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CPR Midterm > Cardiac and Vascular Histology > Flashcards

Cardiac and Vascular Histology Flashcards

1
Q

how can cardiac cells be described?

A

short, branched, y-shaped; with 1-2 nuclei

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2
Q

what are intercalated discs?

A

transverse junctions at the ends of cells that allow passage of electrical current

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3
Q

what are purkinje cells?

A

modified cardiac muscle cells that act as the pacemaker for the heart

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4
Q

what are the hallmarks of cardiac muscle?

A

it has striations, intercalated discs, and lipofuscin granules

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5
Q

what are lipofuscin granules?

A

from lysosomal degeneration; a sign of normal aging (wear and tear pigments)

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6
Q

what are the 2 layers of the pericardium?

A

fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

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7
Q

what are the different parts of the serous pericardium?

A

a parietal layer of serous pericardium, a visceral layer of serous pericardium, and a pericardial cavity

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8
Q

what lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium?

A

parietal layer of serous pericardium

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9
Q

what is the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the heart?

A

the pericardial cavity

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10
Q

what is clinically important about the pericardial cavity?

A

if we have fluid in this pericardial cavity, it can lead to the heart not being able to fully pump as it normally would, leading to decreased ventricular outflow (this is a cardiac tympanade)

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11
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

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12
Q

what is the epicardium synonymous with?

A

the visceral pericardium

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13
Q

what is a hallmark of the epicardium?

A

loose/areolar CT containing autonomic nerves and variable amounts of fat, lined with mesothelium

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14
Q

what is embedded in the adipose tissue of the epicardium?

A

branches of the coronary arteries

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15
Q

what is the thickest layer of the heart?

A

myocardium

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16
Q

what is found within the myocardium?

A

cardiocytes, nodal cardiocytes, and myoendocrine cardiocytes

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17
Q

what is the myocardium characterized by?

A

it has striations, intercalated discs, lipofuscin granules

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18
Q

where are intercalated discs found and what is their purpose?

A

they are found only in cardiac muscles- at sites where cells meet end-to-end- always coincide with Z lines; they bind cells, transmit forces of contraction, and allow the spread of excitation

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19
Q

what are the different regions found within the intercalated disc?

A

a transverse region and a longitudinal region

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20
Q

what is the transverse region (perpendicular) made up of?

A

the fascia adherens and the desmosomes

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21
Q

what is the longitudinal region (parallel) made up of?

A

gap (nexus) junctions

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22
Q

what are the fascia adherens?

A

actin filaments at the ends of the terminal sarcomeres that insert into the junction; they transmit contractile forces between cells

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23
Q

what is the role of the desmosomes found within the transverse region?

A

they provide anchorage for the intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton

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24
Q

what is the role of the gap junctions found within the longitudinal region?

A

allows excitation to pass between cells

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25
Q

in skeletal muscle you have a triad T-tuble. Is this the same in cardiac muscle?

A

no- in cardiac muscle you have a dyad t-tubules

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26
Q

what mades up the dyad found in cardiac muscle?

A

1 T-tubule and 1 SR cisterna

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27
Q

what are the dyad T-tubules?

A

fingerlike invaginations of sarcolemma found at z-lines

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28
Q

what is the purpose of the dyad T-tubules?

A

it allows for the uniform contraction of myofibrils within a single cardiocyte

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29
Q

what are the nodal cardiocytes?

A

the modified cells within a SA/AV node that initiate/relay electrical signals

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30
Q

what is the pathway of the conducting system?

A

the sa node–> av node–> av bundle–> r/l bundle branches–> purkinje fibers

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31
Q

what are purkinje fibers and what is their role?

A

they are specialized cardiac muscle cells that conduct electrical impulses that allow coordinated contraction

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32
Q

what do the purkinje fibers lack?

A

t-tubules (mostly)

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33
Q

what is a key characteristic of purkinje fibers and why is this important?

A

they have fewer myofibrils, but a significantly larger amounts of glycogen–> allows them to be much more resistant to hypoxia

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34
Q

what are myoendocrine cardiocytes and what do they contain?

A

they are atrial cells that contain membrane-bound granules; also contain precursor of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

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35
Q

what is the role of ANF?

A

targets the kidneys to decrease Na+ and H2O retention

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36
Q

what is the composition of endocardium?

A

endothelium+ thin layer of loose CT

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37
Q

in the ventricles, what does the endocardium look like?

A

it has a subendocardial layer

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38
Q

what is a subendocardial layer?

A

a thin layer of connective tissue with smooth muscle; it merges with the myocardium and contains branches of purkinje fibers

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39
Q

on the atria, what does the endocardium look like?

A

the subendocardial layer is lacking; the purkinje fibers are typically closer to the endothelium; it is intermixed with the myocardium

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40
Q

what is the cardiac skeleton and where is it located?

A

it is a dense irregular connective tissue located in the endocardium

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41
Q

what is the purpose of the cardiac skeleton?

A

it anchors valves and surrounds AV canals to maintain shape; it works as an electrical insulator between the atria and the ventricles

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42
Q

what is the composition of the heart valves?

A

a core of fibroelastic connective tissue (lamina fibrosa) covered by endothelium

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43
Q

what are the heart valves continuous with?

A

the cardiac skeleton

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44
Q

what creates the central portion of the heart valves?

A

the fibroelastic layer of endocardium condenses to form a valve ring

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45
Q

walls of the arteries and veins are composed of what?

A

3 layers–> tunics

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46
Q

what is the innermost layer/ tunic of blood vessels?

A

tunica intima

47
Q

what is the tunica intima composed of?

A

endothelium, basal lamina, subendothelial layer

48
Q

what is the composition of the endothelium of the tunica intima?

A

single layer of squamous epithelial cells

49
Q

what is the basal lamina of the tunica intima composed of?

A

thin extracellular layer composed of collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

50
Q

what is the subendothelial layer of the tunica intima composed of?

A

internal elastic membrane, which is a sheet-like layer of fenestrated elastic material within arteries and arterioles

51
Q

what is the border between the tunica intima and the tunica media?

A

the internal elastic membrane

52
Q

what cells make up the innermost layer of the tunica intima?

A

the endothelial cells

53
Q

how are endothelial cells connected?

A

via cell-cell junctions (number of junctions will alter permeability)

54
Q

what is a major role of the endothelial cells?

A

they are metabolically involved in blood coagulation and thrombrosis, and local vasodilation/constriction

55
Q

what are the storage granules found in the endothelial cells?

A

weibel-palade bodies (WPBs)

56
Q

what do the weibel-palade bodies (WPBs) store and release?

A

von willebrand factor and P-selectin

57
Q

what is the role of vom willebrand factor?

A

hemostasis

58
Q

what is the role of p-selectin?

A

inflammation

59
Q

what is the middle layer of the blood vessels?

A

tunica media

60
Q

what is the composition of the tunica media?

A

circumferentially arranged layers of smooth muscle

61
Q

what is the tunica media thick in?

A

arteries

62
Q

what does the tunica media extend from?

A

the internal elastic membrane to the external elastic membrane

63
Q

what is the layer of elastin that separates the tunica media and the adventitia?

A

external elastic membranes

64
Q

what is the outermost layer of blood vessels?

A

tunica adventitia (aka the tunica externa)

65
Q

what is the composition of the tunica adventitia?

A

it is longitudinally arranged collagenous tissue with few elastic fibers; will merge with the loose connective tissue surrounding the vessels

66
Q

where is the tunica adventitia relatively thick?

A

venules/veins

67
Q

where is the tunica adventitia relatively thin?

A

arterial system

68
Q

what are the vessels that the tunica adventitia contain and what is their role?

A

vasa vasorum; they supply blood to the vascular walls themselves

69
Q

how do the blood vessels receive innervation?

A

through the nervi vasorum (vascularis): ANS input that controls the contraction of the vascular smooth muscle

70
Q

what are the largest vessels of the arterial system?

A

large (elastic) arteries

71
Q

what forms concentric sheets/lamellae between the muscle cell layers of the large (elastic) arteries?

A

elastin

72
Q

what do the smooth muscles of the large (elastic) arteries synthesize?

A

collagen, elastin, and ground substance of ECM

73
Q

what is a key characteristic/difference between the large (elastic) arteries and the medium (muscular) arteries?

A

there is more smooth muscle and less elastin in the medium (muscular) arteries than in the elastic arteries

74
Q

what is a hallmark for medium (muscular) arteries?

A

the prominent internal elastic membrane become apparent

75
Q

how are the smooth muscle cells arranged in medium (muscular) arteries?

A

in a spiral fashion

76
Q

what can be said about the tunica adventitia of the medium (muscular) arteries?

A

it is relatively thick

77
Q

how are the small arteries and arterioles distinguished?

A

by the number of smooth muscle layers in the tunica media

78
Q

how many layers of smooth muscle can the small arteries have?

A

up to 8 layers- will also have an internal elastic membrane

79
Q

how many layers of smooth muscle can the arterioles have?

A

1-2 layers and the internal elastic membrane may or may not be present

80
Q

what is the function of the arterioles?

A

they are the flow regulators for the capillary beds

81
Q

what do the arterioles respond to?

A

the ANS

82
Q

what does the sympathetic innervation to the tunica media cause?

A

vasoconstriction

83
Q

what does the parasympathetic innervation to the tunica media cause?

A

vasodilation

84
Q

what are the smallest of all the vessels?

A

capillaries

85
Q

what do the capillaries form?

A

capillary beds

86
Q

what occurs at the capillary beds?

A

they are the site of metabolic exchange

87
Q

what are pericytes?

A

perivascular contractile cells with branching cytoplasmic processes

88
Q

what are the pericytes controlled by?

A

nitric oxide (NO)

89
Q

what is the role of the pericytes?

A

they promote the stability of capillaries and postcapillary venules

90
Q

what are the three types of capillaries?

A

continuous capillary, fenestrated capillary, and discontinuous capillary

91
Q

what is the metarteriole?

A

the first branch off the arteriole supplying the tissues

92
Q

what are the precapillary sphincters?

A

regulate blood flow through true capillaries

93
Q

what are true capillaries?

A

they branch from the metarteriole; they lack smooth muscle; pericytes may be present

94
Q

what is a thoroughfare channel?

A

the distal end of the metarteriole (lacks smooth muscle)

95
Q

what does the thoroughfare channel connect to?

A

a postcapillary venule

96
Q

what receives blood from the capillaries?

A

venules

97
Q

what are venules subclassified as?

A

postcapillary and muscular venules

98
Q

what is the diameter of the venules?

A

.1 mm

99
Q

what is the diameter of the small veins?

A

less than 1mm

100
Q

what are the small veins continuous with?

A

muscular venules

101
Q

what is the diameter of the medium veins?

A

10 mm

102
Q

what is the diameter of the large veins and what are 3 examples?

A

> 10 mm; superior and inferior vena cava, hepatic portal vein

103
Q

what are the hallmarks for identifying veins?

A

veins have thinner walls than accompanying arteries; lumen is larger than of the artery; lumen of veins are often collapsed

104
Q

what are the layers of the postcapillary venules?

A

they do not have a true tunica media

105
Q

what are the layers of the muscular venules?

A

have 1-2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media with a thin tunica adventitia

106
Q

what are the layers of the small veins?

A

they will have all three tunics; tunica media is 2-3 layers; have a thicker tunica adventitia

107
Q

how can you identify a medium vein?

A

the tunica adventitia is significantly thicker than the tunica media

108
Q

what is the common site for a LE DVT?

A

medium veins

109
Q

what are the closed-ended tubes found among the capillary beds (in the lymphatic system)?

A

lymphatic capillaries

110
Q

what do the lymphatic capillaries go on to form?

A

collecting lymphatic vessels

111
Q

what is the composition of lymphatic vessels?

A

they have all the vascular tunics and possess valves

112
Q

where does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

the left subclavian and internal jugular vein

113
Q

where does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

A

right subclavian and internal jugular vein

CPR Midterm (21 decks)

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