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Respiratory embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what does the respiratory system start as?

A

as a median outgrowth,

the laryngotracheal groove

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2
Q

where does primordium of tracheobronchial tree develop?

A

caudal to 4th pharyngeal pouches

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3
Q

where is laryngotracheal groove located?

A

floor of the caudal end of the foregut/primordial pharynx

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4
Q

what does endoderm of laryngotracheal groove form?

A

pulmonary epithelium & glands of larynx, trachea, & bronchi

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5
Q

what does Splanchnic mesoderm form?

A

CT, cartilage, & smooth muscle in these structures –surrounds the foregut

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6
Q

how does lung bud form?

A

Laryngotracheal groove will evaginate

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7
Q

what is the origin of the respiratory tree?

A

respiratory bud

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8
Q

how is respiratory bud formed?

A

Diverticulum elongates & is invested w/ splanchnic mesenchyme

distal end forms bud

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9
Q

what is tracheoesophageal septum, what does it do?

A

divides cranial part of foregut

into

ventral and dorsal

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10
Q

how and when is tracheoesophageal septum formed?

A

week five

from Tracheoesophageal folds

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11
Q

ventral part of foregut forms what?

A

laryngotracheal tube

primordium of larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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12
Q

dorsal part of foregut forms what?

A

primordium of oropharynx, esophagus

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13
Q

where does epithelial lining of larynx come from?

A

endoderm of laryngotracheal tube (cranial end)

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14
Q

where do Cartilages of larynx come from?

A

mesenchyme of 4th& 6thpairs of PAs

from ncc!

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15
Q

explain the process by which laryngeal ventricles form?

A

Mesenchyme produces paired arytenoid swellings •Convert primordial glottis into a T-shaped laryngeal inlet

Laryngeal epithelium proliferates & occludes laryngeal lumen
•Recanalization occurs by 10th week

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16
Q

how are vocal folds (cords) &vestibular folds formed?

A

folds of mucous membrane around laryngeal ventricles

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17
Q

where does Epiglottis develop from, which PA in particular?

A

hypopharyngeal eminence

mesenchyme of the 3-4thPAs

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18
Q

which PA do laryngeal muscles develop from?

A

4th& 6thPAs

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19
Q

what separates respiratory & digestive tracts?

A

Epiglottis in contact w/ soft palate

20
Q

when does laryngeal descent occur?where is it in neonates

A

over the first 2 years

but its high in the neck in neonates

21
Q

what is laryngeal atresia?

A

Rare birth defect, resulting from failure of recanalization of the larynx

CHAOS SYNDROME: Obstruction of the upper fetal airway

Airways become dilated, lungs are enlarged & filled with fluid

Diaphragm flattened or inverted, & there is fetal ascites and/or hydrops

22
Q

how do you treat laryngeal atresia?

A

endoscopic dilation of the laryngeal web

23
Q

how does trachea develop?

A

Laryngotracheal diverticulum → trachea & primary bronchial buds (2)

24
Q

what respiratory structure does endoderm make?

A

tracheal epithelium & glands, & pulmonary epithelium

25
what respiratory structure does splanchnic mesenchyme make?
tracheal cartilages, CT, & muscle
26
what is a tracheoesophageal fistula?
abnormal connection between trachea & esophagus Most common congenital anomaly of the lower respiratory tract Failure of foregut endoderm to proliferate rapidly enough in relation to the rest of the embryo esophageal atresia!!
27
what are the effects of a tracheoesophageal fistula?
Cannot swallow, frequently drool saliva, immediate regurgitation when fed •Gastric & intestinal contents may also reflux through the fistula into the trachea and lungs •Polyhydramnios: excess amniotic fluid •Cannot enter the stomach/intestines for absorption •Not transferred for disposal via the placenta
28
describe steps of lung development:
- respiratory bud develops in 4th week - bud grows ventrocaudally, forms primary bronchail buds - buds grow into pericardioperitoneal canal - in 5th weekprimary bronchail buds form secondary bronchail buds, which form tertiary bronchail buds
29
what is branching pattern in lung endoderm regulated by?
splanchnic mesoderm
30
when and what form bronchopulmonary segments?
7th week segmental bronchi + mesenchyme
31
where does visceral pleura come from?
splanchnic portion of lateral plate mesenchyme
32
where does parietal pleura come from?
somatic portion of lateral plate mesoderm
33
when is pseudoglandular layer? can fetus survive? what is it?
5-17 weeks lungs look like glands lungs are formed, but no gas exchange elements fetus can't survive
34
when is canaliclular layer? can fetus survive? what is it?
16-25 weeks Vascularization happens respiratory bronchioles form Primordial alveolar & sacs present may or may not survive
35
when is terminal sac? can fetus survive? what is it?
24 weeks to birth Numerous alveoli form Thin epithelium w/increased vascularization type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes form gas exchange can occur, fetus can survive
36
when is alveolar stage can fetus survive? what is it?
32wks -8yrs * Alveolocapillarymembrane * Primitive alveoli * Form more primitive alveoli * Mature alveoli
37
when are most alveoli formed?
postnatally up until 8 years of age
38
why is splanchnic mesoderm imporant for bronchi development?
Form: 1. Cartilaginous plates (bronchial) 2. Bronchial smooth muscle & connective tissue 3. Pulmonary connective tissue & capillaries are also derived from this tissue
39
how are fetal breathing movements important for lung development? what is it used to measure?
Intermittent pattern that conditions respiratory muscles Forceful enough to cause aspiration of amniotic fluid & helps to stimulate lung development Used during fetal monitoring & as a predictor of fetal outcome in preterm delivery
40
how is intraalveolar fluid cleared at birth?
1. Released from mouth/nose by pressure on the fetal thorax during vaginal delivery 2. Pulmonary capillaries, arteries, & veins 3. Lymphatics
41
what is pulmonary agenesis and how does it happen?
Unilateral agenesis: complete absence of a lung or a lobe & accompanying bronchi Respiratory bud fails to split into R/L bronchial buds
42
what is Oligohydramnios?
Insufficient amniotic fluid production (<500mL) Typically associated with renal agenesis or failure Severe & chronic oligohydramnios retards lung development
43
what is Pulmonary hypoplasia?
restriction of fetal thorax Decreased hydraulic pressure on the lungs * Affects stretch receptors & lung growth * Risks increases significantly with oligohydramnios
44
what is potter sequence?
atypical physical appearance of a baby due to oligohydramnios experienced when in the uterus. It includes clubbed feet, pulmonary hypoplasia and cranial anomalies related to the oligohydramnios
45
what is Respiratory Distress Syndrome ?
Rapid, labored breathing develops shortly after birth biggest cause of premature death!! sulfactant defiency: lungs are underinflated type II alveolar cells not working!
46
what are the symptoms of RDS?
Tachypnea, nasal flaring Suprasternal, intercostal, or subcostal retractions Grunting & cyanosis
47
what are Congenital Lung Cysts?
Filled with fluid or air Thought to be formed by the dilation of terminal bronchi Disturbance in bronchial development during late fetal life may exhibit wheezing, cyanosis, difficulty breathing

CPR (9 decks)

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