States Of Consciousness Flashcards
consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person (the subject) responds to another person’s (the hypnotist’s) suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
posthypnotic suggestion
a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
dissociation
a split in the consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
circadian rhythm
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour sleep cycle (ie: of temperature and wakefulness)
REM sleep
rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active
alpha waves
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
sleep
periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
hallucinations
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
delta waves
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
NREM sleep
non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness
insomnia
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
narcolepsy
a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times
sleep apnea
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
night terrors
a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
dream
a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it
manifest content
according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)
latent content
according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)
REM rebound
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)
substance use disorder
continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk
psychoactive drug
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
tolerance
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect
addiction
compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known adverse consequences
withdrawal
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior
depressants
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
what is alcohol use disorder also known as
alcoholism
alcohol use disorder
alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use
barbiturates
drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment
opiates
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
stimulants
drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, Ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
amphetamines
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
nicotine
a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco
cocaine
a powerful and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria
methamphetamine
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
Ecstasy (MDMA)
a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition
hallucinogens
psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
LSD
a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)
near-death experience
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
THC
the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
William James
Coined “stream of consciousness” (continuous, each moment flows into the next)
Ernest Hilgard
Famous researcher who believed hypnosis not only involves social influence but also a special dual-processing state of disassociation For example: patients who plunge their arms into a freezing bucket of ice water disassociate the feeling of pain with the ice water
Sigmund Freud
Proposed that dreams provide a psychic safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable feelings (manifest content is a censored version of latent content)
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
consciousness
a social interaction in which one person (the subject) responds to another person’s (the hypnotist’s) suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
hypnosis
a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
posthypnotic suggestion
a split in the consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
dissociation
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour sleep cycle (ie: of temperature and wakefulness)
circadian rhythm
rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active
REM sleep
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
alpha waves
periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
sleep
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
hallucinations
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
delta waves
non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep
NREM sleep
a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
insomnia
a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times
narcolepsy
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
sleep apnea
a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
night terrors
a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it
dream
according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)
manifest content
according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)
latent content
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)
REM rebound
continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk
substance use disorder
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
psychoactive drug
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect
tolerance
compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known adverse consequences
addiction
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior
withdrawal
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
depressants
alcoholism
what is alcohol use disorder also known as
alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use
alcohol use disorder
drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment
barbiturates
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
opiates
drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, Ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
stimulants
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
amphetamines
a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco
nicotine
a powerful and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria
cocaine
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
methamphetamine
a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition
Ecstasy (MDMA)
psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
hallucinogens
a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)
LSD
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
near-death experience
the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
THC
Coined “stream of consciousness” (continuous, each moment flows into the next)
William James
Famous researcher who believed hypnosis not only involves social influence but also a special dual-processing state of disassociation For example: patients who plunge their arms into a freezing bucket of ice water disassociate the feeling of pain with the ice water
Ernest Hilgard
Proposed that dreams provide a psychic safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable feelings (manifest content is a censored version of latent content)
Sigmund Freud
