Pulmonology Flashcards
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2 (the superior and inferior lobe)
what are the two lobes of the left lung separated by?
the oblique fissure
how many lobes does the right lung have?
3 lobes- superior, middle, and inferior
what separates the superior and middle lobes from the inferior lobe?
the oblique fissure
what separates the superior and middle lobes?
the horizontal fissure
what are the surfaces of the lung?
costal surface, mediastinal surface, and the diaphragmatic surface
what makes up the hilum of the lung?
pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, main bronchi, pulmonary ligament
what surface is the hilum found on?
the mediastinal surface
what landmarks are found on the mediastinal surface of the right lung?
cardiac impression, groove for the azygous vein, groove for the esophagus, groove for the superior vena cava, groove for the inferior vena cava, groove for the 1st rib, groove for the brachiocephalic vein
what landmarks are found on the mediastinal surface of the left lung?
cardiac impression, groove for the aortic arch, groove for the descending aorta, groove for the first rib, groove for the subclavian artery
where is the cardiac notch found?
the anterior border of the left lung
where is the lingula found?
it is a thin process of the superior lobe that is created by the cardiac notch- on the left lung anterior border
What tissue can lung cancer be derived from?
actual lung tissue or from the bronchi
what nerves can be involved in lung cancer?
phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, and recurrent laryngeal nerve
what is a pneumonectomy?
removal of a whole lung
what is pleura?
paired serous membranes surrounding the lungs
what are the two different types of pleura?
parietal pleura and visceral pleura
what are the different types of parietal pleura?
costal pleura, mediastinal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura, and cervical pleura
what is cervical pleura?
the dome shaped over the apex of the lung
what is pleuritis?
inflammation of the pleura producing a roughness on the lungs making breathing difficult
what is the pleural cavity?
it is a potential space between the two layers of pleura (parietal and visceral)
what is a pulmonary collapse?
it occurs when enough air enters the pleural cavity to break the surface tension between the two layers of pleura; the elasticity of the lungs causes them to collapse
what is a pneumothorax?
entry of air into the pleural cavity from a penetrating wound to the thoracic wall or a rupture of a pulmonary lesion into the pleural cavity, which results in a collapsed lung
what is hydrothorax?
accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural cavity, usually the result of fluid escape into the pleural cavity or pleural effusion
what is a hemothorax?
accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity, usually the result of a chest wound,
usually a result of a laceration of an intercostal vessel or internal throacic vessel rather than laceration of the lung
what are lines of pleural reflection?
abrupt changes in the direction of parietal pleura
what are the three lines of pleural reflection?
sternal line of pleural reflection, costal line of pleural reflection, and vertebral line of pleural reflection
where does the costal pleura become the mediastinal pleura anteriorly?
sternal line
where does the costal pleura become the diaphragmatic pleura?
costal line
where does the costal pleura become the mediastinal pleura posteriorly?
vertebral line
what is the first branch point of the trachea?
left and right bronchi
where does the trachea exist?
in the posterior mediastinum
how can the right main bronchus (can also be called the primary bronchus) be classified?
wider, shorter, and runs more vertically than the left main bronchus
what are the secondary bronchi?
they go to each lobe of the lungs
what is another name for the tertiary bronchi?
segmental bronchi
what are the tertiary/segmental bronchi going to?
the corresponding bronchopulomonary segments
what do the tertiary/segmental bronchi branch into?
conducting bronchioles
what do the bronchi/bronchus have that the bronchioles do not?
cartilage
what do the conducting bronchioles branch into?
the terminal bronchioles
what do the terminal bronchioles branch into?
the respiratory bronchioles
what is another name for secondary bronchi?
lobar bronchi
what are the respiratory bronchioles capable of?
gas exchange
what do the respiratory bronchioles branch into?
alveolar ducts
what do the alveolar ducts end at?
an alveolus, which is the functional unit of the lung
What is the significance of the right main bronchus being more vertical, wider, and shorter than the left main bronchus?
it is going to be a common site for foreign body aspirations
What is the first site that is capable of gas exchange?
the respiratory bronchioles (they arent the primary site, but they are the first site that it can finally take place)
what is bronchial asthma?
a widespread narrowing of the airways produced by contraction of smooth muscle, edema of the mucosa and mucus in the lumen of the bronchi and bronchioles
What is a bronchoscopy?
insertion of a bronchoscope into the trachea to visualize the main bronchi
at the split of the main bronchi, what do we have?
a ridge that is called carina
why are bronchopulmonary segments important?
they are clinically relevant if you want to take out just a piece/segment of a patient’s lung
