Thinking, Language, and Intelligence Flashcards
paying attention to information, representing it mentally, reasoning about it, and making judgments and decisions
about it.
Thinking
refers to conscious, planned attempts
to make sense of and change the world
Thinking
a mental category that
is used to class together objects,
relations, events, abstractions, ideas,
or qualities that have common
properties
concept
mental activity involved
in understanding, processing, and
communicating information
Cognition
a concept of a
category of objects or events that
serves as a good example of the
category
Prototype
A specific example
Exemplar
a systematic
procedure for solving a problem that
works invariably when it is correctly
applied
Algorithm
an algorithm for solving problems in
which each possible solution is tested
according to a particular set of rules
Systematic random search
rules of thumb that helps us simplify and solve problems
heuristics
a
heuristic device in which we try to
solve a problem by evaluating the
difference between the current
situation and the goal
Means-end analysis
a partial similarity among things that are different in other ways
Analogy
sometimes people use shortcuts to “jump to conclusions”—and these are often correct conclusions.
Heuristics
the tendency to respond to a new
problem with an approach that was successfully
used with similar problems
Mental set
in Gestalt psychology, a sudden
perception of relationships a mong elements of the
mentally represented elements of a problem that
permits its solution
Insight
in problem solving, a process that
may sometimes occur when we stand back from
a frustrating problem for a while and the solution
“suddenly” appears
Incubation
the tendency to view
an object in terms of its name or familiar usage
Functional fixedness
a decision-making
heuristic in which people make
judgments about samples according
to the populations they appear to
represent
Representativeness heuristic
a decision-making heuristic in which
our estimates of frequency or
probability of events are based on
how easy it is to find examples
Availability Heuristic
a decision-making
heuristic in which a presumption or
first estimate serves as a cognitive
anchor; as we receive additional
information, we make adjustments
but tend to remain in the proximity of
the anchor
Anchoring and adjustment heuristic
the influence
of wording, or the context in which
information is presented, on decision
making
framing effect
the communication
of information by means of symbols
arranged according to rules of
grammar
Language
the quality of
language in which words are used as
symbols for objects, events, or ideas
Semanticity
the capacity to combine words into original sentence
infinite creativity
the quality of
language that permits one to
communicate information about objects
and events in another time and place
Displacement
the view that language structures the
way weviewthe world
linguistic-relativity hypothesis
a single word used to express complex meanings
holophrase
the
application of regular grammatical
rules for forming inflections (e.g., past
tense and plurals) to irregular verbs
and nouns
overregularization
the view that language learning
involves an interaction between
environmental factors and an inborn
tendency to acquire language
psycholinguistic theory
in psycholinguistic theory,
neural “prewiring” that facilitates the
child’s learning of grammar
language acquisition device
(LAD)
a general mental
capability that involves the ability to
reason, plan, solve problems, think
abstractly, comprehend complex
ideas, learn quickly, and learn from
experience
Intelligence
Spearman’s symbol for general
intelligence, which he believed
underlay more specific abilities
g
Spearman’s symbol for specific
factors, or s factors, which he believed
accounted for individual abilities
s
according to Thurstone, the basic
abilities that make up intelligence
examples include word fluency and
numerical ability
primary mental abilities
the ability to generate
novel and useful solutions to
problems
creativity
a
thought process that narrows in on
the single best solution to a problem
convergent thinking
a
thought process that attempts
to generate multiple solutions to
problems
divergent thinking
the
accumulated months of credit that a
person earns on the Stanford–Binet
Intelligence Scale
Mental age (MA)
(ad(originally, a ratio obtained by
dividing a child’s score (or mental
age) on an intelligence test by
chronological age. (b) generally, a
score on an intelligence test
intelligence quotient (IQ)
the degree to which the
variations in a trait from one person to another
can be attributed to, or explained by, genetic
factors
heritability
environmental influences on intelligence
The home environment
education
The flynn effect
Best example of the concept is where it`s based on
Prototype
Show the example
Exemplars
Problem solving strategies
-Algorithm
-Heuristics
-Analogy
-Means end analysis
Formulas, Step by steps
Algorithm
-mental shortcuts
-solving as much as you can
-This strategy is not accurate
Heuristics
Partial similarity to previous problem that we apply again
Analogy
Identification
recall
Multiple choice
Recognition
-repressing traumatic memory
Dissociative Amnesia
-amnesia that you cant form new memories
Anterograde Amnesia
-Amnesia wher eyou cant recall memories that were formed before the event that cause the amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
Is automatic, therefore youre not thinking
Daydreaming
Factors of Problem solving
-Expertise
-Mental Set
-Incubation
-Functional Fixedness
-Knowledge in a particular field
Expertise
The brain’s tendency to stick with the most familiar solution to a problem and stubornly ignore alternatives
Mental Set
The unconscious processing of problems.
Incubation
-Cognitive bias that impacts an individual`s ability to be creative or innovative
Functional Fixedness
Judgement and Decision making
(3 types of Heuristic)
Representative Heuristic
Availability Heuristic
Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic
Mental shortcut that we use when estimating probabilities
Representative heuristic
A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person`s mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision.
Availability Heuristic
A mental short cut that a person uses a specific target number or value as a starting point and subsequently adjust that information until an acceptable value is reached over time
Anchoring and Adjustment
A statistical technique that relates a dependent variable to one or more independent variable
Regression
a particular challenging type of personality disorder characterised by impulsive, irresponsible and often crimical behaviour
-manipulative, deceitful and reckles, and will not care for other people’s feelings (lack emphathy)
Anti Social Anxiety disorder
System of Symbols
Language
-To comprehend with the world
-To be adaptive
-ability to make sense
-ability to cope up with challenges
-Ability to learn from experiences
Intelligence
-Intelligence quotient
-Comprehend adaptive
-Covert
IQ
IQ Tests
WAIS (Wechsler adult intelligence scale)
SBIS (Standford Binet Intelligence Scale)
-Concrete knowledge that you can apply and use
-you can already use
-you already aquired
Crystalized Intelligence
-Potentials
-ability to aquire new knowledge
Fluid Intelligence
Different tests
Amptitude Test
Achievement Test
-For fluid
-Predicting you will exel in a certain field
Amptitude Test
-Meant to meassure your General knowledge in a specific field, things you already know
-For Crystalized intelligence
ex.
Mid term exam/ Final exam
Achievement Test
Has an umbrella term (cognitice decline) your IQ wont be no longer reliable
Dementia
