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CPR Midterm > Thoracic Cardiology > Flashcards

Thoracic Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What separates the mediastinum into and superior and inferior portion?

A

the sternal angle

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2
Q

what is the inferior mediastinum further broken down into?

A

an anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum

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3
Q

what does the middle mediastinum contain?

A

the heart

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4
Q

what does the right side of the heart receive and what does it do with this?

A

it receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and pumps it out to the lungs for oxygenation

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5
Q

what does the left side of the heart receive and what does it do with this?

A

it receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the entire body via the Aorta

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6
Q

what is pulmonary circulation?

A

from the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium, past the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle out of the heart past the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk, through the right and left lungs and back to the heart through the pulmonary veins

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7
Q

which is thicker, the wall of the right ventricle or the wall of the left ventricle? Why?

A

the wall of the left ventricle- it needs to pump blood everywhere

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8
Q

what is the outermost layer of the heart?

A

the epicardium

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9
Q

what is the innermost layer of the heart?

A

the endocardium (just a thin internal endothelial layer)

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10
Q

what is a myocardial infarction and what is it usually the result of?

A

lack of blood flow to a specific area of the myocardium, usually the result of a blockage in a coronary a., coronary atherosclerosis, or a buildup of lipids

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11
Q

what is angina pectoris?

A

pain that originates in the heart and produces a strangling pain in the chest; usually the result of narrow or obstructed coronary arteries that produces ischemia of the myocardium

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12
Q

what is the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

it supports and strengthens the atrioventricular and semilunar orifices and it provides an electrically insulated barrier between the atria and the ventricles

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13
Q

what makes up the base of the lung?

A

the inferior border of the lung and the diaphragmatic surface of the lung= base of the lung

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14
Q

what is the base of the heart mostly occupied by?

A

the atrium

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15
Q

what are the three surfaces of the heart?

A

the sternocostal surface, the diaphragmatic surface, and the pulmonary surface (paired- one on the right one on the left)

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16
Q

what can you see when looking at the sternocostal surface of the heart?

A

the right ventricle

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17
Q

what does the right atrioventricular groove transmit?

A

the right coronary artery

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18
Q

what does the anterior interventricular groove transmit?

A

the anterior interventricular artery and the great cardiac vein

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19
Q

what does the left atrioventricular groove transmit?

A

the coronary sinus

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20
Q

what does the posterior interventricular groove transmit?

A

the posterior interventricular artery

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21
Q

what is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

an embryological remnant of the ductus arterosis- communication between the pulmonary trunk and the arch of the aorta

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22
Q

what loops around the aortic arch and the ligamentum arteriosum then ascends to the larynx?

A

the left recurrent laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve

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23
Q

why is the ligamentum arteriosum clinically relevant?

A

if we are going to have a weak spot in either the pulmonary trunk or the aorta- this is a potential spot where we can end up with a weak spot or an aneurysm- that then hits the left recurrent laryngeal nerve and causes laryngitis

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24
Q

what is the smooth wall that makes up the right atrium?

A

sinus venarum

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25
Q

what is the rough wall that makes up the right atrium?

A

pectinate muscle

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26
Q

what separates the sinus venarum from the pectinate muscle?

A

the crista terminalis

27
Q

where is the fossa ovalis found and what is this feature?

A

it is found in the interatrial septum; it is an embryonic remnant of the foramen ovalis

28
Q

what could cause an atrial septal wall defect?

A

incomplete closure of the foramen ovale; if large enough it could allow mixture of oxygen rich blood with oxygen depleted blood

29
Q

how do we get from right atrium to right ventricle?

A

right atrioventricular orifice

30
Q

what is the right atrioventricular orifice partially occluded by?

A

the tricuspid valve

31
Q

what is the smooth wall found in the right ventricle?

A

conus arteriosus

32
Q

what is the rough wall found within the right ventricle?

A

trabecula carnae

33
Q

how does the tricuspid valve close?

A

they require the pressure of the right atrium to close

34
Q

how are the free edges of the three cusps anchored to papillary muscles?

A

via chordae tendineae

35
Q

where is the septomarginal trabeculum found?

A

in most right ventricles from the rough muscular region- trabecula carnae

36
Q

what separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk?

A

the pulmonary valve

37
Q

how many cusps does the pulmonary valve have?

A

3- a right, left, and anterior

38
Q

what is cardiac catheterization?

A

insertion of a catheter into the femoral vein which is then passed up to the inferior vena cava allowing radiographic visualization of the right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary arteries

39
Q

How do you get from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

A

left atrioventricular orifice, which is mostly occluded by the bicuspid valve (aka the mitral valve)

40
Q

what is the smooth wall of the left ventricle?

A

the aortic vestibule

41
Q

what is the wall separating the two ventricles?

A

the interventricular septum

42
Q

what parts make up the interventricular septum?

A

a membranous part and a muscular part

43
Q

how is the interventricular septum clinically relevant?

A

there can be ventricular septal defects: due to the embryologically divergent tissues that make up the interventricular septum- it is susceptible to defects, which allow the mixture of oxygen rich blood with oxygen depleted blood

44
Q

what separates the the left ventricle from the ascending aorta?

A

the aortic valve in the aortic orifice

45
Q

what is the aortic sinus?

A

the space between the wall of the ascending aorta and the cusps of the aortic valve

46
Q

what do the right and left aortic sinuses house?

A

the openings for the right and left coronary artery

47
Q

what makes the heart contract?

A

some specialized cardiac muscle cells clustered together where the superior vena cava meets the right atrium- the sinuatrial node

48
Q

what can be said about the sinuatrial node?

A

it is self-initializing; it causes contractions on regular intervals; the sinuatrial node is thought to be the pacemaker of the heart

49
Q

what is the atrioventricular node?

A

a small bundle of specialized cardiac muscle fibers located in the interatrial septum

50
Q

what can be said about the atrioventricular node?

A

it is not self-initializing- it requires external stimuli to fire (the stimulus from the electrical signal going through the wall of the atrium from the sinuatrial node

51
Q

what happens when the atrioventricular node is stimulated?

A

it goes on to be an atrioventricular bundle, then right and left bundle branches and then subendocardial branches (aka purkinje fibers)

52
Q

if the sinuatrial node is not behaving as it should, what would you need to do?

A

place an artificial cardiac pacemaker, which normally is fed right into the ventricle and skips over the atrium

53
Q

what is atrial fibrillation?

A

irregular twitching of the atrial cardiac muscle fibers to which the ventricles respond at irregular intervals

54
Q

what is ventricular fibrillation?

A

rapid irregular twitching of the ventricles rendering the heart unable to pump blood; an electric shock may be administered in the hopes that the heart may begin beating regularly

55
Q

what is the outermost layer of pericardium?

A

fibrous (tough and fibrous)

56
Q

what is synonymous with epicardium?

A

visceral serous pericardium

57
Q

what is attached to the inside of the fibrous pericardium?

A

parietal serous pericardium

58
Q

what is the surgical significance of the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

this space allows cardiac surgeons to access the area posterior to the aorta and pulmonary trunk to clamp or insert the tubes of a bypass machine into these large vessels

59
Q

what is pericarditis?

A

inflammation of the pericardium, which can make the pericardium rough and produce friction

60
Q

what is pericardial friction rub?

A

it can be observed with a stethoscope and if left untreated the pericardium will calcify

61
Q

what is pericardial effusion?

A

inflammation of the pericardium can result in the accumulation of fluid or pus in the pericardial sac, which can compress the heart

62
Q

what is heart compression known as?

A

cardiac tamponade

63
Q

what is a pericardiocentesis?

A

drainage of blood, fluid or pus from the pericardial sac; usually done to relieve cardiac tamponade

CPR Midterm (21 decks)

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