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Introduction to Psychology > Thinking, Language, and Intelligence > Flashcards

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

paying attention to information, representing it mentally, reasoning about it, and making judgments and decisions
about it.

A

Thinking

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2
Q

refers to conscious, planned attempts
to make sense of and change the world

A

Thinking

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3
Q

a mental category that
is used to class together objects,
relations, events, abstractions, ideas,
or qualities that have common
properties

A

concept

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4
Q

mental activity involved
in understanding, processing, and
communicating information

A

Cognition

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5
Q

a concept of a
category of objects or events that
serves as a good example of the
category

A

Prototype

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6
Q

A specific example

A

Exemplar

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7
Q

a systematic
procedure for solving a problem that
works invariably when it is correctly
applied

A

Algorithm

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8
Q

an algorithm for solving problems in
which each possible solution is tested
according to a particular set of rules

A

Systematic random search

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9
Q

rules of thumb that helps us simplify and solve problems

A

heuristics

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10
Q

a
heuristic device in which we try to
solve a problem by evaluating the
difference between the current
situation and the goal

A

Means-end analysis

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11
Q

a partial similarity among things that are different in other ways

A

Analogy

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12
Q

sometimes people use shortcuts to “jump to conclusions”—and these are often correct conclusions.

A

Heuristics

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13
Q

the tendency to respond to a new
problem with an approach that was successfully
used with similar problems

A

Mental set

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14
Q

in Gestalt psychology, a sudden
perception of relationships a mong elements of the
mentally represented elements of a problem that
permits its solution

A

Insight

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15
Q

in problem solving, a process that
may sometimes occur when we stand back from
a frustrating problem for a while and the solution
“suddenly” appears

A

Incubation

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16
Q

the tendency to view
an object in terms of its name or familiar usage

A

Functional fixedness

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17
Q

a decision-making
heuristic in which people make
judgments about samples according
to the populations they appear to
represent

A

Representativeness heuristic

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18
Q

a decision-making heuristic in which
our estimates of frequency or
probability of events are based on
how easy it is to find examples

A

Availability Heuristic

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19
Q

a decision-making
heuristic in which a presumption or
first estimate serves as a cognitive
anchor; as we receive additional
information, we make adjustments
but tend to remain in the proximity of
the anchor

A

Anchoring and adjustment heuristic

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20
Q

the influence
of wording, or the context in which
information is presented, on decision
making

A

framing effect

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21
Q

the communication
of information by means of symbols
arranged according to rules of
grammar

A

Language

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22
Q

the quality of
language in which words are used as
symbols for objects, events, or ideas

A

Semanticity

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23
Q

the capacity to combine words into original sentence

A

infinite creativity

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24
Q

the quality of
language that permits one to
communicate information about objects
and events in another time and place

A

Displacement

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25
Q

the view that language structures the
way weviewthe world

A

linguistic-relativity hypothesis

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26
Q

a single word used to express complex meanings

A

holophrase

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27
Q

the
application of regular grammatical
rules for forming inflections (e.g., past
tense and plurals) to irregular verbs
and nouns

A

overregularization

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28
Q

the view that language learning
involves an interaction between
environmental factors and an inborn
tendency to acquire language

A

psycholinguistic theory

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29
Q

in psycholinguistic theory,
neural “prewiring” that facilitates the
child’s learning of grammar

A

language acquisition device
(LAD)

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30
Q

a general mental
capability that involves the ability to
reason, plan, solve problems, think
abstractly, comprehend complex
ideas, learn quickly, and learn from
experience

A

Intelligence

31
Q

Spearman’s symbol for general
intelligence, which he believed
underlay more specific abilities

A

g

32
Q

Spearman’s symbol for specific
factors, or s factors, which he believed
accounted for individual abilities

A

s

33
Q

according to Thurstone, the basic
abilities that make up intelligence
examples include word fluency and
numerical ability

A

primary mental abilities

34
Q

the ability to generate
novel and useful solutions to
problems

A

creativity

35
Q

a
thought process that narrows in on
the single best solution to a problem

A

convergent thinking

36
Q

a
thought process that attempts
to generate multiple solutions to
problems

A

divergent thinking

37
Q

the
accumulated months of credit that a
person earns on the Stanford–Binet
Intelligence Scale

A

Mental age (MA)

38
Q

(ad(originally, a ratio obtained by
dividing a child’s score (or mental
age) on an intelligence test by
chronological age. (b) generally, a
score on an intelligence test

A

intelligence quotient (IQ)

39
Q

the degree to which the
variations in a trait from one person to another
can be attributed to, or explained by, genetic
factors

A

heritability

40
Q

environmental influences on intelligence

A

The home environment
education
The flynn effect

41
Q

Best example of the concept is where it`s based on

A

Prototype

42
Q

Show the example

A

Exemplars

43
Q

Problem solving strategies

A

-Algorithm
-Heuristics
-Analogy
-Means end analysis

44
Q

Formulas, Step by steps

A

Algorithm

45
Q

-mental shortcuts
-solving as much as you can
-This strategy is not accurate

A

Heuristics

46
Q

Partial similarity to previous problem that we apply again

A

Analogy

47
Q

Identification

A

recall

48
Q

Multiple choice

A

Recognition

49
Q

-repressing traumatic memory

A

Dissociative Amnesia

50
Q

-amnesia that you cant form new memories

A

Anterograde Amnesia

51
Q

-Amnesia wher eyou cant recall memories that were formed before the event that cause the amnesia

A

Retrograde Amnesia

52
Q

Is automatic, therefore youre not thinking

A

Daydreaming

53
Q

Factors of Problem solving

A

-Expertise
-Mental Set
-Incubation
-Functional Fixedness

54
Q

-Knowledge in a particular field

A

Expertise

55
Q

The brain’s tendency to stick with the most familiar solution to a problem and stubornly ignore alternatives

A

Mental Set

56
Q

The unconscious processing of problems.

A

Incubation

57
Q

-Cognitive bias that impacts an individual`s ability to be creative or innovative

A

Functional Fixedness

58
Q

Judgement and Decision making
(3 types of Heuristic)

A

Representative Heuristic
Availability Heuristic
Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic

59
Q

Mental shortcut that we use when estimating probabilities

A

Representative heuristic

60
Q

A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person`s mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision.

A

Availability Heuristic

61
Q

A mental short cut that a person uses a specific target number or value as a starting point and subsequently adjust that information until an acceptable value is reached over time

A

Anchoring and Adjustment

62
Q

A statistical technique that relates a dependent variable to one or more independent variable

A

Regression

63
Q

a particular challenging type of personality disorder characterised by impulsive, irresponsible and often crimical behaviour
-manipulative, deceitful and reckles, and will not care for other people’s feelings (lack emphathy)

A

Anti Social Anxiety disorder

64
Q

System of Symbols

A

Language

65
Q

-To comprehend with the world
-To be adaptive
-ability to make sense
-ability to cope up with challenges
-Ability to learn from experiences

A

Intelligence

66
Q

-Intelligence quotient
-Comprehend adaptive
-Covert

A

IQ

67
Q

IQ Tests

A

WAIS (Wechsler adult intelligence scale)
SBIS (Standford Binet Intelligence Scale)

68
Q

-Concrete knowledge that you can apply and use
-you can already use
-you already aquired

A

Crystalized Intelligence

69
Q

-Potentials
-ability to aquire new knowledge

A

Fluid Intelligence

70
Q

Different tests

A

Amptitude Test
Achievement Test

71
Q

-For fluid
-Predicting you will exel in a certain field

A

Amptitude Test

72
Q

-Meant to meassure your General knowledge in a specific field, things you already know
-For Crystalized intelligence
ex.
Mid term exam/ Final exam

A

Achievement Test

73
Q

Has an umbrella term (cognitice decline) your IQ wont be no longer reliable

A

Dementia

Introduction to Psychology (10 decks)

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