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Introduction to Psychology > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

According to behaviorists, a relatively
permanent change in behavior that results from
experience

A

Learning

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2
Q

According to cognitive theorists, the process by
which organisms make relatively permanent
changes in the way they represent the
environment because of their experience

A

Learning

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3
Q

a simple form of learning in which organisms
come to anticipate or associate events with one
another.

A

Classical Conditioning

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4
Q

a Russian psychologist, conducted research on the
digestion of dogs.

A

Ivan Pavlov

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5
Q

any object or event that elicits a sensory or
behavioral response in an organism

A

Stimulus

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6
Q

Types of Stimulus

A

-Unconditioned stimulus
-Neutral Stimulus
-Conditioned Stimulus

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7
Q

a stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning.

A

Unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

a stimulus that does not produce a response or reaction.

A

Neutral Stimulus

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9
Q

a neutral stimulus that triggers a conditioned response

A

Conditioned Stimulus

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10
Q

how someone or something responds to a stimulus

A

Response

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11
Q

Types of response

A

-unconditioned response
-conditioned response

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12
Q

the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur

A

Extinction

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13
Q

the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time

A

Spontaneous Recovery

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14
Q

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus

A

Generalization

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15
Q

the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli that do not forecast a UCS higher-order

A

Discrimination

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16
Q

occurs when a conditioned stimulus becomes associated with a new unconditioned stimulus.

A

Higher-order Conditioning

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17
Q

Applications of classical conditioning

A

-Taste Aversion
-CounterConditioning
-Flooding
-Systemic Desentization

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18
Q

a tendency to avoid or make negative associations with a food that you ate just before getting sick.

A

Taste Aversion

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19
Q

an experiment to show evidences of classical conditioning in humans. It demonstrated that classical
conditioning could be used to create a phobia.

A

The Little Albert Experiment

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20
Q

readiness to acquire a certain kind of CR due to the biological makeup of the organism

A

Biologically Prepared

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21
Q

fear-reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear-evoking stimuli so that the fear-evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities

A

Counter Conditioning

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22
Q

a behavioral fear reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning; fear-evoking stimuli
(CSs) are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses (CRs) are extinguished

A

Flooding

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23
Q

a behavioral fearreduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed

A

Systematic Desensitization

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24
Q

-B.F. Skinner
-simple form of learning in which an organism
learns to engage in certain behavior because
of the effects of that behavior.
-kind of learning that applies to voluntary
behavior

A

Operant Conditioning

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25
Q

-Edward L. Thorndike
-If an action is followed by a pleasurable
consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If an
action is followed by an unpleasant
consequence, it will tend not to be repeated

A

The Law of Effect

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26
Q

-Project Pigeon: trained pigeons to guide
armed missiles toward their targets
-gave the learning of voluntary behavior a
special name: operant conditioning

A

B.F Skinner

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27
Q

any event or stimulus, that when following a response increases the probability that the response will occur again

A

Reinforcement

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28
Q

-Any action or stimulus that makes it less
probable for a response to happen again after
it occurs.
- lessens
reaction strength.

A

Punishment

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29
Q

Types of Reinforcers

A

-Positive Reinforcers
-Negative Reinforcers

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30
Q

increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied.

A

Positive Reinforcers

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31
Q

increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed

A

Negative Reinforcers

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32
Q

satisfy basic biological needs

A

Primary Reinforcers

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33
Q

-gain reinforcing properties through previous association with primary reintorcers
-also termed conditioned reinforcers

A

Secondary Reinforcers

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34
Q

Applications of Operant Comditioning

A

-Biofeedback training
-Shaping
-Behaivior Modification
-Programmed Learning

35
Q

people receive reinforcement in the form of information.

A

Biofeedback training

36
Q

-reinforces progressive steps toward the behavioral goal.
-Successive approximation means that a behavior is getting closer to the goal.

A

Shaping

37
Q

Reinforcers are stimuli that lead to more frequent behavior, not just pleasurable experiences.

A

Behavior Modification

38
Q

This approach assumes that any challenging work can be divided into manageable pieces, each of which can be immediately reinforced or rewarded for the learner.

A

Programmed Learning

39
Q

a learning that is hidden/concealed

A

Latent Learning

40
Q

showed that rats also learn about their environment in the absence of reinforcement.

A

E.C. Tolman

41
Q

mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

A

Cognitive Maps

42
Q

the view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli.

A

Contingency Theory

43
Q

Cognitive psychologist explained it in the terms of the ways in which stimuli provide information that allows organisms to form or revise mental representation of their environment.

A

Contingency Theory

44
Q

argues that contingency theory suggests that learning occurs only when the CS provides information about the UCS.

A

Robert Rescorla

45
Q

acquisition of knowledge and skills through the observation of others rather than by means of direct experience.

A

Observational Learning

46
Q

organism that engages in a response that is then imitated by another organism.

A

Model

47
Q

neurons that fire when an animal observes the behavior of another and that tend to stimulate imitative behavior

A

Mirror Neurons

48
Q

a simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the other stimulus

A

Classical Conditioning

49
Q

a simple unlearned response
to a stimulus

A

reflex

50
Q

an environmental condition that elicits a response

A

Stimulus

51
Q

a stimulus that elicits a
response from an organism prior to
conditioning

A

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

52
Q

An unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus

A

Unconditoned response ( UCR)

53
Q

An unlearned response in which an organism attend to a stimulus

A

Orienting reflex

54
Q

a previously neutral stimulus that
elicits a conditioned response
because it has been paired repeatedly
with a stimulus that already elicited
that response

A

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

55
Q

a learned response to a conditioned stimulus

A

Conditioned response (CR)

56
Q

the process by which
stimuli lose their ability to evoke
learned responses because the events
that had followed the stimuli no
longer occur (The learned responses
are said to be extinguished.)

A

Extinction

57
Q

the
recurrence of an extinguished response
as a function of the passage of time

A

Spontaneous recovery

58
Q

in conditioning,
the tendency for a CR to be evoked by
stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to
which the response was conditioned

A

Generalization

59
Q

in
conditioning, the tendency for an
organism to distinguish between a
CS and similar stimuli that do not
forecast a UCS

A

Discrimination

60
Q

a classical conditioning procedure in
which a previously neutral stimulus
comes to elicit the response brought
forth by a CS by being paired
repeatedly with that conditioned
stimulus

A

higher-order conditioning

61
Q

readiness to acquire a certain kind of
CR due to the biological makeup of
the organism

A

Biological preparedness

62
Q

a
fear-reduction technique in which
pleasant stimuli are associated with
fear-evoking stimuli so that the
fearevoking stimuli lose their aversive
qualities

A

Counterconditioning

63
Q

a behavioral
fear-reduction technique
based on principles of classical
conditioning; fear-evoking
stimuli (CSs) are presented
continuously in the absence
of actual harm so that
fear responses (CRs) are
extinguished

A

Flooding

64
Q

a
behavioral fear-reduction
technique in which a hierarchy
of fear-evoking stimuli is
presented while the person
remains relaxed

A

Syntematic Desentization

65
Q

Thorndike’s view that pleasant
events stamp in responses, and unpleasant events
stamp them out

A

law of effect

66
Q

to follow a response with a stimulus
that increases the frequency of the response

A

Reinforce

67
Q

Behaivior that operates on or manipulates, the environment

A

Operant behaivior

68
Q

a simple form of
learning in which an organism learns to engage in
behavior because it is reinforced

A

Operant conditioning

69
Q

the same as an operant
behavior

A

Operant

70
Q

a reinforcer
that when presented increases the
frequency of an operant

A

Positive reinforcer

71
Q

a reinforcer that when removed
increases the frequency of an operant

A

Negative reinforcer

72
Q

an unlearned reinforcer whose
effectiveness is based on the
biological makeup of the organism
and not on learning

A

Primary reinforcer

73
Q

stimulus that gains reinforcement
value through association with
established reinforcers

A

Secondary Reinforcer

74
Q

Another term for a secondary reinforcer

A

Conditioned reinforcer

75
Q

in
operant conditioning, a stimulus
that indicates that reinforcement
isavailable

A

Discriminative stimulus

76
Q

A schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced

A

continous reinforcement

77
Q

one of several reinforcement schedules in which not every correct response is reinforced

A

Partial reinforcement

78
Q

a schedule
in which a fixed amount of time must elapse
between the previous and subsequent times that
reinforcement is available

A

Fixed interval schedule

79
Q

a schedule in which a variable amount of time mus elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available

A

Variable-interval schedule

80
Q

a schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses

A

fixed ratio schedule

81
Q

a schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses

A

Variable ratio schedule

82
Q

a procedure for teaching
complex behaviors that at first
reinforces approximations of the
target behavior

A

Shaping

83
Q

Behaiviors which are progressively closer to a target behavior

A

successive approximations

Introduction to Psychology (10 decks)

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