Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Black- Gross Anatomy I > Canine Thorax, Autonomic Nervous System, and Heart -Final Exam Material > Flashcards

Canine Thorax, Autonomic Nervous System, and Heart -Final Exam Material Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the thoracic cavity?

A

dorsal: T1-T13
ventral: 8 sternebrae
lateral: 13 pairs of ribs and costal cartilages, costal arch
cranial: thoracic inlet
caudal: diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the openings of the diaphragm?

A

lumbocostal arches
aortic hiatus
esophageal hiatus
caval foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the openings of the diaphragm?

A

Hernias of abdominal viscera can occur through these openings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are serous cavities named?

A

According to location: parietal or visceral

According to the cavity they define: pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the endothoracic fascia?

A

The “glue” that holds the parietal pleura to the internal wall of the thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the mediastinum separate?

A

the right and left pleural cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What develops within the mediastinum?

A

the pericardial cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the recesses of the pleural cavities?

A

pleural capula (protrudes from thoracic inlet)

costomediastinal recess (space between costal wall and diaphragm)

costodiaphragmatic recess

mediastinal recess (contains accessory lobe of the right lung)

lumbodiaphragmatic recess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the subdivisions of the mediastinum?

A

cranial, middle, caudal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does the azygos vein differ between species?

A

bilateral in the ox

only RIGHT azygos vein in the dog and the hose

only LEFT azygos in the pig

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the boundaries of the cervical visceral space?

A

ventral: sternocephalicus, sternothyrohoideus
dorsal: longus capitis, longus coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What makes up the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

trachea and bronchial tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the name of the cartilage at the bifurcation of the trachea?

A

carina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What connects the cartilaginous rings of the trachea?

A

tracheal (annular) ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What makes up the exchange portion of the respiratory system?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sacs, alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the main blood supply to the exchange portion of the respiratory system?

A

pulmonary arteries and veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Theres a notch in a lobe of a lung. What is it called, what lobe of what lung is it on?

A

the caudal notch is on the middle lobe of the right lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which lung is bigger in the dog?

A

the right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are lobes of the right and left lungs of the dog?

A

left: divided cranial lobe, caudal lobe
right: caudal lobe, middle lobe, cranial lobe, accessory lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do equine lungs differ from carnivores?

A

The cranial lobe of the left lung is not divided in horses.

The right lung does not have a middle lobe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do bovine lungs differ from carnivores?

A

The cranial lobe is divided in both left and right bovine lungs. In carnivores, only the left cranial lobe is divided.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the branches of the aortic arch?

A

brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the branches of the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

left and right common carotid and right subclavian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the branches of the R&L subclavian arteries and what do they supply? (hint: there are 4)

A

Costocervical trunk: supplies cranial intercostal spaces 1-3 and muscles of the neck

Vertebral artery: extends through the transverse vertebral formina, supplies brain and spinal chord

Superficial cervical artery: supplies superficial structures of the neck

Internal thoracic artery: supplies cranioventral quadrant of the abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the branches of the internal thoracic artery and what does it continue as?

A

ventral intercostal aa.

musculophrenic a.

continues as the cranial epigastric a.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are pulmonary ligaments?

A

Double layers of serous membrane that extend from the mediastinal (parietal) pleura to the visceral pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the plica vena cavae?

A

Fold of serous membrane (from the right mediastinal pleura) that envelops the caudal vena cava and right phrenic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What makes up ganglia?

A

neuronal cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are afferent neurons, interneurons, and efferent neurons?

A

afferent (unipolar) relay sensory input to the CNS

interneurons (bipolar) relay impulses inside the CNS

efferent (multipolar) neurons relay motor output from the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the two types of motor output?

A

somatic: one neuron, skeletal / voluntary muscle

visceral / autonomic: two neurons (post and pre-synaptic), involuntary tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where can you find pre-synaptic visceral efferent neurons? Where does the axon synapse?

A

The cell bodies are INSIDE the CNS.

Axon synapses into second automatic neuron in autonomic ganglion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where can you find post-synaptic visceral efferent neurons? Where does the axon synapse?

A

Cell body is inside the autonomic ganglion, part of the PNS.

Axon synapses with target tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the types of nerves based on nerve impulse direction?

A

Sensory (afferent)
Motor (efferent)
Mixed (sensory + motor; somatic + autonomic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the types of nerves based on origin?

A

spinal and cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

All cranial nerves are mixed nerves. True or false?

A

False mother fucker. All SPINAL nerves are mixed nerves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

8 cervical, 13 thoracic, 7 lumbar, 3 sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Not all cranial nerves are mixed nerves. True or false?

A

True!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where do cranial nerves originate and what do they innervate?

A

originate from brain nuclei

innervate head and neck (vagus nerve is an exception)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What cranial nerves are purely sensory?

A

CN1 Olfactory
CN2 Optic
CN8 acustivovestibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What cranial nerves are purely motor?

A

CN 4 trochlear
CN6 abducent
CN13 hypoglossal

42
Q

What cranial nerves contain autonomic components?

A

CN3 oculomotor
CN7 facial
CN 9 glossopharyngeal
CN10 vagus

43
Q

All spinal nerves are mixed nerves. True or false?

A

True AF!

44
Q

What is in the dorsal root? (talking NS here)

A

Afferent neurons

45
Q

What is in the ventral root? (talking NS here)

A

Efferent neurons

46
Q

Dorsal vs ventral rami, go.

A

Dorsal rami: shorter, supply expaxial mm. and dorsal skin

Ventral rami = longer, give off both parietal and visceral supply, limb innervation, etc

47
Q

Where do the 8 cervical spinal nerves emerge from?

A

CSN1: lateral vertebral formina of altas

CSNs 2-7: cranial to corresponding cervical vertebrae

CSN 8: emerges caudally to C7

48
Q

Where do thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves emerge from>

A

Thoracic spinal nerves (TSN 1-13) and lumbar spinal nerves (LSN 1-7) emerge caudally to their correspondent vertebrae

49
Q

Where do the sacral spinal nerves emerge from?

A

1st and 2nd sacral SN emergy through the sacral formina (dorsal and pelvic sacral foramina)

3rd sacral SN emerges through the intervertebral foramen between the sacrum and the first caudal verterbra.

50
Q

What is the name of CN XI and what does it innervate?

A

The accessory nerve innervates the trapezius m.

51
Q

What nerves penetrate the omotransversarius m?

A

CSN 3-5

52
Q

What type of innervation do the phrenic nerves carry and to where?

A

Supply the diaphragm, somatic innervation

53
Q

What are the origins of the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS?

A

sympathertic: thoracolumbar division
para: craniosacral division

54
Q

All pre-synaptic axons (pre-SNS) enter ganglia adjacent to the vertebral bodies, via communicating rami. True or false?

A

True

Pre-SNS entering a ganglion is not the same thing as pre-SNS fibers synapsing on a post-SNS ell body in that ganglion!

55
Q

Where do axons of pre-SNS neurons synapse?

A

On post-SNS cell bodies in:

  • Ganglia of the paravertebral chain
  • Ganglia located in the cervical region
  • Pre-vertebral ganglia (in the abdominal cavity
56
Q

What does the paravertebral ganglia contain, where is it located, and what does it form?

A
  • Contains post-synaptic sympathetic (post-SNS) cell bodies
  • Located on either side of the vertebral column
  • Form the sympathetic trunk / chain (paravertebral chain) (10)
57
Q

What are the ganglia of the cervical region?

A

Cervicothoracic ganglion

Middle cervical ganglion

Cranial cervical ganglion

58
Q

What are the splanchnic nerves? Where do they originate? What axons are they made up of?

A
  • Major and minor splanchnic n., lumbar splanchnic nn.
  • Originate from paravertebral chain: communicate with pre-vertebral ganglia
  • Made of pre-SYMPATHETIC axons that DO NOT synapse with the paravertebral chain
59
Q

Where are pre-vertebral ganglia located? Name them.

A

Caudal to the diaphragm, located adjacent to major arterial branches of the abdominal aorta

Celiacomesenteric ganglion and plexus near celiac a. and cr. mesenteric a., made up of the celiac and cranial mesenteric ganglia

Caudal mesenteric ganglion near the caudal mesenteric artery

60
Q

Where do the hypogastric nerves originate and what are they made up of?

A

Originate from caudal mesenteric ganglion

Made of post-SNS axons that innervate viscera of the pelvic cavity

61
Q

Where are the pre-synaptic cell bodies of PSNS neurons located?

A

within brain nuclei and the sacral regions of the spinal cord

62
Q

Where are the post-synaptic cell bodies of the PSNS neurons located?

A

within non-visible ganglia, in the walls of

the viscera they serve

63
Q

What is the major parasympathetic motor supply to the internal viscera?

A

CN X, vagus nerve

64
Q

Describe the vagus nerve segments.

A

The left and right vagus nerve divide. The left divides into the left ventral vagal branch and the left dorsal vagal branch. The right divides into the right ventral vagal branch and the right dorsal vagal branch.

The right dorsal vagal branch and left dorsal vagal branch come together to form the dorsal vagal trunk.

The left ventral vagal branch and right ventral vagal branch come together to form the ventral vagal trunk.

65
Q

What do the left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves curve around?

A

left: curves around the ligamentum arteriosum and the aortic arch
right: curves around the right subclavian a.

66
Q

Why care about the vagus?

A

Vagal indigestion syndrome in cattle

67
Q

Why care about the recurrent laryngeal nn.?

A

Vocal chord paralysis after thyroidectomy (unilateral)

68
Q

What is the continuation of the fibrous pericardium to the diaphragm called?

A

phrenicopericardial ligament

69
Q

How does the azygous vein differ across species and in fetal life?

A

Bilateral in fetus

Equine / carnivores – right persists

Pigs – left persists

Ruminants – bilateral

70
Q

Where do the base and apex of the heart point?

A

Base of the heart points dorsocranially and the apex points caudoventrally and to the left

71
Q

What intercostal spaces does the heart span?

A

spans intercostal spaces 3-6

72
Q

What groove encircles the base of the heart?

A

Coronary groove

73
Q

How do you know you’re looking at the auricular surface of the heart?

A

Both auricles are in view

▪ Left side as positioned in the animal

74
Q

The paraconal interventricular groove is where and contains what?

A

next to the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle; AURICULAR SURFACE

contains the great cardiac vein and the left coronary artery

75
Q

How do you know you’re looking at the atrial surface of the heart?

A

both atria are in view

76
Q

The subsinuosal interventricular groove is where and contains what?

A

Atrial surface

Contains the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery

77
Q

What are the divisions of the right atrium?

A

Divided into a main part (sinus) and a blind pouch (the auricle)

78
Q

What are the four openings of the right atrium?

A

Coronary sinus
Caudal vena cava
Cranial vena cava
Atroventricular orifice – from atrium into ventricle (where the valve is located)

79
Q

What does the coronary sinus do?

A

drains the heart itself (cardiac veins drain here)

80
Q

What structure diverts the blood from the cranial and caudal vena cava into the right ventricle?

A

the intervenous tubercle

81
Q

What structure is directly caudal to the intervenous tubercle?

A

fossa ovalis

82
Q

Where do you find pectinate mucles?

A

right auricle

83
Q

What separates the main compartment of the right atrium from the auricle?

A

Crista terminalis

84
Q

Where are papillary muscles located?

A

in the ventricle

85
Q

What are the chords extending from the AV valve to the papillary muscles?

A

chordae tendinae

86
Q

What are the myocardial ridges in the heart?

A

Trabeculae carneae

87
Q

What is the funnel shaped part of the right ventricle bordered by the auricles called?

A

Conus arteriosus

88
Q

What structure allows passage of cardiac conduction fibers extending across the ventricles?

A

Trabeculae septomarginalis

89
Q

Which ventricle has thicker walls?

A

left

90
Q

What is the septal wall of the heart?

A

inside the ventricle, adjacent to the septum

91
Q

What is the parietal wall of the heart?

A

inside the ventricle, adjacent to the ventricular wall (outer wall)

92
Q

What arteries supply blood to the heart?

A

coronary arteries

93
Q

How does blood bypass the lungs in fetal life? What are these structures called in an adult?

A

foramen ovale allows passage from the right atrium to the left atrium; called fossa ovale in the adult

Ductus arteriosus shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta; called ligamentum arteriosum in the adult

94
Q

What is Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?

A

Persistent communication between the aorta and pulmonary artery

Typically blood shunts from left to right

One of the most common congenital cardiac defects

95
Q

What is Patent foramen ovale?

A

“common atrium”

atrial septal defect

96
Q

What is Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA) and what condition is it associated with?

A

PDA/ ligamentum arteriosum will weap around the esophagus, constricting it and leading to regurgitation after switching to solid food

mega-esophagus

97
Q

What is pericardial effusion?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac

98
Q

What is Dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Abnormality in the myocardium that leads to decreased contractility

99
Q

What is Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

disease of the left ventricle; usually in cats

100
Q

What is Mitral valve insufficiency?

A

degenerative and progresses over time, congenital

101
Q

How is heartworm disease contracted? How long does it take to show up on a test?

A

from mosquitoes

up to 6 months

102
Q

What parts of the heart do heartworms affect specifically?

A

Take up residence in the pulmonary artery before backing up into the heart – specifically the right ventricle (due to size of the worms and number)

Black- Gross Anatomy I (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions