Biological perspective Flashcards
-cells of brain
-are specialized cells of the nervous system that conduct impulse
Neuron
How much neurons are we born with?
100 billion neuron
-removes dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system
Glial cells
-how neurons move or communicate
Electrical impulses /signals
-small gaps in the myelin coating along with the axon
-increase conduction
Nodes of Ranvier
-electrical signals created from the help of nodes of ranvier
Action potential
What does neurons and bodyfluids contain?
-Positively or negatively charged atoms
Ions
-In a resting state
Negative charge
-A neuron for firing by creating an internal negative charge
Polarize
how much volt in resting potential?
-70 millivolts
How much volts in action potential?
+30 to +40 millivolts
-neurons that fire together wire together
-made through experience and learning
Neural Circuity
-Ability for brains to adjust
-when neural circuity die, you loose ability to remember
Neural Plasticity
In this age, brain slows down development in self control impulses
20-25 yrs
-Mind is seperate from body
-mind can change body but body can’t change mind
Dualism
-a construction worker that went through an accident, that an iron rod pierced through his head and survived
Phineas Gage
-Brain wrinkles
Sulci
-brain bumps
Gyri
-highly responsible not only responsible
Localization of Function
-dont have neural circuity
-they are flexible/learn easy
Ex. Language & walking
Babies
-axonterminate & Dendrites Gap
Nerves
-sensory neurons rhat transmit toward spinal cord and brain
-info go up
Afferent neurons
-transmit messages from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands
-need conscious thought
-info go down
Efferent neurons
-usually sodium that enters pottasium escapes
Dendrites
-skull space
Ceverial spinal fluid
-dendrite holes
-way for sodium
Ionic channel
-a chemical messenger that carries, boosts and balance signals between neurons and target cells throughout the body
Neurotransmitter
-the small gap between two neurons.
-synaptic cleft
-the space between neurons at a nerve synapse across which a nerve impulse is transmitted by a neurotransmitter
Synaptic Gap/Synapse
Sending
Presynaptic neuron
Receiving
Postsynaptic neuron
-neurotransmitter that is a excitatory
-controls muscles contractions
-can occur in heart beats
Acetylcholine (ACh)
-muscle relaxant
-an antagonist for ACh
Curare
Reverse the function
Antagonist
-blocks the neurotransmitter
-keep them from doing their function
Blocker
-A neurotransmitter that releases when imagining and actual perception
Dopamine
-connected with hallucination and disturbances of thoughts and emotion
Overutilization
-manic-depressive illness or manic depression
-causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, concentration, and the ability to carry out day to day tasks
-unusual shifts between manic episode to depressed episodes
-energetic brain
Bipolar disorder
-excessive dopamine are involved in emotional responding
Dopamine hypothesis
-a state of mind characterized by high energy, excitement and euphoria over a sustained period of time
-main feature of bipolar disorder
Mania/Manic episode
-a state of unease or generalized dissatisfaction with life.
Depression / Dysphoria
-Hallucination & Delusion
-gets or makes neurons too active
-have significant dopamine in synapse
Schizophrenia
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Hallucination & Delusion
Negative symptoms in schizophrenia
Anhedonia, Avolition & Alogia
-unability to experience pleasure
Anhedonia
-unwanted to move
Avolition
-poverty of speech
Alogia
-meds that can change mind
Psychotropic
-medicine for hallucination & delusion
-reverse effect of dopamine
Psychotic
-it is an excitatory neurotransmitter that speeds up the heartbeat and other body processes and is involved in general arousal
-excitement in heart
-highly addictive
-responsible for how the person reacts to stress and anxiety
Norepinephrine
-is a neurotransmitter that is involved in emotional arousal and sleep
-happy hormone
-feel good
Seratonin
-is an inhibitatory neurotransmitter
-tranquilizer
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
-block or prevent the chemical message from being passed along any further
Inhibatory neurotransmitter
-the metabolic precursor of GABA
-MSG -aginomoto
Glutamate
-inhibitory neurotransmitter
-hormones
-help relieve pain, reduce, stress and improve your sense of well being-numbs muscles
-releases when feels pain Or stress
Endorphins
- “fight or flight”
Adrenaline
a specialized cell of the
nervous system that receives and
transmits messages
Neuron
a language
disorder characterized by slow,
laborious speech
Broca’s aphasia
a
language disorder characterized
by difficulty comprehending the
meaning of spoken language
Wernicke’s aphasia
a disruption in the ability
to understand or produce language
Aphasia
Biological needs im survival , respiratory rhythm, motos activity, sleep and wakefulness
Hind brain
Hind brain, according to paul mckan, is called what?
Reptilian brain
-Responsible for motor movement, movement of the ehes and in auditory and visual processing
-emotions
Mid brain
Mid brian, according to paul mckan, is called what?
Mammalian brain
Fore brain , according to paul mckan, is called what?
Monkey brain
4 forebrain lobes
-frontal
-temporal
-occipital
-parietal
Lobe responsible for Identity planning and reasoning
Frontal lobe
Lobe Responsible for hearing and language
Temporal lobe
Lobe Responsible for occipital
Occipital lobe
Lobe responsible for sensory cortex
Parietal lobe
Know what you’re touching without seeing
Stereognosis
Be able to tell where our body is in space and time
Proprioception
Thoughts
Obsession
-kept going back
-behavior
-Lessen obsession
Compulsive
-responsible for Any movement
Motor cortex
-posture balance and coordination
Cerebellum
are linked to muscular
responses throughout the body
Motor cortex
-thick fiber that connects two hemisphere
-will be cut if you have epilepsy
Corpus Callosum
Image
Right hemisphere
Language
Left hemisphere
Logic
Left hemisphere
-creativity & morality
-feeling & emotion
Right hemisphere
-hemisphere
-the outmost layer of the brain that is associated with our highest mental capabilities
Cerebral cortex
Involved in consciousness (sleep and arousal)
Pons
Mediator for forebrain & hindbrain
Thalamus
-production of hormones
-pituitary’s master
Hypothalamus
-almond shape
-responsible for emotions such as aggression &. Sex drive (Sadism and masochism)
Amygdala
-trying to turn off amygdala (anger and fear)
Septum
a thick
fiber bundle that connects the
hemispheres of the cortex
Corpus callosum
the wrinkled
surface area (gray matter) of the
cerebrum
Cerebral cortex
the large mass of the
fore-brain, which consists of two
hemispheres
Cerebrum
a part of the limbic
system that apparently facilitates
stereotypical aggressive responses
Amygdala
a group of
structures involved in memory,
motivation, and emotion that forms
a fringe along the inner edge of the
cerebrum
Limbic system
a bundle of
nuclei below the thalamus involved
in body temperature, motivation, and
emotion
Hypothalamus
an area near the center
of the brain involved in the relay of
sensory information to the cortex
and in the functions of sleep and
attention
Thalamus
a part of the
hindbrain involved in muscle
coordination and balance
Cerebellum
a structure of the hindbrain
involved in respiration, attention, and
sleep and arousal
Pons
an oblong area of the
hind-brain involved in regulation
of heartbeat, blood pressure,
movement, and respiration
Medulla
the part of the nervous system consisting
of the somatic nervous system and the
autonomic nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
the brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
a bundle of axons from
many neurons
Nerves
inhibitory
neurotransmitters that occur
naturally in the brain and in the
bloodstream and are similar to the
narcotic morphine in their functions
and effects
Endorphins
an inhibitory
neurotransmitter that apparently
helps calm anxiety
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
a neurotransmitter
involved in emotional arousal and
sleep; deficiencies have
been linked to eating disorders,
alcoholism, depression, aggression,
and insomnia
Seratonin
a
neurotransmitter whose action
is similar to that of the hormone
epinephrine and that may play a role
in depression
Norepinephrine
a neurotransmitter
that affects the ability to perceive
pleasure, voluntary movement, and
learning and memory; it is involved
in Parkinson’s disease and appears to
play a role in schizophrenia
Dopamine
a structure of
the brain that is involved in memory
formation
Hippocampus
a neurotransmitter that controls
muscle contractions
Acetylcholine (ACh)
a location on
a dendrite of a receiving neuron
tailored to receive a neurotransmitter
Receptor site
chemical
substances involved in the
transmission of neural impulses from
one neuron to another
Neurotransmitters
a junction between the
axon terminals of one neuron and
the dendrites or cell body of another
neuron
Synapse
a phase
following firing during which a
neuron is less sensitive to messages
from other neurons and will not fire
Refactory period
to reduce the
resting potential of a cell membrane
from about 70 millivolts toward zero
Depolarized
the
electrochemical discharge of a nerve
cell or neuron
Neural impulses
a fatty substance that
encases and insulates axons,
facilitating transmission of neural
impulses
Myelin
