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CPR > Thoracic cardiology > Flashcards

Thoracic cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

what does the right side of the heart do?

A

receivess blood from SVC and IVC

pumps it to lung for oxygenation

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2
Q

what does the left side of the heart do?

A

recieves blood from lungs

pumps it to body

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3
Q

describe the flow of systemic circulation

A

left atrium past bicuspid to left ventricle

out of heart past aortic valve into aorta

through arteries, then capillaries

through venous system

back to heart via IVC and SVC

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4
Q

describe the flow of pulmonary circulation

A

from SVC and IVC into right atrium past tricuspid valve

into right ventricle out of heart

past pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk

through lungs back into heart via pulmonary veins

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5
Q

what are the layers of the heart

A

epicardium (outermost)

myocardium

endocardium

fibrous skeleton of heart

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6
Q

what is epicardium made up of?

A

visceral serous pericardium

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7
Q

what is myocardium made up of?

A

overlapping layer of muscles

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8
Q

what does a MI come from? what happens?

A

due to blockage of coronary artery, coronary atherosclerosis, buildup of lipids in coronary arteries

size of coronary arteries is reduced, increasing likelihood of embolism

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9
Q

what is angina pectoris?

A

pain that comes from heart, strangling pain in chest

due to narrow or obstructed coronary arteries which causes ischemia

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10
Q

what is the endocardium?

A

thin internal endothelial and subendothelial layer that lines inside of heart chambers

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11
Q

what is the fibroskeleton of heart?

A

attachment points of myocardium

attachment points of cuspid valves

supports AV and semilunar orifices

insulated barrier between atria and ventricles

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12
Q

what makes up the apex of the heart?

A

left ventricle

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13
Q

what makes up the base of the heart?

A

left atrium

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14
Q

what are the 3 surfaces of the heart, what makes them up?

A

sternocostal (right ventricle)

diaphragmatic (right and left ventricles)

pulmonary( right atrium and left ventricle)

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15
Q

what make up the borders of the heart?

A

right (right atrium)

inferior (right ventricle)

left (left ventricle)

superior (right and left atria, exit point for aorta, pulmonary trunk)

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16
Q

what does the right atrioventricular groove transmit?

A

right coronary artery

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17
Q

what does the left atrioventricular groove transmit?

A

coronary sinus

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18
Q

what does the anterior atrioventricular groove transmit?

A

anterior interventricular a and great cardiac v

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19
Q

what does the posterior atrioventricular groove transmit?

A

posterior interventricular a and middle cardiac v

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20
Q

what does the sulcus terminalis correspond to?

A

internal crista terminalis

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21
Q

what is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

remnant of ductus arteriosus

communication between superior pulmonary trunk and inferior arch of aorta

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22
Q

what wraps arounf aortic arch and ligamentum arteriosum before going to larunx?

A

left recurrent laryngeal n

and

vagus n

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23
Q

what are the internal features of right atrium?

A

sinus venarum

pectinate muscles

crista terminalis

interatrial septum

opening for coronary sinus

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24
Q

what is sinus venarum?

A

posterior, thin

where venae cavae and coronary sinus empty

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25
Q

what is the pectinate muscles

A

anterior, rough

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26
Q

what is crista terminalis?

A

separates smooth and rough regions of right atrium

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27
Q

what is contained in interatrial septum?

A

fossa ovalis

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28
Q

what is a septal defect in adults?

A

incomplete closure of foramen ovale

can cause oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood to mix

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29
Q

what occludes the right atrioventricular orrifice?

A

tricuspid valve

30
Q

what are the three cusps of the tricuspid valve, what do they attach to?

A

anterior, posterior ,septal

attach to corresponding papillary m via chorda tendinae

31
Q

what are the main landmarks of the right ventricle?

A

tricuspid valve

trabeculae carnae

conus arteriosus

pulmonary valve

32
Q

trabeculae carnae contains what?

A

septomarginal trabeculum , which goes from intervenricular septum to base of anterior papillary m

33
Q

what does septomarginal trabculum do?

A

transmits right bundle branch of AV bundle to anterior papillary m

34
Q

what does the conus arteriosus do?

A

leads from right ventricle into pulmonary trunk

35
Q

what makes up the pulmonary valve? what does it seperate

A

right, left, anterior cusp, seperates right ventricle from pulmonary trunk

36
Q

what is a pulmonary sinus?

A

between pulmonary trunk and cusp of pulmonary valve

37
Q

what is cardiac catherization?

A

insert a catheter into femoral vein, pased up IVC to visualie right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk and arteries

38
Q

what does the left atrium contain?

how is it different from right atrium?

A

left auricle, which contains pectinate m

openings for pulmonary vein

interatrial septum

thicker than right

39
Q

what does the eft atrioventricular orifice contain?

A

bicuspid valve

40
Q

how is the left ventricle different from right ventricle?

A

thicker

41
Q

what does the left ventricle contain?

A

bicuspid valve

trabecula carnae

aortic vestibule

IV septum

Aortic valve

42
Q

what are the cusps of the mitral valve?

A

anterior and posterior cusp

43
Q

where does the aortic vestibule lead?

A

left ventricle to aorta

44
Q

what does the inerventricular septum contain?

A

has atrioventricular bundle

right and left bundle branches

subendocardial branches

membranous and muscular(larger) parts

45
Q

why are ventricular septal defects relevant?

A

divergent tissues make up interventricular septum, more susceptible to defects

mix oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood

46
Q

what makes up aortic valve?

what does it do?

A

left, right and posterior cusps

separates left ventricle from ascending aorta

47
Q

what does the conducting system of the heart consist of ?

A

cardiac muscle cells, conducting fibers, bundles of nodal tissue that coordinates cardiac cycle

48
Q

what are aortic sinuses?

A

between wall of ascending aorta and cusps of aortic valve

house openings of right and left coronary artery

49
Q

what happens at the beginning of diastole?

A

closure of aortic and pulmonary valvs due to drop in pressure in ventrivles

50
Q

what happens during early diastole?

A

AV valves open, flooding ventricles with blood

51
Q

what happens during diastole?

A

atrial contraction takes place, blood sent to ventricles

52
Q

what happens at the beginning of systole?

A

AV valves close due to increased pressure in ventricles

53
Q

what happens at early systole?

A

ventricles contract, increasing pressure, opening aortic and pulmonary valves

54
Q

what happens during systole?

A

ventricular contraction, expulsion of blood into ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

55
Q

where is SA node located, what does it do?

A

in myocardium, SVC meets right atrium, small bundle of muscle fivers that initiate and regulate impulses

propgate through atrial walls

“PACEMAKER OF HEART”
“MAKES DIASTOLE”

56
Q

where is AV node located, what does it do?

A

located in interatrial septum near opening of coronary sinus

receives impulse from SA node, sends to ventricles

57
Q

what does the atrioventricular bundle do?

A

distributes impulse from AV node to right and left AV bundles, which send to subendocardial branches

58
Q

what does the subendocardial branches do?

A

distribute signal from AV bundles to IV septum, then to papillary muscles, then to ventricular wall

“purkinje fibers”

59
Q

what does artifical cardiac pacemaker do?

A

provides electric impulse that is carried to ventricles via electrodes that are inserted to SVC into right atrium, past tricuspid valve

into endocardium of trabecula carnae of right ventricle

60
Q

what is atrial fibrillation?

A

irregular twitching of atrial cardiac muscle, ventricles respond,

circulation is fine

61
Q

what is ventricular fibrillation?

A

irregular twitching of ventricles that make heart unable to pump blood

defibrillation can be done to restart heart

62
Q

what is cardiac referred pain?

A

ischemia that stimulate viceral pain sensory fibers in heart

share ganglion with somatic sensory fibers of upper limb or superior lateral chest wall

referred angina pain by left medial brachial cutaneous nerve

63
Q

where is cardiac referred pain felt mostly?

A

left substernal area, left pectoral area, medial aspect of left upper limb

64
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium?

A

serous

fibrous

oblique

transverse pericardial sinus

65
Q

what are the parts of the serous pericardium?

explain them

A

parietal: adheres to fibrous
visceral: adheres to heart, makes up epicardium?

66
Q

what is so significant about transverse pericardial sinus?

A

traverses origins of great vessels

67
Q

how is transverse pericardial sinus relevant to surgery?

A

cardiac surgeons can access area posterior to aorta and pulmonary trunk to clamp bypass into vessels

68
Q

what is pericarditis?

A

inflammation of pericardium, can calcify, makes pericardium rough

69
Q

what is pericardial effusion?

A

inflammaion of pericardium, accumulation of fluid, which can compress heart

“TAMPONADE”

70
Q

what is pericardiocentesis?

A

drainage of fluid from pericardial sac, releiving cardiac tamponade

CPR (9 decks)

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