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Black- Gross Anatomy I > General Osteology, Arthrology, and Myology > Flashcards

General Osteology, Arthrology, and Myology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 primary functions of bones?

A

support, movement, protection, growth, storage of minerals (Ca and P), storage of fat (yellow marrow cavities), blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) (red marrow cavities)

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2
Q

What is osteology?

A

the study of bones

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3
Q

How is the skeleton divided?

A

Appendicular (bones of the appendages) and axial skeleton (bones of the axis of the body: skull, thorax, vertebral column)

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4
Q

What are the five categories of bones?

A

long, short, sesamoid, flat, irregular

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5
Q

What is the dominating characteristic of long bones?

A

length

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6
Q

Where are long bones located?

A

In the appendages

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7
Q

How many ossification centers do long bones have?

A

At least 3 (2 growth plates or more)

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8
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

long, straight bone shaft that contains medullary cavity

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9
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

located inside the diaphysis, contains bone marrow, reduces weight of bone

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10
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

end regions of bone

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11
Q

What are the sections of long bones

A

diaphysis, medullary cavity, epiphysis, metaphysis, and metaphyseal growth plate

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12
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

region of bone lying between epiphysis and diaphysis

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13
Q

What is the metaphyseal growth plate?

A

located between epiphyses and diaphysis in young animals; comprised of cartilage cells

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14
Q

Why are growth plates clinically relevant?

A

They are often a primary site for infection, metastasis, fractures, and the effects of endocrine bone disorders.

They can cause genetic conditions such as chondrodystrophy, achondroplasia, and result in dwarfism

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15
Q

Where are short bones located?

A

carpal bones, sesamoid bones

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16
Q

How many ossification centers do short bones have?

A

One (no growth plates)

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17
Q

Describe the shape of short bones.

A

Approximate equal dimensions, cube shaped

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18
Q

What are the 3 purposes of sesamoid bones?

A

eliminate tendon shear, redirect lines of force, increase torque of joint

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19
Q

What type of bone is the patella?

A

sesamoid

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20
Q

Sesamoid bones are a subcategory of _______ bones.

A

Short

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21
Q

Describe sesamoid bones.

A

Seed-like bones embedded in muscle tendons

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22
Q

What are the purposes of flat bones?

A

protection or large muscle attachment area

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23
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

A

scapula, bones of the skull

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24
Q

Where are irregular bones found?

A

vertebrae

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25
Q

Irregular bones are a subcategory of _________ bones.

A

Short

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26
Q

Name some examples of protrusions on articular surfaces and non-articular surfaces.

A

articular - head, condyle, trochlea

non- articular - process, tuberosity, spine, crest

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27
Q

Name some examples of depressions/openings on articular surfaces and non-articular surfaces.

A

articular - glenoid cavity, acetabulum, cochlea

non- articular - fossa, fovea, foramen

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28
Q

What is Wolff’s Law?

A

Bony prominences will vary to some extent because bones are alive too. Normal bone remodels in response to stress placed upon it.

If a load on a particular area increases, the bone will remodel to become stronger to resist those forces (weight gain and muscle building)

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29
Q

The point of the shoulder and the point of the elbow are examples of what in applied anatomy?

A

Palpable or visual landmarks

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30
Q

How can normal bony landmarks and fractures/other pathology be differentiated?

A

radiographs

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31
Q

What is arthrology?

A

the study of structure and function of joints

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32
Q

What is a joint?

A

The point of contact, or articulation, between two or more bones/cartilages

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33
Q

Are all joints movable?

A

No

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34
Q

What is the purpose of a joint?

A

to provide support and movement to the skeleton

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35
Q

What are the two main classifications of joints?

A

functional and structural

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36
Q

What are the three types of functional joints? Are they movable? Give brief description.

A

synarthroses- immovable, most refer to fibrous joints

amphiarthroses- semimovable, most refer to cartilaginous joints

diarthroses- freely movable joints, synovial joints

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37
Q

What are the three types of structural joints? Give brief description.

A

fibrous- strong fibrous CT between articulatig bones; bones can even fuse

cartilaginous- cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartilage) between articulating bones; limited movement

synovial- joint cavity between articulating bones lined with synovial membrane

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38
Q

What is synostosis?

A

bones can fuse into a bony joint (associated with fibrous joint)

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39
Q

All synovial joints are ______.

A

Diarthroses joints

40
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joint types?

A

suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis

41
Q

What are suture joints?

A

fibrous joint, seams (interdigitation) of the bones of the skull

42
Q

What is interdigitation?

A

Seams in bone

43
Q

What joint is gradually eliminated via ossification and why?

A

suture joint, result of synostosis

44
Q

What are gomphosis joints?

A

fibrous joint, tooth in alveolus united by periodontal ligament; technically not a classic joint because teeth are technically not considered bones

45
Q

What are syndesmosis joints?

A

bones joined by interosseous ligaments (radius/ ulna, tibia/fibula)

46
Q

How would you describe the connective tissue of a fibrous joint?

A

connecting medium = dense irregular connective tissue

47
Q

What are two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

synchondrosis, symphysis

48
Q

How would you describe the connective tissue of a cartilaginous joint?

A

connecting medium = hyaline or fibrocartilage

49
Q

What are synchondrosis joints?

A

hyaline cartilage union

50
Q

What are examples of synchondrosis joints?

A

coastal cartilages connecting ribs to sternum, growth plates

51
Q

What are symphysis joints?

A

occur in the midline of the body where articulatig bones are connected via a flat disc of fibrocartilage

52
Q

What are examples of symphysis joints?

A

pelvic symphysis, intevertebral discs

53
Q

Which joint is freely movable?

A

Diarthrotic joints

54
Q

Which bone surfaces are enclosed in a fluid-filled cavity?

A

articulating surfaces

55
Q

How are fluid-filled cavities around articulating joints defined?

A

By a multilayered joint capsule

56
Q

How many compartments are in a single joint capsule?

A

May have multiple

57
Q

What covers bony articulating surfaces?

A

articular (hyaline) cartilage

58
Q

What does a joint capsule consist of?

A

outer fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane

59
Q

Describe the outer fibrous layer.

A

It blends with the periosteum and is thickened in some joints to form ligaments

60
Q

What is the role of synoviocytes and where are they located?

A

Produce synovial fluid for lubrication and nutrition of the bone surfaces, found in inner synovial membrane

61
Q

Is the innter synovial membrane vascularized? Does it have nerves?

A

Vascular with nerves

62
Q

What is the purpose of intra-articular injections?

A

anesthetics for lameness evaluations; treatment for osteoarthritis

63
Q

Are intra-articular injections only given in horses?

A

No, can be done in canine joints as well

64
Q

What are the two accessory structures of the synovial joints?

A

meniscus/ menisci and ligaments

65
Q

What cartilage makes up the meniscus and where is it located?

A

fibrocartilage located within the synovial cavity

66
Q

What joints can menisci be found?

A

temporomandibular joint, stifle joint

67
Q

What are two types of ligaments and where are they located?

A

extracapsular - located outside of the joint capsule

intracapsular - occur within the joint capsule, but are excluded from the synovial cavity by folds of the synovial membrane; not technically within the joint itself, but it does appear to be so

68
Q

How can synovial joints be classified?

A

by number of articulating bones, how well the bones fit together, by shape and permitted motions

69
Q

How are synovial joints classified by number of articulating bones?

A

simple joint: formed by two bones

compound joint: formed by two or more bones

70
Q

How can synovial joints be classified by how well they fit together?

A

congruent joint: two articular surfaces fit each other

incongruent joint: two articular surfaces do not fit each other

71
Q

Name the types of movement in a synovial joints.

A

gliding/translation motion and angular motion

72
Q

What are the different types of angular motion?

A

flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation, pronation/supination

73
Q

flexion

A

decreasing angle between bones

74
Q

extension

A

increasing angle between bones to approximate 180 degrees

75
Q

hyperextension

A

increasing angle past anatomical position of 180 degrees

76
Q

abduction

A

moving away from median plane

77
Q

adduction

A

moving towards median plane

78
Q

circumduction

A

movement circumscribing a cone shape

79
Q

rotation

A

medial or lateral

80
Q

What are the 7 different motions in regards to shape and motion? Describe them briefly.

A

plane: permits gliding
hinge: flexion & extension/hyperextension only
spheroidal (ball & socket): permits rotation and other movements
pivot: permits rotation around the longitudinal axis of a bone
condylar: flexion & extension/hyperextension mostly, some rotation, gliding allowed
ellipsoidal: flexion & extension/hyperextension mostly, some rotation
saddle: flexion & extension/hyperextension mostly, some abduction & adduction, rotation permitted

81
Q

What is the tradeoff in extracapsular ligments?

A

Trade off range of movement for stability

82
Q

What is myology?

A

the study of muscles

83
Q

What is the locomotor system?

A

bones and joints (passive) and muscles (active)

84
Q

What is the tendon of origin?

A

proximal attachment, usually fixed point of muscle attachment

85
Q

What is the tendon of insertion?

A

distal attachment, usually movable point of muscle attachment

86
Q

What is aponeurosis?

A

a sheet-like tendon; allows muscle to have a broader attachment

87
Q

What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?

A

Tendons attach muscle to bone (or skin or another muscle)

Ligaments attach bone to bone

88
Q

What are the 6 accessory structures to muscles?

A 
sesmoid bones
synovial bursa/bursae
synovial tendon sheath
fasciae and fascial planes
superficial fascia
deep fascia
89
Q

What is superficial fascia?

A

loose CT

90
Q

What is a synovial bursa?

A

synovial fluid-filled bag often positioned between a tendon and a bony process; can be subcutaneous, subtendinous, or intertendinous

91
Q

What is a synovial tendon sheath?

A

synovial fluid-filled sacs that surround muscle tendons

92
Q

What are fascial planes?

A

deep fascia septa (walls) that separate muscles groups/layers; allow muscle groups to functions as units

93
Q

What is deep fascia?

A

dense collagenous connective tissue from which some muscles may originate or insert; attaches to bone

94
Q

Why is it important to know muscle action>

A

diagnose lameness, gait analysis

95
Q

What is gait analysis?

A

investigation of lameness, with swing and stance phases

96
Q

In what way can some muscle actions be contradictory?

A

Contradictory actions on a given joint are dependent on weight bearing vs non weight bearing.

97
Q

How are the origin and insertion interchangeable for some muscles?

A

Interchangeable depending on weight bearing vs non weight bearing

Black- Gross Anatomy I (12 decks)

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