Learning Flashcards
According to behaviorists, a relatively
permanent change in behavior that results from
experience
Learning
According to cognitive theorists, the process by
which organisms make relatively permanent
changes in the way they represent the
environment because of their experience
Learning
a simple form of learning in which organisms
come to anticipate or associate events with one
another.
Classical Conditioning
a Russian psychologist, conducted research on the
digestion of dogs.
Ivan Pavlov
any object or event that elicits a sensory or
behavioral response in an organism
Stimulus
Types of Stimulus
-Unconditioned stimulus
-Neutral Stimulus
-Conditioned Stimulus
a stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning.
Unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that does not produce a response or reaction.
Neutral Stimulus
a neutral stimulus that triggers a conditioned response
Conditioned Stimulus
how someone or something responds to a stimulus
Response
Types of response
-unconditioned response
-conditioned response
the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur
Extinction
the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time
Spontaneous Recovery
the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus
Generalization
the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli that do not forecast a UCS higher-order
Discrimination
occurs when a conditioned stimulus becomes associated with a new unconditioned stimulus.
Higher-order Conditioning
Applications of classical conditioning
-Taste Aversion
-CounterConditioning
-Flooding
-Systemic Desentization
a tendency to avoid or make negative associations with a food that you ate just before getting sick.
Taste Aversion
an experiment to show evidences of classical conditioning in humans. It demonstrated that classical
conditioning could be used to create a phobia.
The Little Albert Experiment
readiness to acquire a certain kind of CR due to the biological makeup of the organism
Biologically Prepared
fear-reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear-evoking stimuli so that the fear-evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities
Counter Conditioning
a behavioral fear reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning; fear-evoking stimuli
(CSs) are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses (CRs) are extinguished
Flooding
a behavioral fearreduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed
Systematic Desensitization
-B.F. Skinner
-simple form of learning in which an organism
learns to engage in certain behavior because
of the effects of that behavior.
-kind of learning that applies to voluntary
behavior
Operant Conditioning
-Edward L. Thorndike
-If an action is followed by a pleasurable
consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If an
action is followed by an unpleasant
consequence, it will tend not to be repeated
The Law of Effect
-Project Pigeon: trained pigeons to guide
armed missiles toward their targets
-gave the learning of voluntary behavior a
special name: operant conditioning
B.F Skinner
any event or stimulus, that when following a response increases the probability that the response will occur again
Reinforcement
-Any action or stimulus that makes it less
probable for a response to happen again after
it occurs.
- lessens
reaction strength.
Punishment
Types of Reinforcers
-Positive Reinforcers
-Negative Reinforcers
increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied.
Positive Reinforcers
increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed
Negative Reinforcers
satisfy basic biological needs
Primary Reinforcers
-gain reinforcing properties through previous association with primary reintorcers
-also termed conditioned reinforcers
Secondary Reinforcers
Applications of Operant Comditioning
-Biofeedback training
-Shaping
-Behaivior Modification
-Programmed Learning
people receive reinforcement in the form of information.
Biofeedback training
-reinforces progressive steps toward the behavioral goal.
-Successive approximation means that a behavior is getting closer to the goal.
Shaping
Reinforcers are stimuli that lead to more frequent behavior, not just pleasurable experiences.
Behavior Modification
This approach assumes that any challenging work can be divided into manageable pieces, each of which can be immediately reinforced or rewarded for the learner.
Programmed Learning
a learning that is hidden/concealed
Latent Learning
showed that rats also learn about their environment in the absence of reinforcement.
E.C. Tolman
mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
Cognitive Maps
the view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli.
Contingency Theory
Cognitive psychologist explained it in the terms of the ways in which stimuli provide information that allows organisms to form or revise mental representation of their environment.
Contingency Theory
argues that contingency theory suggests that learning occurs only when the CS provides information about the UCS.
Robert Rescorla
acquisition of knowledge and skills through the observation of others rather than by means of direct experience.
Observational Learning
organism that engages in a response that is then imitated by another organism.
Model
neurons that fire when an animal observes the behavior of another and that tend to stimulate imitative behavior
Mirror Neurons
a simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the other stimulus
Classical Conditioning
a simple unlearned response
to a stimulus
reflex
an environmental condition that elicits a response
Stimulus
a stimulus that elicits a
response from an organism prior to
conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
An unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus
Unconditoned response ( UCR)
An unlearned response in which an organism attend to a stimulus
Orienting reflex
a previously neutral stimulus that
elicits a conditioned response
because it has been paired repeatedly
with a stimulus that already elicited
that response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
a learned response to a conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response (CR)
the process by which
stimuli lose their ability to evoke
learned responses because the events
that had followed the stimuli no
longer occur (The learned responses
are said to be extinguished.)
Extinction
the
recurrence of an extinguished response
as a function of the passage of time
Spontaneous recovery
in conditioning,
the tendency for a CR to be evoked by
stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to
which the response was conditioned
Generalization
in
conditioning, the tendency for an
organism to distinguish between a
CS and similar stimuli that do not
forecast a UCS
Discrimination
a classical conditioning procedure in
which a previously neutral stimulus
comes to elicit the response brought
forth by a CS by being paired
repeatedly with that conditioned
stimulus
higher-order conditioning
readiness to acquire a certain kind of
CR due to the biological makeup of
the organism
Biological preparedness
a
fear-reduction technique in which
pleasant stimuli are associated with
fear-evoking stimuli so that the
fearevoking stimuli lose their aversive
qualities
Counterconditioning
a behavioral
fear-reduction technique
based on principles of classical
conditioning; fear-evoking
stimuli (CSs) are presented
continuously in the absence
of actual harm so that
fear responses (CRs) are
extinguished
Flooding
a
behavioral fear-reduction
technique in which a hierarchy
of fear-evoking stimuli is
presented while the person
remains relaxed
Syntematic Desentization
Thorndike’s view that pleasant
events stamp in responses, and unpleasant events
stamp them out
law of effect
to follow a response with a stimulus
that increases the frequency of the response
Reinforce
Behaivior that operates on or manipulates, the environment
Operant behaivior
a simple form of
learning in which an organism learns to engage in
behavior because it is reinforced
Operant conditioning
the same as an operant
behavior
Operant
a reinforcer
that when presented increases the
frequency of an operant
Positive reinforcer
a reinforcer that when removed
increases the frequency of an operant
Negative reinforcer
an unlearned reinforcer whose
effectiveness is based on the
biological makeup of the organism
and not on learning
Primary reinforcer
stimulus that gains reinforcement
value through association with
established reinforcers
Secondary Reinforcer
Another term for a secondary reinforcer
Conditioned reinforcer
in
operant conditioning, a stimulus
that indicates that reinforcement
isavailable
Discriminative stimulus
A schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced
continous reinforcement
one of several reinforcement schedules in which not every correct response is reinforced
Partial reinforcement
a schedule
in which a fixed amount of time must elapse
between the previous and subsequent times that
reinforcement is available
Fixed interval schedule
a schedule in which a variable amount of time mus elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available
Variable-interval schedule
a schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses
fixed ratio schedule
a schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses
Variable ratio schedule
a procedure for teaching
complex behaviors that at first
reinforces approximations of the
target behavior
Shaping
Behaiviors which are progressively closer to a target behavior
successive approximations
