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Black- Gross Anatomy I > Thoracic Limb - O, I, A > Flashcards

Thoracic Limb - O, I, A Flashcards

1
Q

Superficial Pectoral

O, I, A

A

O: first 3 sternebrae; median fibrous raphe at the ventral midline

I: crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus

A: adduct limb (non-weight bearing); prevent abduction of the limb (weight-bearing)

The two parts of this muscle do not need to be distinguished.

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2
Q

Deep Pectoral

O, I, A

A

O: Ventral part of the sterum; median fibrous raphe at the ventral midline

I: Lesser tubercle of the humerus (major portion of insertion); greater tubercle and crest of the humerus via aponeurosis

A: pull trunk cranially when limb is advanced and fixed; extend shoulder

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3
Q

Deep pectoral

Explain comparative aspect.

A

In the horse, there is an additional pectoral muscle called the subclavius muscle. Rudimentary in the ox. Explains the abrupt transition of the neck to shoulder in the ruminants compared to more gradual transition in horses.

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4
Q

What is synsarcosis?

A

muscle articulation instead of bony articulation

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5
Q

What are the parts of the brachiocephalicus?

A

Cleidobrachialis and Cledidocephalicus.

Cleidobrachialis has two parts: pars cervicalis (cervical part) and pars mastoidea (mastoid part).

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6
Q

Brachiocephalicus

O, I, A

A

O: clavicular intersection

I: distal end of cranial humerus; middorsal fibrous raphe of the neck; mastoid part of the temporal bone

A: advance the limb; extend shoulder; draw head and neck to the side

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7
Q

Name the comparative differences in the brachiocephalicus.

A

Horse: Cleidocephalicus has one part: cleidomastoideus

Ox and goat: Cleidocephalicus has 2 parts: cleido-occipitalis and cleidomatoideus. This muscle forms the dorsal boundry of the jugular groove. The ventral border of the jugular groove is the sternocephalicus muscle. The sternocephalicus muscle in the horse has only one component which inserts on the mandible. For this reason, the sternocephalicus m. in the horse is often referenced as the
sternomandibularis m

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8
Q

Omotransversarius

O, I, A

A

O: Attachment*: wing (transverse process) of the atlas (cervical vertebra 1); distal end of the spine of the scapula
*NOTE: origin and
insertion are reversible
for this muscle.

A: advance the limb; flex the neck laterally

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9
Q

Trapezius

O, I, A

A

O: median fibrous raphe of the neck; supraspinous ligament

I: spine of the scapula

A: elevate the abduct limb

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10
Q

Name the parts of the trapezius.

A

Cervical trapezius and thoracic trapezius

These parts are connected by aponeurosis dorsally that attaches them both to the spine of the scapula.

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11
Q

Name the parts of the rhomboideus.

A

Rhomboideus capitis (to the head); rhomboideus cervicis (to the neck); rhomboideus thoracis (to the thorax)

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12
Q

Rhomboideus

O, I, A

A

O: base of the skull (nuchal crest of the occipital bone); median fibrous raphe of the neck; spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae

I: dorsal border of scapula

A: elevate limb; draw scapula against trunk

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13
Q

Name the comparative differences in the rhomboideus.

A

This muscle is a major contributor to the hump in Zebu cattle

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14
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

O: thoracolumbar fascia, last few ribs

I: teres major tuberosity of the humerus via the teres major tendon

A: draw limb caudally (for digging); flex shoulder

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15
Q

What muscle does the latissimus dorsi join with?

A

teres major

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16
Q

serratus ventralis

O, I, A

A

O: ribs; transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

I: serrated face of the scapula

A: support trunk; depress scapula

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17
Q

What is flying scapula and what species does it affect?

A

Result of muscle damage to the serratus ventralis where the dorsal border of the scapula rises above the withers.

Ruminants and horses.

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18
Q

What are the parts of the serratus ventralis?

A

cervical and thoracic parts

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19
Q

What muscle is referred to as the “sling muscle” and why?

A

Serratus ventralis.

It acts as a sling in supporting the weight of the trunk between the two “posts” of the thoracic limb.

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20
Q

Deltoideus

O, I, A

A

O: spine and acromion of the scapula

I: deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

A: flex shoulder

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21
Q

Name the parts of the deltoideus.

A

scapular and acromial parts

Not divided in the horse because the horse lacks an acromion.

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22
Q

Infraspinatus

O, I, A

A

O: Infraspinous fossa of the scapula

I: lateral side of the greater tubercle of the humerus

A: laterally stabilizes the shoulder (prevents medial rotation while weight-bearing); abduct and laterally rotate shoulder; assists other muscles in the extension or flexion of the shoulder

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23
Q

Which muscles support the shoulder by preventing lateral or medial rotation when the animal is bearing weight?

A

infraspinatus, supraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor

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24
Q

Teres minor

O, I, A

A

O: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula; distal caudal border of the scapula

I: teres minor tuberosity of the humerus

A: laterally stabilizes the shoulder (prevents medial rotation while weight bearing); laterally rotate shoulder; flex shoudler (assists other muscles)

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25
Q

Supraspinatus

O, I, A

A

O: supraspinous fossa of the scapula

I: greater tubercle of the humerus (thick tendon)

A: laterally stabilizes the shoulder (prevents medial rotation while weight-bearing); extend shoulder

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26
Q

What would happen if the supraspinatus and infraspinatus were to atrophy?

A

The spine of the scapula would become visibly evident and palpable on the live animal. It would weaken the stability of the shoulder joint.

27
Q

Subscapularis

O, I, A

A

O: subscapular fossa of the scapula

I: lesser tubercle of the humerus

A: medially stabilizes the shoulder (prevents lateral rotation whole weight-bearing); adduct shoulder; extend

28
Q

Teres major

O, I, A

A

O: caudal angle and caudal border of the scapula; subscapularis muscle

I: teres major tuberosity of the humerus

A: flex shoulder; rotate limb medially

29
Q

Coracobrachialis

O, I, A

A

O: corcacoid process of the scapula

I: crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus, near the teres major tuberosity

A: mainly a shoulder stabilizer, but can assist in adduction and/or extension of the shoulder

30
Q

Tensor fasciae antebrachii

O, I, A

A

O: fascia covering the lateral surface of the latissimus dorsi

I: olecranon of the ulna, in common with the tendon of insertion of the triceps brachii muscle

A: extend elbow

31
Q

Triceps brachii

O, I, A

A

O: long head- caudal border of scapula; other heads- tricipital line, proximal humerus (neck, lesser tubercle, and crest of the lesser tubercle)

I: olecranon of ulna

A: flex shoulder (long head); extend elbow (all heads)

32
Q

What are the heads of the triceps brachii?

A

Long head, lateral head, medial head, accessory head

33
Q

Name the comparative differences in the triceps brachii.

A

There is no accessory head in large animals

34
Q

Anconeus

O, I, A

A

O: lateral supracondylar crest of the humerus; lateral and medial epicondyles of the humerus

I: proximal and lateral aspect of the ulna

A: extend elbow

35
Q

Biceps brachii

O, I, A

A

O: supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula; tendon of origin passes through intertubercular groove of the humerus

I: radial and ulnar tuberosities

A: extend shoulder; flex elbow

36
Q

Lacertus fibrosus

A

Long tendon of the biceps brachii that is prominent in horses and present but substantially weaker in ruminants

Component of the stay apparatus.

37
Q

Brachialis

O, I, A

A

O: brachialis groove (proxial and lateral aspect of the humerus)

I: radial and ulnar tuberosities

A: flex elbow

38
Q

Extensor carpi radialis

O, I, A

A

O: lateral supracondylar crest of the humerus

I: metacarpal tuberosities (dorsal aspect) of MC II and III

A: extend carpus

39
Q

Common digital extensor

O, I, A

A

O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus

I: extensor processes of the distal phalanx of digits 2, 3, 4, and 5 (extensor processes of distal phalanges II, III, IV, and V)

A: extend the joints of the four principal digits (digits 2, 3, 4, and 5)

40
Q

Where do all of the extensor muscles of the carpus and digits originate from?

A

lateral epicondyle of the humerus

41
Q

Lateral digital extensor

O, I, A

A

O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus

I: extensor processes of the distal phalanx of digits 3, 4, and 5 (extensor processes of distal phalanges III, IV, and V); proximal ends (base) of all phalanges of same digits

A: extend the joints of digits 3,4, and 5

42
Q

Ulnaris lateralis

O, I, A

A

O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus

I: lateral aspect of the proximal end (base) of MC V; accessory carpal bone

A: abduct carpus; flex carpus

43
Q

Supinator

O, I, A

A

O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus

I: cranial aspect of proximal radius

A: supination (rotate antebrachium laterally so that the palmar surface of the paw faces medially)

44
Q

What are the comparative differences of supinator?

A

Not present in large animal since ulna and radius are fused.

45
Q

Pronator teres

O, I, A

A

O: medial epicondyle of the humerus

I: medial border of the radius

A: pronation (rotate the antebrachium medially so that the palmar surface of the paw faces the ground)

46
Q

What are the comparative differences of pronator teres?

A

Not present in large animal since ulna and radius are fused.

47
Q

Abductor pollicis longus

O, I, A

A

O: lateral and cranial border of ulna; interosseus membrane between the radius and ulna

I: proximal end of metacarpal I

A: abduct digit 1

48
Q

What is the equivalent of the abductor pollicis longus in the horse?

A

Extensor carpi obliquus

49
Q

Flexor carpi radialis

O, I, A

A

O: medial epicondyle of the humerus; medial border of the radius

I: palmar surface of proximal aspect (base) of MC II and III

A: flex carpus

50
Q

Where do all of the flexor muscles of the carpus and digits originate?

A

medial epicondyle of the humerus

51
Q

Superficial digital flexor

O, I, A

A

O: medial epicondyle of the humerus

I: palmar surface of the proximal aspect (base) of the middle phalanges of digits 2, 3, 4, and 5

A: flex carpus; flex digits 2-5

52
Q

What is the purpose of the palmar annular ligament?

A

Hold down the tendons of the superficial digital flexor and deep digital flexor at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint

53
Q

What is the purpose of the proximal digital annular ligament?

A

Hold down the tendons of the superficial digital flexor and deep digital flexor at the level of the proximal phalanx of the digits

54
Q

What is the purpose of the distal digital annular ligament?

A

Hold down the tendon of the deep digital flexor at the proximal (palmar) aspect of the middle phalanx of the digits

55
Q

What are the comparative differences in the superficial digital flexor?

A

In the horse, there is an accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor, aka proximal check ligament, extending from the caudal and distal aspect of the radius to the tendon of the superficial digital flexor. This ligament is a component of the stay apparatus.

56
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris

O, I, A

A

O: medial epicondyle of the humerus; olecranon caudal and medial aspect

I: accessory carpal bone

A: flex carpus

57
Q

Deep digital flexor

O, I, A

A

O:medial epicondyle of humerus; ulna; radius

I: flexor tubercle (Palmar surface of the base) of the distal phalanx of each digit

A: flex carpus; flex digits

58
Q

What are the heads of the deep digital flexor?

A

Radial head, humeral head, and ulnar head. The tendons of all these heads converge within the carpal canal as the deep flexor tendon the DDF.

59
Q

What are the comparative differences of the deep digital flexor?

A

In the horse, there is an accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor m., a.k.a. distal check ligament, extending from the proximal and palmar aspect of MC III to the tendon of the deep digital flexor. This ligament is a component of the passive stay apparatus. The tendon of the DDF inserts on the flexor surface of the distal phalanx.

60
Q

Pronator quadratus

O, I, A

A

no O&I

A: pronate the antebrachium

Located between the radius and ulna

61
Q

What are the comparative differences of the prontor quadratus?

A

Not present in large animals

62
Q

Interossei (plural)

O, I, A

A

no O, I, A

Four interosseus (singular) muscles that lie deep to the deep digital flexor tendons and cover the palmar surfaces of the four main metacarpal bones.

63
Q

Explain the interossei muscles in relation to the sesmoid bones.

A

The tendon of each interosseus muscle divides and each tendon encompasses a sesamoid bone at the level of the palmar surface of the metacarpophalangeal joint. There are thus two proximal sesamoid bones embedded in the tendon of insertion of each interosseus muscle. There are extensor branches that extend from the interosseus tendon to the dorsal surface of the digit and unite with the tendons of the common digital extensor m.

Black- Gross Anatomy I (12 decks)

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