Canine and Equine Pelvic Limb Flashcards
What are the parts of the os coxae and how does it attach to the trunk?
ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabular bone
attaches to the trunk via vertebral column dorsally through the sacroiliac joint and ventrally via the pelvic symphysis
What is the pelvic symphysis? What is significant about it clinically?
fusion of pubis and ischium of the os coxae
site of luxation / fracture due to trauma
What small weird muscle is associated with the middle gluteal muscle?
piriformis m.
What is a CCL tear and what happens if it is left untreated?
cranial cruciate ligament tear; if untreated it often leads to damage to the medial meniscus
What tendons pass through the crucal retinaculum?
cranial tibial m. and long digital extensor
What are boundaries of the pelvic inlet?
dorsal: promontory of the sacrum
lateral: arcuate line of ilium
ventral: pectin of the pubis
What are the boundaries of the pelvic outlet?
dorsal: first caudal vertebrae
lateral: sacrotuberous ligament
ventral: ischiatic arch
What major tuberosities are used as landmarks?
tuber coxae, tuber sacrale, ishiatic tuberosity
What is the function of ligament of the femoral head, how does it effect motion?
It anchors the head of the femur in the acetabulum of the os coxae; internal ligament
It is the only ligament on the head of the femur because if there was more than one it would limit the range of motion on the joint
What is the accessory ligament of the head of the femur?
extra ligament of the femoral head in HORSES ONLY
If the hamstrings contract in the horse, what happens to the stifle and hock?
They both flex
What are the muscles of the small pelvic association?
internal obturator, external obturator, gemelli, quadratus femoris
What muscles stabilize the hip joint and how?
SPAM muscles and lateral muscles (gluteal muscles and tensor faciae latae)
These muscle groups counteract each other.
How is the incongruency of the stifle joint compensated?
with menisci
What is the name of the stifle joint?
femorotibial joint
What kind of bone is the patella?
sesamoid
What ligaments stabilize the stifle?
cruciate ligaments, collateral femorotibial ligaments, femororpatellar ligaments, patellar ligaments
What is the major flexor of the hip?
Quadriceps
Where does the quadriceps femoris attach and what are its parts?
femur, ilium, tibia via the patella
rectus femoris, vastus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
What happens if the quadriceps femoris?
the animal will not be able to sustain its weight on that leg
What are the borders of the femoral triangle and why is this clinically relevant?
base: abdominal wall and inguinal ligament
cranial: caudal belly of the sartorius
caudal: pectineus
Femoral artery cannot be severed during surgery, the artery is elastic and will spring back when cut.
What are the hamstring muscles?
semimembranous, semitendinous, and biceps femoris
What articulation provides the most range of motion in the tarsal joint?
where the trochlea articulates with tibia
What are the two major components of the tarsal joint?
talus and calcaneus
How many joints make up the tarsal joint?
4
Which joint within the tarsal joint provides the most movement?
tarsocrucal joint - cochlea of tibia and trochlea of the talus
Which joints are extended/ flexed when an animal is bearing weight on the pelvic limb?
The hip, stifle, and tarsus are ALL extended
What holds the femur in place?
ligament of the femoral head and transverse acetabular ligament
What is the most common orthopedic disease in large breed dogs and how does it occur?
hip dysplasia, poor formation of the hip joint, mal-articulation, and DJD (degenerative joint disease)
How many joints make up the synovial capsule of the stifle? Which ones communicate in the dog? Where are they?
3; all communicate; two between the femoral and tibial condyles and the last beneath the patella
Where are the mensici located?
On either side of the stifle joint between femoral and tibial condyles
What ligaments secure the menisci to the bone?
meniscofemoral ligaments
What meniscus has less room for movement and why? What is the consequence of this?
medial meniscus- it has an attachment that the lateral has lost and therefore less room for movement and can be damaged more easily
What four ligaments join the femur to the bones of the leg? Where are they?
medial collateral ligament: between the femoral epicondyle and the proximal tibia
lateral collateral ligament: between the femoral epicondyle and the fibular head
Cranial cruciate ligaments: lateral condyle of the femur to cranial aspect of the tibia
caudal cruciate ligament: runs at a right angle to cranial one and attahes far back on the tibia
How are the cruciate ligaments named?
they are named from where they INSERT on the TIBIA
What is the function of the collatoral and cruciate ligaments?
they limit medial rotation of the tibia on the femur
What is the most common cause of rear limb lameness in the dog? How does it happen?
CCL- cranial cruciate tear
Sudden rotation of the limb when weight bearing
What is cranial drawer sign?
Forward movement of tibia indicating the rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament
What tendon is the patella interposed with?
quadriceps
How is the patella held in place?
femoral fascia, and the medial and lateral femoropatellar ligaments
Where does the patellar ligament extend from, what muscle is it associated with, and what surface does it glide over?
extends from the patella to the tibial tuberosity
distal end of the tendon of insertion of the quadriceps
glides over the trochlea of the femur
Is patella luxation usually medial or lateral?
medial
What are the ligaments of the tarsal joint and what bones are they associated with?
medial and lateral collateral ligaments from the tibia and fibula to the metatarsal bones
Where does the calcaneon tendon attach?
tuber calcanei
What are the muscles of the calcanean tendon?
gastrocnemius, SDF, biceps femoris, semitendinous, gracilis
What muscle crosses the gastrocnemius? Medially or laterally?
SDF; medially
What are the symptoms of a partial calcanean tear?
dropped hock, curled toe, gastroc tear only
What are the symptoms of a complete calcanean tear?
flat-footed, hock on the ground - all 5 tendons ruptured
What are the components of the stay apparatus in the pelvic limb?
patellar locking mechanism, reciprocal apparatus, and suspensory apparatus
Which trochlear ridge foes the patella engage over?
medial trochlear ridge
What makes the locking loop in the patellar locking mechanism?
medial and intermediate patellar ligaments
How does the reciprocal apparatus affect the flexion and extension of the joints?
It causes the stifle and hock to flex and extend together
What are the cranial and caudal parts of the reciprocal apparatus?
cranial: peroneus tertius
caudal: SDF and fibrous component of the gastrocnemius
What are the components of the suspensory apparatus?
interosseous ligament (suspensory ligament), extensorr branches, and check ligaments
What is the purpose of the suspensory apparatus?
Suspend the fetlock off the ground; counteract hyperextension
What are the check/accessory ligaments of the suspensory apparatus?
SDF and DDF
What is the accessory ligament of the femoral head an extension of?
the pre-pubic tendon
What increases the torque of gluteal muscles in ungulates?
the greater trochanter rises above the femoral head in ungulates
How does the third trochanter differ across species?
prominent in the horse, absent in ruminants
Why is the medial malleolus significant and in what species?
Significant landmark on the live horse and radiographs
How does the lateral malleolus differ across species?
found on the tibia of the horse, but fibula of ruminants and carnivores
How does the fibula differ across species?
dog: completely separate bone
ruminants: fibula fused with tibia
horse: fibula fused but obvious proximally and fades mid-shaft
What bones are fused in the tarsus of the equine?
carpals 1 and 2
What bones are fused in the tarsus of the ox?
carpals 2 and 3
central tarsal bone and carpal 4
metatarsal III and IV
What muscle is intimately associated with the peroneous tertius?
cranial tibial m
Why is the cunean tendon clincally important?
palpable reference point of the distal intertarsal joint
this tendon can be cut to reduce stress on arthritis of the distal hock joints
How many heads does the DDF have?
3
Which joints communicate in the tibiotarsal joint of the horse?
proximal intertarsal joint
distal intertarsal joint
tarsometatarsal joint
always, sometimes, never!
What crosses over the sustentaculum tali and over which portion of it?
lateral head of the DDF crosses the plantar aspect of the hock over the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus
Why do cows have a square butt?
origins at the tuber ischia “pin bone”
Why do horses have a round butt?
origin at the tuber ischii and vertebral bodies of the sacrum
hamstrings!
intramuscular injection site –> semimembranous
What is the trochanteric bursa?
between cranial part of the greater trochanter and middle gluteal
What is the most superficial in the equine crus?
LDE
What is the vertebral formula for the canine/feline?
C&-T13-L7-S3
What is the vertebral formula for equine?
C7-T18-L6-S5
What is the vertebral formula for ox?
C7-T13-L6-S5
What is the atlas and what is special about it?
C1
contains a lateral vertebral foramina where the first cervical spinal cord exits
articulates with occipital condyles
contains the fovea dentis (fovea of the dens)
What is the axis and what is special about it?
C2
elongated dorsal spinous process
dens
What is the dens?
peg-like eminence of C2
sits in the fovea of the dens in C1
Describe the ribs in terms of cartilage / bone.
1-9 “true ribs” vertebrosternal
10-12 bone/cartilage- vertebrocartaginous
13- floating ribs vertebral
How do the ribs articulate?
heads of 1-10 articulate with cranial costal fovea of same vertebrae and caudal costal fovea of preceding vertebrae
Heads of 11-13 will articulate with same vertebrae
What does the tubercle of each rib articulate with?
transverse fovea of the same vertebrae
What is the manubrium?
first sternebra, longer than the rest
What is the xyphoid process?
last sternebra, short and flat, cartilage projecting caudally
Where do you do CSF sampling?
atlanto-occipital joint
What is the atlanto-occipital joint? What is the common name for it?
between altas and occipital condyles
“yes” joint
Where is the lateral ligament?
in the atlanto-occipital joint
What is the atlanto-axial joint? What is it commonly called?
between axis and atlas
“no” joint
What ligaments are associated with the atlanto-axial joint?
apical: dens to skull
alar: dens to occipital bone
transverse atlantal: connects one side of the ventral arch to the other, hold dens agaisnt ventral arch (corsses dorsal to dens)
Describe the nuchal ligament.
Double ligament (paired) Yellow elasic fibers T1 to C2 (spinous process) of the dog
Which species do not have the nuchal ligament?
cat or pig
How is the nuchal ligament different in large animals?
nuchal ligament goes to the nuchal crest on the skull
What is the supraspinous ligament?
continuation of nuchal ligament
What is the ventral longitudinal ligament?
on ventral surface of the bodies of vertebrae
axis to sacrum
What is the dorsal longitudinal ligament?
dorsal surface of the bodies of the vertebrae
dens to caudal vertebrae
What are the intervertebral discs composed of?
anulus fibrous: outer fibrous ring
nucleus pulposus: gelatinous center
What is the purpose of the intervertebral discs?
stress absorber
What are interspinous ligaments?
connect adjacent vertebral spines
What are yellow ligaments?
between the arches of adjacent vertebrae
epidural space lies ventral to these ligaments; “pop” from epidural
What space is used for epidurals?
sacrocaudal (sacroccygeal) space; lumbosacral
What are intercapital ligaments?
head of the rib to the head on the other side
