Sensation and perception Flashcards
Stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system
Sensation
-not mechanical
-nothing similar only in organized and interpreted form
-An active provess in which sensation are organized and interpreted to form an inner representation of the world
Perception
-Can create perception and memory
Childhood trauma
-evolved, advance and most important sense
Vision
-more common to happen
-more dangerous cause theres a story
Auditory hallucination
-nose nerves
-near mid brain
Ol factory
-easily remembers and feel
Nose or sense of Scent
-taste nerves
Gustatory
Relationship between Sensation and perception
-absolute threshold
-sublimal stimulation
-difference threshold
-signal-detection theory
-feature detectors
-sensory adaptation
-a number
-weakest level of a stimulus that is necessary to produce a sensation
-smallest magnitude at which a sensory stimulus can reliably evoke a sensation
Absolute threshold
-sensory stimulation that is below a person’s absolute threshold for conscious perception
Subliminal Stimulation
-ex. dream
-A kind of stimulus where in it may be perceived and processed in the brain but does not elicit awareness of perception
Sublimal Stimulation
-Present stimulus but person wont be aware and change people’s desicion
-a phenomenon whereby exposure to one stimulus without conscious guidance or intention
-Priming
-ability to identify someone from a crowd
-enough signals to find object
-depends on: training, Psychological state and motivation
Signal detection theory
-state of your eyes when solving, anxious and alert
Dilated eyes
-When it gets higher youll miss the signals
-psychological
Anxiety
-physiological
-false alarm, fear that isn’t there
-capable of loosing conscious
-confuse internal in danger cues
Panic Attack
-signal detection theory gone wrong
Panic attack
-process by which we become more sensitive to stimuli after constant exposure to it
Sensory Adaptation
-when its dark but slowly you can see in it
Light adaptation
-minimum required difference between two stimuli for a person to notice change 50% of the time
Difference threshold
-The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that stimulates the eye and produces visual sensations
Visible light
-the process adjusting to high lighting
Light adaptation
-the process of adjusting to lower lighting
Dark Adaptation
-indicates that we can receive 3 types of colors (Red green blue)
-cones vary the ratio of neural activity (like projection T. V)
Trichromatic theory
Proposed the opponent process theory of color vision
Ewald Hering
-claimed that there are three types of color receptors but only sensitive to red green and blue
Helmholtz
-suggested after image are made possible by three types of color receptors: Red-Green, Blue-yellow and a type perceives differences in brightness
Hering
-normal color vision
Trichromat
-people who are totally color blind
-sensitive only to lightness and darkness total color blindness is rare
Monochromats
-sensitive to black-white and either red-green or blue-yellow and hence is partially color blind
Dichromat
-mental representation of a stimulus that is perceived
-pattern matching
-representation of the object then pattern matching
Mental Precept
-an image of a cow although most people are unable to see it at first glance
Dallenbach’s cow
-consistent and persistent discrepancies between a physical state of affairs and representation in consciousness
Perpetual illusion
-approaches where perception starts with the stimuli whose appearance you take in through your eye
Bottom up theory
-direct and indirect-computational
Perceptual theories
-perception is driven by high-level cognitive processes existing knowledge and the prior expectations that influence perception
-from view point expectations are important
Top-down theory
-the influences of the surrounding environment on perception
Context effect
-titchener circles
-optic illusion of relative size perception
Ebbinghaus Illusion
-German psychologist that discovered the illusion
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Pattern or distinct structure found in an image such as a point edge or small image patch
Local Features
-whole differs from the sum of its individual parts
Gestalt Psychology
-we tend to perceive any given visual array in away that most simply organizes the different elements into a stable and coherent form
-we tend to perceive a focal figure and other sensations as forming a background for the figure on which we focus
Pragnanz
Figure is any object perceived as being highlighted
Figure-ground effect
When we perceive an assortment of objects that are close to each other as a forming a group
Proximity
Five of Gestalt principles
Proximity
Similarity
Continuity
Closure
Symmetry
Two different pattern recognition systems
-Feature analysis system
-configurational system
-system specializes in recognition of parts of objects and in assembling those parts into distinctive wholes
-recognizes parts
Feature analysis system
-system that specializes in recognizing larger configurations.
-It is not well equipped to analyze parts of objects or the construction of the objects
-recognizes pattern
Configuration system
Deficits in perception
-prosopagnosia
-agnosia
-simultagnosia
-ataxia
Unable to identify faces
Prosopagnosia
Unable to recognize objects
Agnosia
-unable to know objects ability
Ataxia
-can’t persive something
-no problem with sensation
-not caused by psychological stress, but accidents, strokes and other medical problems
Deficits in perception
-process by which sensation are organized into an inner representation of the world
Perception
The view that the perception of sensory stimuli involves the interaction of physical, biological, and psychological factors
Signal detection theory
The fraction of the intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived
Weber’s constant
Neurons in the sensory cortex that fire in response to specific features of sensory information such as line or edges of objects
Feature detectors
-Type of sensory adaptation in which we become more sensitive to stimuli that are low in magnitude.
-Called positive adaptation
Sensitization
-Type of sensory adaptation in whicg we become more less sensitive to constant stimuli
-Called negative adaptation
Desensitization
The color of light as determined by its wavelength
Hue
Transparent tissue forming the outer surface of the eyeball
Cornea
A muscular membrane whose dilation regulates the amount of light that enters the eye
Iris
Black looking opening in the center of the iris through which light enters the eyes
Pupils
A transparent body behind the iris that focuses an image on the retina
Lens
The area of the inner surface of the eye that contains rods and cones
Retina
Cells that respond to light
Photoreceptors
Neurons that conduct neural impulses from rids and cones to ganglion cells
Bipolar cells
Neurons whose axons from optic nerve
Ganglion cells
The nerves that transmit sensory information from the eyes to the brain
Optic nerves
Photoreceptors that are sensitive only to the intensity of light
Rods
Photoreceptors that transmit sensations of color
Cones
An area near the centered of the retina that is dense with cones and where vision is consequently most acute
Fovea
The area of the retina where axons from ganglion cells meet to form the optic nerve
Blind spot
Sharpness of vision
Visual acuity
A condition characterized by brittleness of the lens
Presbyopia
The lingering visual impression made by a stimulus that has been removed
Afterimage
The perpetual tendency to group together objects that are similar in appearance
Similarity
Tendency to perceive a series of points or lines as having unity
Continuity
The tendency to perceive elements that move together as belonging. Together
Common fate
Sensation that give rise to misperceptions
Illusion
Visual Acuity (Sharpness of vision)
Farsighted
Near sightedness
Connected with the shape of the eye
Visual Acuity
Two Photoreceptors
Rods and Cones
We tend to perpetually close up or complete objects that are not infact complete
Closure
We tend to perceive objects as forming mirror images about their center
Symmetry
Unable to see one object at a time
Simultagnosia
located in sensory organs such as the eyes and ears, the skin and elsewhere in the body
Sensory receptors
Automatic process
Stimulation of the senses
results from sources of energy , like light and sound or from the presence of chemicals , as in smell and taste
Stimulation of senses
active process which sensations are organized and interpreted to form an inner representation of the world ( Goldstein 2013 Hafemeister et al , 2010 .
Perception
final product of sensation; conclusion
Perception
minimum difference in stimuli that a person can detect
Just Noticeable Difference
1/60th
Weber’s constant of light
relationship between a physical stimulus and a sensory response is not fully mechanical
Signal Detection Theory
depends not only on the intensity of the blips but also on training, motivation, and psych states
Signal Detection theory
White of the eye
Sclera
Composed of Hard protective tissue
Sclera
Colored part
Iris
based on experiment by British scientist Thomas Young
Trichromatic theory
Opponent-process theory of color vision
Ewald Hering
looking at one color for a long period causes those receptor cells to become fatigued.
Opponent process theory of color vision
causes us to perceive a circle as larger when surrounded by smaller circles and smaller when surrounded by larger circles
Ebinghaus illusion
apply only to humans and not other primates
Gestalt principles
participants more quickly identify the local features of the individual letters than global ones
Global and Local Effect
-perceive any given visual array in a way that most simply organizes the different elements into a stable and coherent form
-means “Good figure” or “pithiness”
Pragnanz
any object perceived as being highlighted ; almost always perceived against or in contrast to some kind of receding, unhighlighted (back) ground
Figure
can see the face and recognize emotion, but cannot recognize whether the person is a stranger, friend, or own mother
Prosopagnosia
functioning of the right-hemisphere fusiform gyrus is strongly implicated
Prosopagnosia
can perceive the colors and shapes of objects but they cannot recognize what the objects are
Agnosia
unable to pay attention to more than one object at a time ; disturbance in the temporal region of the cortex
Simultagnosia
results from a processing failure in the posterior parietal cortex, where sensorimotor info is processed
Ataxia
pprinciples/laws of human perception that describe how humans group similar elements, recognize patterns and simplify complex images when we perceive objects.
Gestalt principles
Adjusting to light, responsible for light adaptation
Cones and rods
