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CPR Midterm > Body Cavities and Respiratory Development > Flashcards

Body Cavities and Respiratory Development Flashcards

1
Q

what are the primordium of the intraembryonic coelom, and where do they appear?

A

they are isolated coelomic spaces in the lateral plate and the cardiogenic mesoderm

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2
Q

what does the intraembryonic coelom dive the lateral plate mesoderm into?

A

a somatic layer of lateral mesoderm and a splanchnic layer of lateral mesoderm

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3
Q

what is the somatic layer of lateral mesoderm continuous with?

A

the extraembryonic mesoderm covering the amnion

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4
Q

what is the splanchnic layer of the lateral mesoderm continuous with?

A

the extraembryonic mesoderm covering the umbilical vesicle

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5
Q

what is somatopleure?

A

the somatic mesoderm + the overlying ectoderm- forms the body wall

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6
Q

what is the splanchnopleure?

A

splanchnic mesoderm+ underlying endoderm–> forms the embryonic gut

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7
Q

how will the intraembryonic coelom be divided?

A

into a pericardial cavity, pleural cavities, and a peritoneal cavity

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8
Q

what are the cavities lined with?

A

mesothelium

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9
Q

what is the parietal wall derived from?

A

somatic mesoderm

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10
Q

what is the visceral wall derived from?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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11
Q

what does the pericardial cavity open into?

A

2 pericardioperitoneal canals

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12
Q

head fold movements reshape the intraembryonic coelom; how is the pericardial cavity now positioned?

A

it is relocated to be ventral and anterior to the foregut

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13
Q

what are the end points of the pericardioperitoneal canals continuous with?

A

the IE ad EE coeloms- this will be where the peritoneal cavity is positioned

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14
Q

bolding folding occurs in what aspects?

A

cranial, caudal, and the lateral aspects simultaneously

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15
Q

which folding occurs first and on what day does it occur?

A

head folding; the embryo elongates cranially starting 4th week/ day 22

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16
Q

what occurs due to the embryo’s elongation cranially?

A

the neural folds project dorsally and overgrow the oropharyngeal membrane

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17
Q

what is moved inferiorly to the developing forgut due to head folding?

A

the septum transversum, primordial heart, pericardial cavity, and the oropharyngeal membrane

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18
Q

what is the folding of the caudal end of the embryo due to?

A

growth of the distal neuro tube

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19
Q

before folding, the primitive streak lies cranial to the cloacal membrane. After caudal folding, where does it lie?

A

it lies caudal

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20
Q

what produces the lateral folds?

A

rapid growth of the spinal cord and somites

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21
Q

How does laterally folding happen?

A

the lateral folds will grow out and downward (ventrally) and then eventually meet along the midline

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22
Q

what happens when the lateral folds fuse together?

A

the connection between the umbilical vesicle and the midgut is reduced, and it forms the vitelline duct

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23
Q

what is the gut tube covered with?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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24
Q

what are body wall malformations and what are two examples?

A

they result from a failure of the lateral body folds to fuse completely when the anterior abdominal wall forms (4th week); gastroschisis and congenital epigastric hernia

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25
Q

where is the site of the abdominal defect in cases of gastroschisis?

A

to the right of the umbilical cord rather than midline

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26
Q

where is the site of a congenital epigastric hernia?

A

it is midline

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27
Q

in order to get the different cavities that are derived from the intraembryonic coelom, what must occur?

A

we must close off the canals/connections to separate and form the body cavities

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28
Q

partitions form in the top and bottom ends of the pericardioperitoneal canals due to what?

A

growth of the lungs

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29
Q

what are the more cranial/superior pair of folds that form on the pericardioperitoneal canals?

A

the pleuropericardial folds

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30
Q

what is the role of the pleuropericardial folds?

A

they will separate the pericardial cavity and the pleural cavities (heart and lungs)

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31
Q

what are the more caudal/inferior pair of folds that form on the pericardioperitoneal canals?

A

the pleuroperitoneal folds

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32
Q

what is the role of the pleuroperitoneal folds?

A

they will separate the pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity (lungs and gut)

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33
Q

what do the pleuropericardial folds become once they enlarge?

A

they become the pleuropericardial membranes

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34
Q

what do the pleuropericardial membranes fuse with and when?

A

they fuse with the ventral mesenchyme around week 7

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35
Q

when are the pericardial and pleural cavities separate?

A

week 7 with the fusion of the pleuropericardial membranes

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36
Q

what is going to push the pleurocardial membrane/ pericardial cavity down?

A

the outgrowth of the bronchial buds (lungs)- they grow ventrally into the pericardioperitoneal canals which causes the pleural cavity to expand

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37
Q

the extension of the lungs within the pericardioperitoneal canals will form what?

A

it splits the mesenchyme to form an outer layer (the thoracic wall) and an inner layer (the fibrous pericardium)

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38
Q

what do the pleuroperitoneal folds become as they enlarge?

A

they will form pleuroperitoneal membranes

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39
Q

what do the pleuroperitoneal membranes fuse with and when?

A

they fuse with the dorsal mesentery of the esophagus and septum transversum (week 6)

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40
Q

what other feature also contributes to the pleuroperitoneal membranes to complete closure?

A

myoblasts

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41
Q

which pleuroperitoneal opening closes slightly before the other?

A

the opening on the right- thought to be due to the development of the liver (so therefore the left is prone to congenital malformations

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42
Q

what do the pleuroperitoneal membranes ultimately contribute to?

A

the primordial diaphragm

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43
Q

what are the 4 different components that help form the thoracic diaphragm?

A

the septum transversum, the pleuroperitoneal membranes, the dorsal mesentery, and the myoblasts

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44
Q

what does the septum transversum go on to form in the diaphragm?

A

the central tendon of the diaphragm

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45
Q

what do the myoblasts form in the diaphragm?

A

the crura of the diaphragm

46
Q

what do the pleuropericardial membranes contain within them?

A

cardinal veins and myoblasts migrating through en route to the diaphragm

47
Q

when the myoblasts are migrating to the diaphragm, what do they do?

A

they pull the ventral rami C3-C5 with them (aka the phrenic nerve)

48
Q

where does the phrenic nerve lie?

A

on the fibrous pericardium

49
Q

what is congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)?

A

it is a posterolateral defect that is caused by a lack of myoblasts populating the pleuroperitoneal membranes

50
Q

what are the effects of congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

A

there is an area of weakness and subsequent herniation of viscera bulge into the pleural cavity (left side typically impacted)

51
Q

how does the respiratory system start its development?

A

as a median outgrowth known as the laryngotracheal groove

52
Q

where is the laryngotracheal groove found?

A

in the floor of the foregut/primordial pharynx

53
Q

what forms when the laryngotracheal groove evaginates?

A

the laryngotracheal diverticulum (endoderm)

54
Q

what is the laryngotracheal diverticulum the primordia of?

A

it is a primordium of the tracheobronchial tree

55
Q

what is derived from the endoderm of the laryngotracheal groove?

A

pulmonary epithelium and glands of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi

56
Q

what is the endoderm of the laryngotracheal diverticulum surrounded by and invested in? And what is derived from this structure?

A

splanchnic mesoderm (from the lateral plate); will give rise to the connective tissue, cartilage, and smooth muscle in these structures

57
Q

what does the distal end of the laryngotracheal diverticulum enlarge to form?

A

a globular respiratory bud, which is the origin of the respiratory tree

58
Q

how is the tracheoesophageal septum formed and when does this occur?

A

tracheoesophageal folds develop from the endoderm; at the end of week 5

59
Q

what is the purpose of the fusion of the tracheoesophogeal folds?

A

it divides the cranial portion of the foregut: the ventral part is the laryngeotracheal tube; dorsal part is the primordium of the oropharynx and the esophagus

60
Q

what does the upper portion of the laryngeotracheal tube form first?

A

the larynx

61
Q

what is the epithelial lining of the larynx?

A

endoderm of the laryngeotracheal tube

62
Q

what is the cartilage of the larynx derived from?

A

the mesenchyme of the 4th and 6th pairs of pharyngeal arches (NCC derived)

63
Q

what does the mesenchyme of the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches produce?

A

paired arytenoid swellings

64
Q

what do the arytenoid swellings create?

A

they convert the primordial glottis into a T-shaped laryngeal inlet (the passageway for air)

65
Q

what initially happens to the laryngeal inlet?

A

the laryngeal epithelium proliferate and occludes the laryngeal lumen/ inlet

66
Q

when does recanalization of the laryngeal inlet occur?

A

by the 10th week

67
Q

what occurs with the recanalization and erosion to create the final laryngeal inlet?

A

we get the proper positioning and shaping of the vocal and vestibular folds

68
Q

what is laryngeal atresia?

A

a rare birth defect resulting from the failure of recanalization of the larynx

69
Q

what does laryngeal atresia result in?

A

obstruction of the fetal airway or congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS syndrome)

70
Q

what happens to the airways in patients with laryngeal atresia?

A

the airways become dilated and the lungs enlarged and filled with fluid; the diaphragm becomes flattened or inverted and there is fetal ascites

71
Q

what does the epiglottis develop from?

A

the hypopharyngeal eminence

72
Q

what is the hypopharyngeal eminence produced from?

A

mesenchyme of the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches

73
Q

what does laryngeal muscle develop from?

A

myoblasts of the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches

74
Q

in the neonate, where is the larynx found?

A

it is in a high position in the neck and is in contact with the soft palate; allows the neonate to have completely functionally separate respiratory and digestive systems (this is why infants are obligatory nose breathers)

75
Q

after the larynx develops from the laryngotracheal diverticulum, what develops next?

A

the trachea and 2 primary bronchial buds

76
Q

what does the endoderm differentiate into when the trachea forms?

A

the endoderm from the laryngotracheal diverticulum differentiates into the tracheal epithelium and glands

77
Q

what does the splanchnic mesenchyme differentiate into when the trachea forms?

A

the tracheal cartilage, connective tissue, and muscle

78
Q

what are tracheoesophageal fistulas?

A

there is an abnormal connection between the trachea and the esophagus; failure of the foregut endoderm to proliferate rapidly enough in relation to the rest of the body

79
Q

what is the most common congenital anomaly of the lower respiratory tract?

A

tracheoesophageal fistulas

80
Q

what are 85% of cases of tracheoesophageal fistulas associated with?

A

esophageal atresia (blind esophagus)

81
Q

what is the presentation of a tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

pt cannot swallow, they frequently drool saliva, and immediate regurgitation when fed

82
Q

what can the fetus develop with tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

polyhydramnios- because the fluid cannot enter the stomach/intestines for absorption

83
Q

when does the distal end of the laryngotracheal diverticulum enlarge to form the respiratory bud?

A

4th week

84
Q

what happens to the respiratory bud?

A

it grows ventrocaudally and bifurcates- forms the primary bronchial buds

85
Q

where do the primary bronchial buds grow?

A

laterally into the pericardioperitoneal canals

86
Q

what does the outgrowth of the primary bronchial buds require?

A

requires inductive interactions between the endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm (goes both directions in the lungs)

87
Q

what is the branching of the primary bronchial buds partially regulated by?

A

FGF family members from the endoderm that tell the mesoderm to branch

88
Q

when do the primary bronchial buds begin to branch?

A

5th week

89
Q

what is the branching pattern of the lung endoderm regulated by?

A

the splanchnic mesenchyme

90
Q

when are bronchopulmonary segments established?

A

by the 7th week

91
Q

what are bronchopulmonary segments?

A

segmental bronchi +mesenchyme

92
Q

how many stages are there for lung maturation? and what are they?

A

4; pseudoglandular, canalicular, terminal sac, and alveolar

93
Q

when do you have the pseudoglandular stage of lung maturation?

A

5-17 weeks

94
Q

what is a key characteristic of the pseudoglandular stage of lung maturation?

A

all major elements of the lung have formed, except those involved with gas exchange; fetus cannot survive

95
Q

when do you have the canalicular stage of lung maturation?

A

16-25 weeks

96
Q

what is a key characteristic of the canalicular stage of lung maturation?

A

it overlaps the pseudoglandular stage; there is vascularization occuring; there are now respiratory bronchioles, and the primordial alveolar and sacs are present; +/- survival

97
Q

when do you have the terminal sac stage?

A

24 weeks-birth

98
Q

what is a key characteristic of the terminal sac stage?

A

numerous alveoli are forming; surfactant is now produced

99
Q

when do we have the alveolar stage of lung maturation?

A

32 weeks- 8 years

100
Q

how do we get more air structures once we are born?

A

the primitive alveoli are still able to form additional primitive alveoli; once they go to the mature alveoli, they can no longer divide out to keep adding alveoli

101
Q

what is lung growth dependent on?

A

the increase in number of alveoli not the size of the respiratory bronchioles and primordial alveoli

102
Q

what are fetal breathing movements essential for and why?

A

essential for normal lung development; it is an intermittent pattern that conditions the respiratory muscles

103
Q

at birth, aeration of the lungs requires rapid replacement of the intra-alveolar fluid with air; how does this occur?

A
  1. released from the mouth/nose by pressure on the fetal thorax during vaginal delivery; 2. pulmonary capillaries, arteries, and veins; 3. lymphatics
104
Q

what is pulmonary agenesis?

A

complete absence of a lung or a lobe and accompanying bronchi

105
Q

what causes pulmonary agenesis?

A

the respiratory bud fails to split into r/l bronchial buds

106
Q

what is pulmonary hypoplasia?

A

you still have both buds of the lung that form, but due to pressure that is on one side, you actually get a smaller lung tissue that forms; negatively impacts lung development

107
Q

what could cause pulmonary hypoplasia?

A

it occurs with severe and chronic oligohydraminos

108
Q

what is oligohydramnios (potters) sequence?

A

we have renal agenesis, which causes oligohydramnios; the secondary malformation is pulmonary hypoplasia; and fetal compression

109
Q

what is respiratory distress syndrome(RDS)?

A

rapid, labored breathing that develops shortly after birth

110
Q

what is a major cause of RDS?

A

surfactant deficiency

111
Q

what effect does a surfactant deficiency have on the fetus?

A

lungs are underinflated, alveoli contain a fluid that resembles a glassy membrane(hyaline membrane disease), irreversible changes in the type II alveolar cells make them incapable of producing surfactant

CPR Midterm (21 decks)

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