thinking, intelligence, language

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

the way in which info is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing

Question 2

thinking

Answer 2

Manipulating info mentally to form concepts, solve problems, and make decisions

Question 3

cognitive psychology

Answer 3

psych approach that explains observable behavior by investigating mental processes and structures that we cannot directly observe

Question 4

inductive reasoning

Answer 4

bottom-up reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations

Question 5

deductive reasoning

Answer 5

top-down reasoning from a general principle that we know to be true to a specific instance

Question 6

prototype model of thinking concepts

Answer 6

a comparison to the most typical items in a category that reflect a concept

Question 7

the benefit of thinking concepts

Answer 7

allows for generalization, aids memory, association of experience and objects, gives clues for how to react

Question 8

steps of problem solving

Answer 8

find and frame problems, develop good problem solving strategies, evaluate solutions, rethink and define problems and solutions over time

Question 9

functional fixedness

Answer 9

failing to solve a problem as a result of fixation on a things usual functions

ex: not being able to come up with ways to use a brick due to only associating bricks with buidling

Question 10

fundamental attribution error

Answer 10

tendency for an observer to underestimate a situation and overestimate a personal disposition

ex: we belive someone is a bad person because they did something bad

Question 11

loss aversion

Answer 11

tendency to strongly prefer to avoid losses compared to acquiring gains

Question 12

hindsight bias

Answer 12

the tendency to perceive past events as more predictable than they really were

ex: saying that you “knew that was going to happen”

Question 13

base rate neglect

Answer 13

tendency to ignore statistical info in favor of very specific but unrealistic info

ex: thinking someone is more likely to commit a crime based on their rac

Question 14

confirmation bias

Answer 14

tendency to search for and use info that only supports our ideas

Question 15

heuristics

Answer 15

mental shortcuts used to simplify a problem

Question 16

availbility heuristic

Answer 16

prediction about the probability of an event based on how easily information regarding this topic is avalibile (moments more memorable will have a bigger impact on decisons)

Question 17

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 17

tendency to make judgements about a member of a group based on physical appearance/a stereotype

Question 18

familiarity heuristic

Answer 18

the tendency to have more favorable opinions of things, people, or places one has experienced as opposed to new ones

ex: choosing brands of food you have already tried

Question 19

affect heuristic

Answer 19

people tend to make choices based on emotions they are experiencing in that moment

remembering trick: emotions AFFECT decisions

Question 20

anchoring heuristic

Answer 20

the tendency to be overly influenced by the first bit of information we hear or learn

Question 21

scarcity heuristic

Answer 21

we view things that are scarce or less available to us as inherently more valuable

Question 22

charles spearman

Answer 22

came up with the idea that intelligence is a general ability (nature as opposed to nurture) and measured intelligence by g

stupid remembering trick: spearman is a g

Question 23

IQ formula

Answer 23

IQ= 100(MA/CA)

Question 24

MA

Answer 24

mental age of a person relative to development of others in age group

Question 25

CA

Answer 25

Chronological age from birth

Question 26

Heritability

Answer 26

the proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by differences in the genes of the group members

Question 27

robert j sternbergs triarchic theory

Answer 27

intelligence comes from 3 forms- analytical, creative, and practical

Question 28

analytical intelligence (relating to triarchic theory)

Answer 28

ability to analyze, judge, originate, and imagine

Question 29

creative intelligence (relating to triarchic theory)

Answer 29

ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine

Question 30

practical intelligence (relating to triarchic theory)

Answer 30

ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice

Question 31

verbal intelligence (relating to garders Intelligence theory)

Answer 31

ability to think in words and language to express meaning

Question 32

Mathematical intelligence (gardners)

Answer 32

ability to carry out mathematical operations

Question 33

Wernickes area

Answer 33

Towards the middle of the left hemisphere- responsible for language comprehension

Question 34

brocas area

Answer 34

towards the back of the left hemisphere- responsible for speech production

Question 35

noam chomsky

Answer 35

held the belief that humans enter the world prewired to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way

Question 36

Bodily kinesthetic intelligence (gardners)

Answer 36

Ability to manipulate objects and to be physically adapt

Question 37

Musical intelligence (gardners)

Answer 37

Ability to be sensitive to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone

Question 38

Interpersonal intelligence (gardners)

Answer 38

Ability to understand and interact effectively with other

Question 39

Intrapersonal intelligence

Answer 39

Ability to understand yourself

Question 40

Naturalistic intelligence (gardners)

Answer 40

Ability to observe patterns in nature and understand natural human made systems

Question 41

Existentialist intelligence (gardners)

Answer 41

Ability to grapple with big questions of human existence

Question 42

Phonology

Answer 42

Sound system based on phonemes, the basic unit of sound in each language

Question 43

Morphology

Answer 43

Rules for word formation, the smallest unit of language that carries meaning (ex: help, helper, helped, helping)

Question 44

Semantics

Answer 44

Meanings of words and phrases in a given language (ex: the coffe cup straddled the barn door that sang to them in green grassroots)- a semantically incorrect sentence

Question 45

Pragmatics

Answer 45

Useful character of language, ability to communicate more than what is said

Question 46

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 46

Words cause ability to think- English speakers cannot see the many different kinds of snow that inuit people have words for

Question 47

Noam Chomsky

Answer 47

Held the idea that humans enter the world biologically prewired to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way

Question 48

Executive function

Answer 48

Higher order complex cognitive process that includes thinking, planning, and problem solving (bilingual individuals tend to show an improved executive function)