Small Animal Abdomen- Final Exam Material Flashcards
What are the paired arterial branches of the abdominal aorta?
Lumbar aa., phrenicoabdominal aa. split into caudal and cranial phrenic aa., renal aa., testicular or ovarian aa., and the deep circumflex aa.
What are the unpaired arterial brancheds of the abdominal aorta?
Celiac a., cranial mesenteric a., and the caudal mesenteric a.
What arteries supply the following quadrants?
a. Caudodorsal?
b. Craniodorsal?
c. Caudoventral?
d. Cranioventral?
a. Caudodorsal? Deep circumflex iliac a.
b. Craniodorsal? Phrenicoabdominal a.
c. Caudoventral? Caudal epigastric a. and caudal superficial epigastic a.
d. Cranioventral? Cranial epigastric a. and cranial superficial epigastric a.
Describe the cranial blood supply to the mammae
internal thoracic a. to cranial epigastric a. to cranial superficial epigastric a.
Describe the caudal blood supply to the mammae
External pudendal a. to caudal superficial epigastric a.
What artery supplies the liver?
Hepatic a.
What artery supplies the spleen?
Splenic a.
What supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach?
Left and right gastric aa.
Where do the left and right gastric aa. come from?
The left gastric a. comes from the celiac a. and the right gastric a. comes from the hepatic a
What arteries supply the greater curvature?
The left and right gastroepiploic aa. AND the short gastic brr.
Where do the branches of the short gastric come from?
The splenic a.
What supplies the pancreas and duodenum?
The cranial and caudal pancreticoduodenal aa.
What arteries supply the jejum?
The jejunal arteries/branches
What arteries supply the ileum?
The ileal arteries (mesenteric) and antimesenteric ileal a.
What arteries supply the cecum?
The cecal aa.
What arteries supply the ascending colon?
The colic br. of the ileocolic a. and right colic a.
What arteries supply the descending colon?
The left colic a. (and middle colic a.)
What arteries supply the cranial part of the rectum?
The cranial rectal a.
Where do veins from paired organs drain?
The caudal vena cava
Where do veins from unpaired organs (digestive) drain?
The hepatic portal vein
Where are jejunal lymph nodes found?
In the root of the mesentery
Where do the lymphatic vessels of the abdomen drain?
Into the cisterna chyli which is continued by the thoracic duct
What nerves supply innervation to the walls of the abdominal cavity?
Ventral branches of spinal nerves T13-L5
What are the names of the following spinal nerves?
a. T13?
b. L1?
c. L2?
d. L3?
e. L4 (/L3)?
a. T13? Costoabdominal nerve
b. L1? Cranial iliohypogastric
c. L2? Caudal iliohypogastric
d. L3? Ilioinguinal
e. L4 (/L3)? Lateral cutaneous femoral
What are the differences between abdominal innervation in the large animal versus small animal?
Costoabdominal is T13 in the dog and ox but is T18 in the horse
There are no caudal and cranial iliohypogastric nerves in the large animal, L1 is iliohypogastric and L2/L3 is ilioinguinal.
What are the borders of the abdominal cavity?
Cranial border – diaphragm
Caudal border – pelvic inlet
Dorsal border – vertebrae, sublumbar muscles, crura of diaphragm
Lateral:
▪ Intrathoracic = ribs and costal arch, intercostal mm.
▪ Extrathoracic = muscles of the abdominal wall
Ventral = rectus abdominis m.
What are mesenteries?
double-layers of peritoneum that connect the viscera to the dorsal and ventral body walls.
What are the dorsal mesenteries?
Dorsal mesenteries are extensions from the dorsal body wall.
Greater omentum contains gastrosplenic ligament
Mesoduodenum contains duodenocolic fold
The mesentery consists of Mesojejunum and Mesoileum.
Mesocolon
Mesorectum
Lateral ligaments of the urinary bladder
What are the ventral mesenteries?
Falciform ligament
Lesser omentum
Median ligament of the urinary bladder
What ligament contains remnants of the umbilical arteries?
round ligaments of the bladder
What ligament contains remnants of the umbilical vein?
round ligament of the liver / Falciform ligament
What are the leaves of the greater omentum and what do they enclose?
The greater omentum has superficial and deep leaves and these enclose a space called the omental bursa.
What makes up the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
What makes up the large intestine?
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon
What are the immune, endocrine, urinary, and reproductive contents of the abdomen?
▪ Immune organs: spleen
▪ Endocrine organs: adrenal glands, pancreas
▪ Urinary organs: kidneys, ureters, bladder
▪ Reproductive organs: ovaries, uterus
What is gastric dilation-volvulus?
A condition in dogs, consisting of excessive dilation of the stomach followed by the twisting of the stomach around its longitudinal axis.
Usually seen in large, deep-chested breeds
Where does the root of the mesentery attach?
abdominal wall near the second lumbar vertebra
What are all the parts of the duodendum? Tell me a bit about them too if you’re feeling like a smarty pants.
Cranial duodenal flexure and descending duodenum on right side
Caudal duodenal flexure (Caudal to the root of the mesentery)
Ascending duodenum: Connected to the colon by the duodenocolic fold
Duodenojejunal flexure is the junction
between the duodenum and the jejunum found to the left of the root of the mesentery
How is the jejunum suspended and what part of the abdomen are they in?
Multiple coils that occupy the ventral aspect of the abdomen
Suspended within the mesojejunum of the mesentery
The ileum opens into what through the what?
The ileum opens into the ascending colon through the ileocolic orifice.
All species have an ileocecal orifice. True or false?
False; there is no ileocecal orifice in the dog
The cecum opens into what via the what?
The cecum opens into the ascending colon via the cecocolic orifice
What connects the descending colon and the duodenum?
The duodenocolic fold
What connects the cecum and the ileum?
The ileocecal fold
What are the lobes of the liver?
Left lateral, left medial, quadrate, right medial, right lateral, caudate (caudate process and papillary process)
Where is the porta of the liver located?
between the caudate and papillary processes of the caudate lobe of the liver
Where is the gall bladder located?
between right medial and quadrate lobes of zee liver
What is the function of the gallbladder?
It stores bile created by the liver
Where does the bile duct open? What is the bile duct a union of?
union of hepatic and cystic ducts
opens at the major duodenal papilla
What ducts open at the major and minor duodenal papilla?
major: bile duct and pancreatic duct
minor: accessory pancreatic duct
What is the function of the pancreas? What is it divided into?
Has a body and two lobes and has both exocrine and endocrine functions
Why are kidneys retroperitoneal?
Because they are not completely enveloped by peritoneum, but are covered by peritoneum (parietal) on one side only
What is a floating kidney? Is it normal?
In some dogs, usually large breed, the left kidney is pendulous, or floating. This is the normal condition in the cat.
What are the external features of the kidneys? They aren’t very exciting.
Cranial and caudal poles
Hilus- indentation on the medial border that defines a space
o The renal sinus is where the renal a., v., and ureter are located
What are the internal features of the kidneys?
renal cortex, medulla, hilus, sinus, and pelvis
What nerves innervate the walls of the abdominal cavity?
Ventral branches of spinal nerves T13-L5
Due to their close affiliation, the celiac ganglion and the cranial mesenteric ganglion are often “grouped together” and referenced as the what? What ganglia is this?
celiacomesenteric ganglion and plexus; this is a pre-vertebral ganglion
Splanchnic nerves distribute __________to ________.
Splanchnic nerves distribute pre-ganglionic SNS axons to pre-vertebral ganglia.
