
Q

what is the lingual surface of the epiglottis made up of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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33
Q

what is the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis made up of?

A

transitions to ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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34
Q

what glands are found in the lamina propria beneath the epithelium of the epiglottis?

A

mixed mucous and serous glands

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35
Q

what folds are found in the larynx?

A

vestibular and vocal folds

36
Q

what are vestibular folds?

A

respiratory epithelium with seromucous glands and lymphoid nodules; superior pair and immovable

37
Q

what are the vocal folds?

A

the inferior pair of folds; covered with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

38
Q

what supports the free edge of each vocal fold?

A

a dense regular bundle of elastic connective tissue, known as the vocal ligament

39
Q

what causes laryngitis?

A

edema of the lamina propria changes the shape of the vocal folds which causes the hoarseness/loss of voice

40
Q

what causes croup?

A

edema of laryngeal mucosa cause hoarseness and loud harsh coughs

41
Q

what is the trachea?

A

a short flexible air tube that extends from the larynx and divides into the main/primary bronchi

42
Q

how does the lumen of the trachea remain open?

A

because of the stacked hyaline cartilaginous rings

43
Q

the cartilaginous rings are incomplete at the posterior surface; what connects the two open ends of the cartilaginous ring?

A

the trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)

44
Q

what is the lamina propria of the trachea rich with?

A

elastic fibers, goblet cells, and BALT

45
Q

what does the submucosa of the trachea house?

A

incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage; rich in submucosal glands

46
Q

the trachea branches into main/primary bronchi. Where do these enter the lung?

A

at the hilum- along with the arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels

47
Q

what happens to the mucosa of the bronchi?

A

you still have pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia, but the cells get shorter in height and there are fewer goblet cells

48
Q

what can be said about the cartilaginous rings that are found in the primary bronchi?

A

they are complete- these will gradually be replaced with plates of hyaline cartilage as the lumen size decreases

49
Q

what does the lamina propria of the bronchi contain?

A

spiral bundles of smooth muscle and increasingly prominent elastic fibers

50
Q

what are the bronchioles?

A

they arise from the terminal branches of tertiary bronchi

51
Q

what do the bronchioles enter?

A

a pulmonary lobule, where it branches to form 5-7 terminal bronchioles

52
Q

what is the mucosa of larger bronchioles?

A

pseduostratified ciliated columnar epithlium

53
Q

as the lumen of the bronchioles decreases in size, the mucosa with transition. what is the first thing the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium will transition into?

A

ciliated simple columnar epithelium

54
Q

what does the ciliated simple columnar epithelium transition into?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

55
Q

what is the mucosa of the terminal bronchioles?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium, no mucosal glands, and NO cartilage

56
Q

what do the bronchioles lack?

A

they have no mucosal glands, no cartilage, and no submucosa

57
Q

what is the muscularis layer of the bronchioles?

A

a prominent smooth muscle associated with a dense connective tissue

58
Q

what is the hallmark of bronchioles?

A

no cartilage, no glands, the change in the mucosa, and the increasing amount of smooth muscle

59
Q

what occurs during asthma?

A

there is recurrent obstruction of airflow due to bronchiole inflammation and smooth muscle constriction (bronchospasm)

60
Q

in asthmatic patients, what is there an infiltration of and where?

A

there is an infiltration of the bronchiolar wall by eosinophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells

61
Q

what does the simple cuboidal epithelium of the terminal bronchioles consist largely of?

A

club cells

62
Q

what do club cells look like?

A

non-ciliated, dome-shaped apical ends containing secretory granules

63
Q

the granules in the club cells give the terminal bronchioles an exocrine function. How so?

A

they will secrete surfactant, which is a combination of lipoproteins and mucins, onto the epithelial surface; they are involved in detoxification of inhaled compounds; and they are responsible for secretion of antimicrobial peptides

64
Q

besides club cells, what other cell populations are found in the terminal bronchioles?

A

brush cells, DNES small granule cells, and stem cells

65
Q

what do the terminal bronchioles branch and give way to?

A

the respiratory bronchioles- the transition point for moving from the conducting portion of the respiratory system to the respiratory portion

66
Q

what do the respiratory bronchioles always end in?

A

alveoli

67
Q

what are respiratory bronchiles lined with?

A

a simple cuboidal epithelium with elastic fibers and smooth muscle

68
Q

what do respiratory bronchioles branch into?

A

into alveolar ducts, which then branch into alveolar sacs, which then eventually give way to individual alveoli

69
Q

what are the alveolar ducts completely lined by?

A

the openings of the alveoli; lined with attenuated squamous cells

70
Q

how is an alveolar sac defined?

A

clusters of 2+ alveoli, form the ends of the alveolar ducts distally

71
Q

what are alveoli?

A

saclike evaginations from the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

72
Q

what are alveolar rings?

A

aggregates of smooth muscle, collagen, and elastic fibers that form rings around the alveolar ducts; help to hold the ducts open

73
Q

what are alveoli lined with?

A

simple squamous epithelium with supporting tissue and blood vessels

74
Q

what are alveolar pores?

A

small openings that permit the movement of air between alveoli

75
Q

what is found between the alveoli?

A

the interalveolar septum

76
Q

what are the two different cell types that are found within the alveoli?

A

type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes (aka type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells) and alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

77
Q

what are the type 1 alveolar cells?

A

squamous cells that line almost the entire alveolus surface; participate in gas exchange

78
Q

what are the type 2 alveolar cells?

A

they line portions of each alveolus, they are large and rounded cells, often bulging into the alveolus; they have many functions similar to club cells, such as producing surfactant

79
Q

what separates the air in the alveoli from the capillary blood?

A

the respiratory membrane or the blood-air-barrier

80
Q

what three components make up the respiratory membrane/ blood-air-barrier?

A

two/three highly attenuated thin cells lining the alveolus (type 1 alveolar cells), fused basal laminae of these cells and the capillary endothelium, and thin, endothelial capillary cells

81
Q

where (very very specific) does gas exchange/ diffusion take place?

A

the respiratory membrane

82
Q

what is emphysema?

A

permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole

83
Q

what causes emphysema?

A

chronic obstruction of airflow due to narrowing of bronchioles; accompanied by destruction of the alveolar wall

84
Q

what is lost in emphysema?

A

a significant area for gas exchange

85
Q

what is pneumonia?

A

inflammation of the lung tissue; air spaces are filled with exudate containing WBCs (mainly neutrophils), RBCs, and fibrin; enlarged capillaries

CPR Midterm (21 decks)

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