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Black- Gross Anatomy I > Canine and Equine Pelvic Limb > Flashcards

Canine and Equine Pelvic Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the os coxae and how does it attach to the trunk?

A

ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabular bone

attaches to the trunk via vertebral column dorsally through the sacroiliac joint and ventrally via the pelvic symphysis

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2
Q

What is the pelvic symphysis? What is significant about it clinically?

A

fusion of pubis and ischium of the os coxae

site of luxation / fracture due to trauma

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3
Q

What small weird muscle is associated with the middle gluteal muscle?

A

piriformis m.

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4
Q

What is a CCL tear and what happens if it is left untreated?

A

cranial cruciate ligament tear; if untreated it often leads to damage to the medial meniscus

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5
Q

What tendons pass through the crucal retinaculum?

A

cranial tibial m. and long digital extensor

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6
Q

What are boundaries of the pelvic inlet?

A

dorsal: promontory of the sacrum
lateral: arcuate line of ilium
ventral: pectin of the pubis

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7
Q

What are the boundaries of the pelvic outlet?

A

dorsal: first caudal vertebrae
lateral: sacrotuberous ligament
ventral: ischiatic arch

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8
Q

What major tuberosities are used as landmarks?

A

tuber coxae, tuber sacrale, ishiatic tuberosity

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9
Q

What is the function of ligament of the femoral head, how does it effect motion?

A

It anchors the head of the femur in the acetabulum of the os coxae; internal ligament

It is the only ligament on the head of the femur because if there was more than one it would limit the range of motion on the joint

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10
Q

What is the accessory ligament of the head of the femur?

A

extra ligament of the femoral head in HORSES ONLY

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11
Q

If the hamstrings contract in the horse, what happens to the stifle and hock?

A

They both flex

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12
Q

What are the muscles of the small pelvic association?

A

internal obturator, external obturator, gemelli, quadratus femoris

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13
Q

What muscles stabilize the hip joint and how?

A

SPAM muscles and lateral muscles (gluteal muscles and tensor faciae latae)

These muscle groups counteract each other.

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14
Q

How is the incongruency of the stifle joint compensated?

A

with menisci

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15
Q

What is the name of the stifle joint?

A

femorotibial joint

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16
Q

What kind of bone is the patella?

A

sesamoid

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17
Q

What ligaments stabilize the stifle?

A

cruciate ligaments, collateral femorotibial ligaments, femororpatellar ligaments, patellar ligaments

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18
Q

What is the major flexor of the hip?

A

Quadriceps

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19
Q

Where does the quadriceps femoris attach and what are its parts?

A

femur, ilium, tibia via the patella

rectus femoris, vastus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

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20
Q

What happens if the quadriceps femoris?

A

the animal will not be able to sustain its weight on that leg

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21
Q

What are the borders of the femoral triangle and why is this clinically relevant?

A

base: abdominal wall and inguinal ligament
cranial: caudal belly of the sartorius
caudal: pectineus

Femoral artery cannot be severed during surgery, the artery is elastic and will spring back when cut.

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22
Q

What are the hamstring muscles?

A

semimembranous, semitendinous, and biceps femoris

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23
Q

What articulation provides the most range of motion in the tarsal joint?

A

where the trochlea articulates with tibia

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24
Q

What are the two major components of the tarsal joint?

A

talus and calcaneus

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25
Q

How many joints make up the tarsal joint?

A

4

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26
Q

Which joint within the tarsal joint provides the most movement?

A

tarsocrucal joint - cochlea of tibia and trochlea of the talus

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27
Q

Which joints are extended/ flexed when an animal is bearing weight on the pelvic limb?

A

The hip, stifle, and tarsus are ALL extended

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28
Q

What holds the femur in place?

A

ligament of the femoral head and transverse acetabular ligament

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29
Q

What is the most common orthopedic disease in large breed dogs and how does it occur?

A

hip dysplasia, poor formation of the hip joint, mal-articulation, and DJD (degenerative joint disease)

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30
Q

How many joints make up the synovial capsule of the stifle? Which ones communicate in the dog? Where are they?

A

3; all communicate; two between the femoral and tibial condyles and the last beneath the patella

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31
Q

Where are the mensici located?

A

On either side of the stifle joint between femoral and tibial condyles

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32
Q

What ligaments secure the menisci to the bone?

A

meniscofemoral ligaments

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33
Q

What meniscus has less room for movement and why? What is the consequence of this?

A

medial meniscus- it has an attachment that the lateral has lost and therefore less room for movement and can be damaged more easily

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34
Q

What four ligaments join the femur to the bones of the leg? Where are they?

A

medial collateral ligament: between the femoral epicondyle and the proximal tibia

lateral collateral ligament: between the femoral epicondyle and the fibular head

Cranial cruciate ligaments: lateral condyle of the femur to cranial aspect of the tibia

caudal cruciate ligament: runs at a right angle to cranial one and attahes far back on the tibia

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35
Q

How are the cruciate ligaments named?

A

they are named from where they INSERT on the TIBIA

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36
Q

What is the function of the collatoral and cruciate ligaments?

A

they limit medial rotation of the tibia on the femur

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37
Q

What is the most common cause of rear limb lameness in the dog? How does it happen?

A

CCL- cranial cruciate tear

Sudden rotation of the limb when weight bearing

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38
Q

What is cranial drawer sign?

A

Forward movement of tibia indicating the rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament

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39
Q

What tendon is the patella interposed with?

A

quadriceps

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40
Q

How is the patella held in place?

A

femoral fascia, and the medial and lateral femoropatellar ligaments

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41
Q

Where does the patellar ligament extend from, what muscle is it associated with, and what surface does it glide over?

A

extends from the patella to the tibial tuberosity

distal end of the tendon of insertion of the quadriceps

glides over the trochlea of the femur

42
Q

Is patella luxation usually medial or lateral?

A

medial

43
Q

What are the ligaments of the tarsal joint and what bones are they associated with?

A

medial and lateral collateral ligaments from the tibia and fibula to the metatarsal bones

44
Q

Where does the calcaneon tendon attach?

A

tuber calcanei

45
Q

What are the muscles of the calcanean tendon?

A

gastrocnemius, SDF, biceps femoris, semitendinous, gracilis

46
Q

What muscle crosses the gastrocnemius? Medially or laterally?

A

SDF; medially

47
Q

What are the symptoms of a partial calcanean tear?

A

dropped hock, curled toe, gastroc tear only

48
Q

What are the symptoms of a complete calcanean tear?

A

flat-footed, hock on the ground - all 5 tendons ruptured

49
Q

What are the components of the stay apparatus in the pelvic limb?

A

patellar locking mechanism, reciprocal apparatus, and suspensory apparatus

50
Q

Which trochlear ridge foes the patella engage over?

A

medial trochlear ridge

51
Q

What makes the locking loop in the patellar locking mechanism?

A

medial and intermediate patellar ligaments

52
Q

How does the reciprocal apparatus affect the flexion and extension of the joints?

A

It causes the stifle and hock to flex and extend together

53
Q

What are the cranial and caudal parts of the reciprocal apparatus?

A

cranial: peroneus tertius
caudal: SDF and fibrous component of the gastrocnemius

54
Q

What are the components of the suspensory apparatus?

A

interosseous ligament (suspensory ligament), extensorr branches, and check ligaments

55
Q

What is the purpose of the suspensory apparatus?

A

Suspend the fetlock off the ground; counteract hyperextension

56
Q

What are the check/accessory ligaments of the suspensory apparatus?

A

SDF and DDF

57
Q

What is the accessory ligament of the femoral head an extension of?

A

the pre-pubic tendon

58
Q

What increases the torque of gluteal muscles in ungulates?

A

the greater trochanter rises above the femoral head in ungulates

59
Q

How does the third trochanter differ across species?

A

prominent in the horse, absent in ruminants

60
Q

Why is the medial malleolus significant and in what species?

A

Significant landmark on the live horse and radiographs

61
Q

How does the lateral malleolus differ across species?

A

found on the tibia of the horse, but fibula of ruminants and carnivores

62
Q

How does the fibula differ across species?

A

dog: completely separate bone
ruminants: fibula fused with tibia
horse: fibula fused but obvious proximally and fades mid-shaft

63
Q

What bones are fused in the tarsus of the equine?

A

carpals 1 and 2

64
Q

What bones are fused in the tarsus of the ox?

A

carpals 2 and 3
central tarsal bone and carpal 4
metatarsal III and IV

65
Q

What muscle is intimately associated with the peroneous tertius?

A

cranial tibial m

66
Q

Why is the cunean tendon clincally important?

A

palpable reference point of the distal intertarsal joint

this tendon can be cut to reduce stress on arthritis of the distal hock joints

67
Q

How many heads does the DDF have?

A

3

68
Q

Which joints communicate in the tibiotarsal joint of the horse?

A

proximal intertarsal joint
distal intertarsal joint
tarsometatarsal joint

always, sometimes, never!

69
Q

What crosses over the sustentaculum tali and over which portion of it?

A

lateral head of the DDF crosses the plantar aspect of the hock over the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus

70
Q

Why do cows have a square butt?

A

origins at the tuber ischia “pin bone”

71
Q

Why do horses have a round butt?

A

origin at the tuber ischii and vertebral bodies of the sacrum
hamstrings!
intramuscular injection site –> semimembranous

72
Q

What is the trochanteric bursa?

A

between cranial part of the greater trochanter and middle gluteal

73
Q

What is the most superficial in the equine crus?

A

LDE

74
Q

What is the vertebral formula for the canine/feline?

A

C&-T13-L7-S3

75
Q

What is the vertebral formula for equine?

A

C7-T18-L6-S5

76
Q

What is the vertebral formula for ox?

A

C7-T13-L6-S5

77
Q

What is the atlas and what is special about it?

A

C1
contains a lateral vertebral foramina where the first cervical spinal cord exits
articulates with occipital condyles
contains the fovea dentis (fovea of the dens)

78
Q

What is the axis and what is special about it?

A

C2
elongated dorsal spinous process
dens

79
Q

What is the dens?

A

peg-like eminence of C2

sits in the fovea of the dens in C1

80
Q

Describe the ribs in terms of cartilage / bone.

A

1-9 “true ribs” vertebrosternal

10-12 bone/cartilage- vertebrocartaginous

13- floating ribs vertebral

81
Q

How do the ribs articulate?

A

heads of 1-10 articulate with cranial costal fovea of same vertebrae and caudal costal fovea of preceding vertebrae

Heads of 11-13 will articulate with same vertebrae

82
Q

What does the tubercle of each rib articulate with?

A

transverse fovea of the same vertebrae

83
Q

What is the manubrium?

A

first sternebra, longer than the rest

84
Q

What is the xyphoid process?

A

last sternebra, short and flat, cartilage projecting caudally

85
Q

Where do you do CSF sampling?

A

atlanto-occipital joint

86
Q

What is the atlanto-occipital joint? What is the common name for it?

A

between altas and occipital condyles

“yes” joint

87
Q

Where is the lateral ligament?

A

in the atlanto-occipital joint

88
Q

What is the atlanto-axial joint? What is it commonly called?

A

between axis and atlas

“no” joint

89
Q

What ligaments are associated with the atlanto-axial joint?

A

apical: dens to skull
alar: dens to occipital bone

transverse atlantal: connects one side of the ventral arch to the other, hold dens agaisnt ventral arch (corsses dorsal to dens)

90
Q

Describe the nuchal ligament.

A 
Double ligament (paired)
Yellow elasic fibers
T1 to C2 (spinous process) of the dog
91
Q

Which species do not have the nuchal ligament?

A

cat or pig

92
Q

How is the nuchal ligament different in large animals?

A

nuchal ligament goes to the nuchal crest on the skull

93
Q

What is the supraspinous ligament?

A

continuation of nuchal ligament

94
Q

What is the ventral longitudinal ligament?

A

on ventral surface of the bodies of vertebrae

axis to sacrum

95
Q

What is the dorsal longitudinal ligament?

A

dorsal surface of the bodies of the vertebrae

dens to caudal vertebrae

96
Q

What are the intervertebral discs composed of?

A

anulus fibrous: outer fibrous ring

nucleus pulposus: gelatinous center

97
Q

What is the purpose of the intervertebral discs?

A

stress absorber

98
Q

What are interspinous ligaments?

A

connect adjacent vertebral spines

99
Q

What are yellow ligaments?

A

between the arches of adjacent vertebrae

epidural space lies ventral to these ligaments; “pop” from epidural

100
Q

What space is used for epidurals?

A

sacrocaudal (sacroccygeal) space; lumbosacral

101
Q

What are intercapital ligaments?

A

head of the rib to the head on the other side

Black- Gross Anatomy I (12 decks)

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