Social psychology test Flashcards
Social psychology
scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
attribution theory
we can attribute the behavior to the person’s stable, enduring traits (disposition) or we can attribute it to the situation ( a situational attribution)
fundamental attribution error
overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situations
attitude
feelings that are often influenced by our beliefs that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues such as a speaker’s attractiveness
central route persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
foot in the door phenomenon
tendency for people who have first agreed to small request to comply later with a larger request
role
set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
cognitive dissonance theory
ex when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard
normative social influence
influence from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval . conform to gain approval
informational social influence
influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other;s opinions about reality willing to accept other’s opinions as new information
automatic mimicry aka….?
chameleon effect
what is automatic mimicry
tendency to unconsciously imitate other’s expressions, postures, and voice tones
social facilitation
improved performance on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others
social loafing
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when poling their efforts toward attain a common goal than when individually accountable.
deindividuation
loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity such as in a riot
group polarization
when the beliefs and attitudes www bring to a group grow stronger as we discuss them with like minded others
groupthink
mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
what is groupthink simply
a group is driven by a desire for harmony within a decision-making group, overriding realistic appraisal of alternatives
culture
behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
norm
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior
prejudice
means “prejudgement”, an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group that is often different in culture, ethnicity, or gender
what three parts make up prejudice
beliefs, emotions, and predispositions
stereotype
generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
discrimination
injustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
difference between prejudice and discrimination?
prejudice is a negative attitude while discrimination is negative actions or behaviors
ingroup
“Us” people with whom we share a common identity
just-world phenomenon
belief of people that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
outgroup
“Them” those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
ingroup bias
tendency to favor our own group
scapegoat theory
theory that rejoice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
examples of scapegoat theory
blaming all muslims including innocent ones for 9/11
other race effect
tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
frustration-aggression principle
principle that frustration can create create anger which can spark aggression
frustration
blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal
social script
cultural provided guide for how to act in various situations
mere exposure effect
phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. ex your in class with someone a lot so you start to like them
passionate love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
companionate love
deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
equity
in a relationship, both people receive in proportion to what they give
self-disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
alturism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
bystander affect
tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process. aim is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
reciprocity norm
expectation that we should return help, not harm those who have helped us
social responsibility norm
an execration that people will help those needing their help
conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
social trap
situation where we harm our collective well-being by pursuing our personal interests
mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive ex. couples fighting
self-fulfilling prophecy
belief that leads to its own fulfillment
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. ex two fighting groups who need to work together to get water
What does GRIT stand for?
graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction
GRIT
a strategy designe to decrease international tensions
what four processes influence peace
contact, cooperation, communication, and conciliation
scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
Social psychology
we can attribute the behavior to the person’s stable, enduring traits (disposition) or we can attribute it to the situation ( a situational attribution)
attribution theory
overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situations
fundamental attribution error
feelings that are often influenced by our beliefs that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events
attitude
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues such as a speaker’s attractiveness
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
central route persuasion
tendency for people who have first agreed to small request to comply later with a larger request
foot in the door phenomenon
set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
role
ex when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
cognitive dissonance theory
adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard
conformity
influence from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval . conform to gain approval
normative social influence
influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other;s opinions about reality willing to accept other’s opinions as new information
informational social influence
chameleon effect
automatic mimicry aka….?
tendency to unconsciously imitate other’s expressions, postures, and voice tones
what is automatic mimicry
improved performance on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others
social facilitation
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when poling their efforts toward attain a common goal than when individually accountable.
social loafing
loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity such as in a riot
deindividuation
when the beliefs and attitudes www bring to a group grow stronger as we discuss them with like minded others
group polarization
mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
groupthink
a group is driven by a desire for harmony within a decision-making group, overriding realistic appraisal of alternatives
what is groupthink simply
behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
culture
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior
norm
means “prejudgement”, an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group that is often different in culture, ethnicity, or gender
prejudice
beliefs, emotions, and predispositions
what three parts make up prejudice
generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
stereotype
injustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
discrimination
prejudice is a negative attitude while discrimination is negative actions or behaviors
difference between prejudice and discrimination?
“Us” people with whom we share a common identity
ingroup
belief of people that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
just-world phenomenon
“Them” those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
outgroup
tendency to favor our own group
ingroup bias
theory that rejoice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
scapegoat theory
blaming all muslims including innocent ones for 9/11
examples of scapegoat theory
tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races
other race effect
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
aggression
principle that frustration can create create anger which can spark aggression
frustration-aggression principle
blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal
frustration
cultural provided guide for how to act in various situations
social script
phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. ex your in class with someone a lot so you start to like them
mere exposure effect
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
passionate love
deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
companionate love
in a relationship, both people receive in proportion to what they give
equity
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
self-disclosure
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
alturism
tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
bystander affect
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process. aim is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
social exchange theory
expectation that we should return help, not harm those who have helped us
reciprocity norm
an execration that people will help those needing their help
social responsibility norm
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
conflict
situation where we harm our collective well-being by pursuing our personal interests
social trap
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive ex. couples fighting
mirror-image perceptions
belief that leads to its own fulfillment
self-fulfilling prophecy
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. ex two fighting groups who need to work together to get water
superordinate goals
graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction
What does GRIT stand for?
a strategy designe to decrease international tensions
GRIT
contact, cooperation, communication, and conciliation
what four processes influence peace
