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Introduction to Psychology > Sensation and perception > Flashcards

Sensation and perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system

A

Sensation

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2
Q

-not mechanical
-nothing similar only in organized and interpreted form
-An active provess in which sensation are organized and interpreted to form an inner representation of the world

A

Perception

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3
Q

-Can create perception and memory

A

Childhood trauma

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4
Q

-evolved, advance and most important sense

A

Vision

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5
Q

-more common to happen
-more dangerous cause theres a story

A

Auditory hallucination

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6
Q

-nose nerves
-near mid brain

A

Ol factory

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7
Q

-easily remembers and feel

A

Nose or sense of Scent

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8
Q

-taste nerves

A

Gustatory

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9
Q

Relationship between Sensation and perception

A

-absolute threshold
-sublimal stimulation
-difference threshold
-signal-detection theory
-feature detectors
-sensory adaptation

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10
Q

-a number
-weakest level of a stimulus that is necessary to produce a sensation
-smallest magnitude at which a sensory stimulus can reliably evoke a sensation

A

Absolute threshold

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11
Q

-sensory stimulation that is below a person’s absolute threshold for conscious perception

A

Subliminal Stimulation

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12
Q

-ex. dream
-A kind of stimulus where in it may be perceived and processed in the brain but does not elicit awareness of perception

A

Sublimal Stimulation

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13
Q

-Present stimulus but person wont be aware and change people’s desicion
-a phenomenon whereby exposure to one stimulus without conscious guidance or intention

A

-Priming

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14
Q

-ability to identify someone from a crowd
-enough signals to find object
-depends on: training, Psychological state and motivation

A

Signal detection theory

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15
Q

-state of your eyes when solving, anxious and alert

A

Dilated eyes

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16
Q

-When it gets higher youll miss the signals
-psychological

A

Anxiety

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17
Q

-physiological
-false alarm, fear that isn’t there
-capable of loosing conscious
-confuse internal in danger cues

A

Panic Attack

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18
Q

-signal detection theory gone wrong

A

Panic attack

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19
Q

-process by which we become more sensitive to stimuli after constant exposure to it

A

Sensory Adaptation

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20
Q

-when its dark but slowly you can see in it

A

Light adaptation

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21
Q

-minimum required difference between two stimuli for a person to notice change 50% of the time

A

Difference threshold

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22
Q

-The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that stimulates the eye and produces visual sensations

A

Visible light

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23
Q

-the process adjusting to high lighting

A

Light adaptation

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24
Q

-the process of adjusting to lower lighting

A

Dark Adaptation

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25
Q

-indicates that we can receive 3 types of colors (Red green blue)
-cones vary the ratio of neural activity (like projection T. V)

A

Trichromatic theory

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26
Q

Proposed the opponent process theory of color vision

A

Ewald Hering

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27
Q

-claimed that there are three types of color receptors but only sensitive to red green and blue

A

Helmholtz

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28
Q

-suggested after image are made possible by three types of color receptors: Red-Green, Blue-yellow and a type perceives differences in brightness

A

Hering

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29
Q

-normal color vision

A

Trichromat

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30
Q

-people who are totally color blind
-sensitive only to lightness and darkness total color blindness is rare

A

Monochromats

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31
Q

-sensitive to black-white and either red-green or blue-yellow and hence is partially color blind

A

Dichromat

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32
Q

-mental representation of a stimulus that is perceived
-pattern matching
-representation of the object then pattern matching

A

Mental Precept

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33
Q

-an image of a cow although most people are unable to see it at first glance

A

Dallenbach’s cow

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34
Q

-consistent and persistent discrepancies between a physical state of affairs and representation in consciousness

A

Perpetual illusion

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35
Q

-approaches where perception starts with the stimuli whose appearance you take in through your eye

A

Bottom up theory

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36
Q

-direct and indirect-computational

A

Perceptual theories

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37
Q

-perception is driven by high-level cognitive processes existing knowledge and the prior expectations that influence perception
-from view point expectations are important

A

Top-down theory

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38
Q

-the influences of the surrounding environment on perception

A

Context effect

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39
Q

-titchener circles
-optic illusion of relative size perception

A

Ebbinghaus Illusion

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40
Q

-German psychologist that discovered the illusion

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus

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41
Q

Pattern or distinct structure found in an image such as a point edge or small image patch

A

Local Features

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42
Q

-whole differs from the sum of its individual parts

A

Gestalt Psychology

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43
Q

-we tend to perceive any given visual array in away that most simply organizes the different elements into a stable and coherent form
-we tend to perceive a focal figure and other sensations as forming a background for the figure on which we focus

A

Pragnanz

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44
Q

Figure is any object perceived as being highlighted

A

Figure-ground effect

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45
Q

When we perceive an assortment of objects that are close to each other as a forming a group

A

Proximity

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46
Q

Five of Gestalt principles

A

Proximity
Similarity
Continuity
Closure
Symmetry

47
Q

Two different pattern recognition systems

A

-Feature analysis system
-configurational system

48
Q

-system specializes in recognition of parts of objects and in assembling those parts into distinctive wholes
-recognizes parts

A

Feature analysis system

49
Q

-system that specializes in recognizing larger configurations.
-It is not well equipped to analyze parts of objects or the construction of the objects
-recognizes pattern

A

Configuration system

50
Q

Deficits in perception

A

-prosopagnosia
-agnosia
-simultagnosia
-ataxia

51
Q

Unable to identify faces

A

Prosopagnosia

52
Q

Unable to recognize objects

A

Agnosia

53
Q

-unable to know objects ability

A

Ataxia

54
Q

-can’t persive something
-no problem with sensation
-not caused by psychological stress, but accidents, strokes and other medical problems

A

Deficits in perception

55
Q

-process by which sensation are organized into an inner representation of the world

A

Perception

56
Q

The view that the perception of sensory stimuli involves the interaction of physical, biological, and psychological factors

A

Signal detection theory

57
Q

The fraction of the intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived

A

Weber’s constant

58
Q

Neurons in the sensory cortex that fire in response to specific features of sensory information such as line or edges of objects

A

Feature detectors

59
Q

-Type of sensory adaptation in which we become more sensitive to stimuli that are low in magnitude.
-Called positive adaptation

A

Sensitization

60
Q

-Type of sensory adaptation in whicg we become more less sensitive to constant stimuli
-Called negative adaptation

A

Desensitization

61
Q

The color of light as determined by its wavelength

A

Hue

62
Q

Transparent tissue forming the outer surface of the eyeball

A

Cornea

63
Q

A muscular membrane whose dilation regulates the amount of light that enters the eye

A

Iris

64
Q

Black looking opening in the center of the iris through which light enters the eyes

A

Pupils

65
Q

A transparent body behind the iris that focuses an image on the retina

A

Lens

66
Q

The area of the inner surface of the eye that contains rods and cones

A

Retina

67
Q

Cells that respond to light

A

Photoreceptors

68
Q

Neurons that conduct neural impulses from rids and cones to ganglion cells

A

Bipolar cells

69
Q

Neurons whose axons from optic nerve

A

Ganglion cells

70
Q

The nerves that transmit sensory information from the eyes to the brain

A

Optic nerves

71
Q

Photoreceptors that are sensitive only to the intensity of light

A

Rods

72
Q

Photoreceptors that transmit sensations of color

A

Cones

73
Q

An area near the centered of the retina that is dense with cones and where vision is consequently most acute

A

Fovea

74
Q

The area of the retina where axons from ganglion cells meet to form the optic nerve

A

Blind spot

75
Q

Sharpness of vision

A

Visual acuity

76
Q

A condition characterized by brittleness of the lens

A

Presbyopia

77
Q

The lingering visual impression made by a stimulus that has been removed

A

Afterimage

78
Q

The perpetual tendency to group together objects that are similar in appearance

A

Similarity

79
Q

Tendency to perceive a series of points or lines as having unity

A

Continuity

80
Q

The tendency to perceive elements that move together as belonging. Together

A

Common fate

81
Q

Sensation that give rise to misperceptions

A

Illusion

82
Q

Visual Acuity (Sharpness of vision)

A

Farsighted
Near sightedness

83
Q

Connected with the shape of the eye

A

Visual Acuity

84
Q

Two Photoreceptors

A

Rods and Cones

85
Q

We tend to perpetually close up or complete objects that are not infact complete

A

Closure

86
Q

We tend to perceive objects as forming mirror images about their center

A

Symmetry

87
Q

Unable to see one object at a time

A

Simultagnosia

88
Q

located in sensory organs such as the eyes and ears, the skin and elsewhere in the body

A

Sensory receptors

89
Q

Automatic process

A

Stimulation of the senses

90
Q

results from sources of energy , like light and sound or from the presence of chemicals , as in smell and taste

A

Stimulation of senses

91
Q

active process which sensations are organized and interpreted to form an inner representation of the world ( Goldstein 2013 Hafemeister et al , 2010 .

A

Perception

92
Q

final product of sensation; conclusion

A

Perception

93
Q

minimum difference in stimuli that a person can detect

A

Just Noticeable Difference

94
Q

1/60th

A

Weber’s constant of light

95
Q

relationship between a physical stimulus and a sensory response is not fully mechanical

A

Signal Detection Theory

96
Q

depends not only on the intensity of the blips but also on training, motivation, and psych states

A

Signal Detection theory

97
Q

White of the eye

A

Sclera

98
Q

Composed of Hard protective tissue

A

Sclera

99
Q

Colored part

A

Iris

100
Q

based on experiment by British scientist Thomas Young

A

Trichromatic theory

101
Q

Opponent-process theory of color vision

A

Ewald Hering

102
Q

looking at one color for a long period causes those receptor cells to become fatigued.

A

Opponent process theory of color vision

103
Q

causes us to perceive a circle as larger when surrounded by smaller circles and smaller when surrounded by larger circles

A

Ebinghaus illusion

104
Q

apply only to humans and not other primates

A

Gestalt principles

105
Q

participants more quickly identify the local features of the individual letters than global ones

A

Global and Local Effect

106
Q

-perceive any given visual array in a way that most simply organizes the different elements into a stable and coherent form
-means “Good figure” or “pithiness”

A

Pragnanz

107
Q

any object perceived as being highlighted ; almost always perceived against or in contrast to some kind of receding, unhighlighted (back) ground

A

Figure

108
Q

can see the face and recognize emotion, but cannot recognize whether the person is a stranger, friend, or own mother

A

Prosopagnosia

109
Q

functioning of the right-hemisphere fusiform gyrus is strongly implicated

A

Prosopagnosia

110
Q

can perceive the colors and shapes of objects but they cannot recognize what the objects are

A

Agnosia

111
Q

unable to pay attention to more than one object at a time ; disturbance in the temporal region of the cortex

A

Simultagnosia

112
Q

results from a processing failure in the posterior parietal cortex, where sensorimotor info is processed

A

Ataxia

113
Q

pprinciples/laws of human perception that describe how humans group similar elements, recognize patterns and simplify complex images when we perceive objects.

A

Gestalt principles

114
Q

Adjusting to light, responsible for light adaptation

A

Cones and rods

Introduction to Psychology (10 decks)

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