Memory Flashcards
Kinds of memories
Explicit memories
Implicit Memories
memory that clearly and distinctly expresses (explicates) specific information
explicit memory
of events
that happen to a person or that take
place in the person’s presence
Episodic memory
general
knowledge, as opposed to episodic
memory
Semantic memory
-I know
-general knowledge
Semantic memory
-that happen to take place
-i remember
-Have emotional attachment
Episodic Memory
-memory that we have that we dont know
-muscle memory
-still memory
-proceedual install
Implicit memories
memory
that is suggested (implied) but not
plainly expressed, as illustrated in
the things that people do but do not
state clearly
Implicit Memory
the activation of specific
associations in memory, often as
a result of repetition and without
making a conscious effort to access
the memory
Priming
memory for past events, activities,
and learning experiences, as shown
by explicit (episodic and semantic)
and implicit memories
Retrospective memory
memory to perform an act in the
future, as at a certain time or when a
certain event occurs
Prospective memory
processes of memory
-encode
-storage
-retrival
modifies information so
that it can be placed in memory;
encoding is the first stage of
information processing
Encode
the maintenance of
information over time; the second
stage of information processing
Storage
stored information means locating it and returning it to
consciousness.
Retrival
mental repetition of information to
keep it in memory
Maintenance rehearsal
the kind of coding in which new
information is related to information
that is already known
Elaborative rehearsal
the location of stored
information and its return to
consciousness; the third stage of
information processing
Retrival
the processes by which
information is encoded, stored, and
retrieved
Memory
the type or
stage of memory first encountered
by a stimulus; sensory memory
holds impressions briefly, but
long enough so that series of
perceptions are psychologically
continuous
Sensory memory
an assumed
change in the nervous system that
reflects the impression made by a
stimulus
Memory trace
A mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory
Icon
the sensory
register that briefly holds mental
representations of visual stimuli
Iconic memory
the
maintenance of detailed visual
memories over several minutes
Eidetic Imagery
a mental representation of an
auditory stimulus (sound) that is held
briefly in sensory memory
Echo
the sensory
register that briefly holds mental
representations of auditory stimuli
Echoic memory
the type or stage of memory that can
hold information for up to a minute
or so after the trace of the stimulus
decays; also called working memory
short-term memory (STM)
Another term for short term memory
Working memory
the
tendency to recall more accurately
the first and last items in a series
Serial position effect
a stimulus or group of
stimuli that are perceived as a
discrete piece of information
Chunk
the
type or stage of memory capable of
relatively permanent storage
Long term memory
in Freud’s
psychodynamic theory, the ejection of
anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious
awareness
Repression
a way of mentally
representing the world, such as a belief
or an expectation, that can influence
perception of persons, objects, and
situations
Schemas
Process of info
Computation
3 ways to code memory
Visual
Acoustic
Semantic
they represent memory codes differently
Synesthesia
Senses memory
Sensory Memory
Capture memory with 100% accuracy
Eidectic Memory
Long term memory that forms in a brief moment
Photographic Memory
Repress Acoustic with another memory
Articulatory Suppression
Keep giving time intervals to adjust when adding info
Displace
the feeling that
information is stored in memory
although it cannot be readily
retrieved; also called the feeling-ofknowing
experience
tip-of-the-tongue (TOT)
phenomenon
information that is
better retrieved in the context in
which it was encoded and stored,
orlearned
context-dependent memory
information that is better retrieved in
the physiological or emotional state
in which it was encoded and stored,
or learned
state-dependent memory
meaningless sets of two consonants,
with a vowel sandwiched in between,
that are used to study memory
nonsense syllables
Studying Memory
Recognition
Recall
One aspect of forgetting is failure to
recognize something we have experienced.
Recognition
another memory
task, Ebbinghaus would read lists of nonsense syllables
aloud to the beat of a metronome and then see how many
he could produce from memory
Recall
nonsense
syllables presented in pairs in
experiments that measure recall
Paired associates
a measure
of retention in which the difference
between the number of repetitions
originally required to learn a list and
the number of repetitions required
to re-learn the list after a certain
amount of time has elapsed is
calculated
Method of savings
the difference
betweenthe number of
repetitionsoriginally required
to learn a list and the number of
repetitions required to relearn the
list after a certain amount of time
has elapsed
Savings
the view
that we may forget stored material
because other learning interferes
with it
interference theory
the
interference of new learning with the
ability to retrieve material learned
previously
Retroactive interference
the
interference by old learning with the
ability to retrieve material learned
recently
Proactive Interference
loss of
memory of personal information that
is thought to stem from psychological
conflict or trauma
Dissociative amnesia
inability
to recall events that occur prior to
the age of three or so; also termed
childhood amnesia
Infantile Amnesia
a structure in
the limbic system that plays an
important role in the formation of
new memories
Hippocampus
failure
to remember events that occurred
after physical trauma because of the
effects of the trauma
Anterograde Amnesia
failure to
remember events that occurred prior
to physical trauma because of the
effects of the trauma
Retrograde amnesia
an assumed electrical
circuit in the brain that corresponds
to a memory trace
Engram
enhanced efficiency in synaptic transmission
that follows brief, rapid stimulation
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
