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psychology > Third test on the biological basis of behavior > Flashcards

Third test on the biological basis of behavior Flashcards

1
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell, basic building block of the nervous system

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2
Q

dendrites

A

neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

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3
Q

axon

A

neuron extensions that passes messages through its branches to other neurons

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4
Q

Myelin sheet

A

fatty tissue layer that segmentally encases the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission seed as neural impulses hop from sausage like node to the next

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5
Q

action potential

A

neural impulse; a breif electrical charge that travels

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6
Q

refractory period

A

a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired

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7
Q

threshold

A

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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8
Q

all or non response

A

a neurons reaction of either firing (with a full strength response) or not firing

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9
Q

synapse

A

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. this tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or the synaptic cleft

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10
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap between neurons. these travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse

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11
Q

reuptake

A

a nuerotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron

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12
Q

endorphins

A

natural opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

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13
Q

agonist

A

a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response

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14
Q

antagonist

A

a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits oe blocks a response

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15
Q

nervous system

A

the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

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16
Q

central nervous system (cns)

A

the brain and spinal chord

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17
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

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18
Q

nerves

A

bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

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19
Q

sensory (afferent) neurons

A

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal chord

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20
Q

motor (afferent) neurons

A

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal chord to the muscles and glads

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21
Q

interneurons

A

neurons within the brain and spinal chord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor inputs

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22
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the division of the peripheral nervous system that control’s the body’s skeletal muscles. also call the skeletal muscle system

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23
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

the part of the peripheral nervous system tha controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart(. its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms

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24
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

the division of tha autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

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25
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

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26
Q

sympathetic nervous system does what?

A

arouses

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27
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system does what?

A

calms

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28
Q

endocrine system?

A

the body’s “slow” chemical communication system: a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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29
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues

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30
Q

adrenal glands

A

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that hep arouse the body in times of stress

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31
Q

pituitary gland

A

the endocrine system’s most influential gland , regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

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32
Q

lesion

A

tissue destruction. a brain lesion is a naturally or experimental caused destruction of brain tissue

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33
Q

electroencephalogram

A

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface. these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp

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34
Q

CT (computed tomography)

A

a series of x ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brains structure

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35
Q

PET (positron emission tomography) scan

A

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

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36
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

puts the head in a strong magnetic field which spins the atoms of the brain molecules. Then radio waves are pulsed to momentarily disorient the atoms. When the atoms return, they provided detailed images of the brains soft tissue

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37
Q

fMRI (functional MRI)

A

a technique for revealing blood flow, and therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans

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38
Q

What does fMRI show?

A

brain function as well as its structure

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39
Q

brainstem

A

the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal chord swells as it enters the skull

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40
Q

what is the brainstem responsible for

A

automatic survival functions

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41
Q

Medulla

A

controls heartbeat and breathing, base of the brainstem

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42
Q

Thalamus

A

brain’s sensory control center located on top of the brainstem

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43
Q

what does the thalamus do

A

directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

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44
Q

Reticular Formation

A

a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus

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45
Q

what does the reticular formation play a role in

A

arousal

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46
Q

Cerebellum

A

at the rear of the brainstem, enables nonverbal learning and memory, deals with coordinating movement output and balance, helps you know if you are staring up straight or sitting up straight

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47
Q

Limbic system

A

associated with emotions and drives

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48
Q

what makes up the limbic system

A

hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus

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49
Q

Amygdala

A

linked to emotions, including perceiving emotions and the processing of emotional memories

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50
Q

Hypothalamus

A

directs several activities like eating, drinking, body temperature

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51
Q

hippocampus

A

linked to memory

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52
Q

Corpus callosum

A

connects two hemispheres and helps relay messages to them

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53
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

body’s ultimate control and information processing center

54
Q

Glial Cells

A

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons, may also play a role in learning and thinking

55
Q

frontal lobes

A

involved in speaking and muscle movements as well s making plans and judgements

56
Q

parietal lobes

A

receives sensory information from the visual fields

57
Q

occipital lobes

A

includes areas that receive information from the visual fields

58
Q

temporal lobes

A

includes the auditory areas that receive information primarily from the opposite ear

59
Q

motor cortex

A

area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements

60
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

registers and processes body touch and movement sensations, if you stimulate this tissue u may feel something on the shoulder, you stimulate it on the side you may feel something on the face

61
Q

Association areas

A

areas of the cerebral cortex involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking

62
Q

plasticity

A

brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing damage or by building new pathways based on experience.

63
Q

reversed Cards

nerve cell, basic building block of the nervous system

64
Q

reversed Cards

neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

65
Q

reversed Cards

neuron extensions that passes messages through its branches to other neurons

66
Q

reversed Cards

fatty tissue layer that segmentally encases the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission seed as neural impulses hop from sausage like node to the next

A

Myelin sheet

67
Q

reversed Cards

neural impulse; a breif electrical charge that travels

A

action potential

68
Q

reversed Cards

a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired

A

refractory period

69
Q

reversed Cards

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

70
Q

reversed Cards

a neurons reaction of either firing (with a full strength response) or not firing

A

all or non response

71
Q

reversed Cards

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. this tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or the synaptic cleft

72
Q

reversed Cards

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap between neurons. these travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse

A

neurotransmitters

73
Q

reversed Cards

a nuerotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron

74
Q

reversed Cards

natural opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

A

endorphins

75
Q

reversed Cards

a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response

76
Q

reversed Cards

a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits oe blocks a response

A

antagonist

77
Q

reversed Cards

the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

A

nervous system

78
Q

reversed Cards

the brain and spinal chord

A

central nervous system (cns)

79
Q

reversed Cards

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

A

peripheral nervous system

80
Q

reversed Cards

bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

81
Q

reversed Cards

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal chord

A

sensory (afferent) neurons

82
Q

reversed Cards

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal chord to the muscles and glads

A

motor (afferent) neurons

83
Q

reversed Cards

neurons within the brain and spinal chord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor inputs

A

interneurons

84
Q

reversed Cards

the division of the peripheral nervous system that control’s the body’s skeletal muscles. also call the skeletal muscle system

A

somatic nervous system

85
Q

reversed Cards

the part of the peripheral nervous system tha controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart(. its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

86
Q

reversed Cards

the division of tha autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

A

sympathetic nervous system

87
Q

reversed Cards

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

A

parasympathetic nervous system

88
Q

reversed Cards

arouses

A

sympathetic nervous system does what?

89
Q

reversed Cards

calms

A

Parasympathetic nervous system does what?

90
Q

reversed Cards

the body’s “slow” chemical communication system: a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

A

endocrine system?

91
Q

reversed Cards

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues

92
Q

reversed Cards

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that hep arouse the body in times of stress

A

adrenal glands

93
Q

reversed Cards

the endocrine system’s most influential gland , regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

A

pituitary gland

94
Q

reversed Cards

tissue destruction. a brain lesion is a naturally or experimental caused destruction of brain tissue

95
Q

reversed Cards

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface. these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp

A

electroencephalogram

96
Q

reversed Cards

a series of x ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brains structure

A

CT (computed tomography)

97
Q

reversed Cards

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

A

PET (positron emission tomography) scan

98
Q

reversed Cards

puts the head in a strong magnetic field which spins the atoms of the brain molecules. Then radio waves are pulsed to momentarily disorient the atoms. When the atoms return, they provided detailed images of the brains soft tissue

A

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

99
Q

reversed Cards

a technique for revealing blood flow, and therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans

A

fMRI (functional MRI)

100
Q

reversed Cards

brain function as well as its structure

A

What does fMRI show?

101
Q

reversed Cards

the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal chord swells as it enters the skull

102
Q

reversed Cards

automatic survival functions

A

what is the brainstem responsible for

103
Q

reversed Cards

controls heartbeat and breathing, base of the brainstem

104
Q

reversed Cards

brain’s sensory control center located on top of the brainstem

105
Q

reversed Cards

directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

A

what does the thalamus do

106
Q

reversed Cards

a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus

A

Reticular Formation

107
Q

reversed Cards

arousal

A

what does the reticular formation play a role in

108
Q

reversed Cards

at the rear of the brainstem, enables nonverbal learning and memory, deals with coordinating movement output and balance, helps you know if you are staring up straight or sitting up straight

A

Cerebellum

109
Q

reversed Cards

associated with emotions and drives

A

Limbic system

110
Q

reversed Cards

hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus

A

what makes up the limbic system

111
Q

reversed Cards

linked to emotions, including perceiving emotions and the processing of emotional memories

112
Q

reversed Cards

directs several activities like eating, drinking, body temperature

A

Hypothalamus

113
Q

reversed Cards

linked to memory

A

hippocampus

114
Q

reversed Cards

connects two hemispheres and helps relay messages to them

A

Corpus callosum

115
Q

reversed Cards

body’s ultimate control and information processing center

A

Cerebral cortex

116
Q

reversed Cards

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons, may also play a role in learning and thinking

A

Glial Cells

117
Q

reversed Cards

involved in speaking and muscle movements as well s making plans and judgements

A

frontal lobes

118
Q

reversed Cards

receives sensory information from the visual fields

A

parietal lobes

118
Q

reversed Cards

receives sensory information from the visual fields

A

parietal lobes

119
Q

reversed Cards

includes areas that receive information from the visual fields

A

occipital lobes

120
Q

reversed Cards

includes the auditory areas that receive information primarily from the opposite ear

A

temporal lobes

120
Q

reversed Cards

includes the auditory areas that receive information primarily from the opposite ear

A

temporal lobes

121
Q

reversed Cards

area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements

A

motor cortex

121
Q

reversed Cards

area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements

A

motor cortex

122
Q

reversed Cards

registers and processes body touch and movement sensations, if you stimulate this tissue u may feel something on the shoulder, you stimulate it on the side you may feel something on the face

A

Somatosensory cortex

122
Q

reversed Cards

registers and processes body touch and movement sensations, if you stimulate this tissue u may feel something on the shoulder, you stimulate it on the side you may feel something on the face

A

Somatosensory cortex

123
Q

reversed Cards

areas of the cerebral cortex involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking

A

Association areas

123
Q

reversed Cards

areas of the cerebral cortex involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking

A

Association areas

124
Q

reversed Cards

brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing damage or by building new pathways based on experience.

A

plasticity

124
Q

reversed Cards

brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing damage or by building new pathways based on experience.

A

plasticity

psychology (17 decks)

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