Scientific foundations Flashcards
Structuralism
Structure > function. The belief of Wilhelm Wundt.
Introspection
looking inward to understand psychological questions
Functionalism
understanding how the conscious mind is related to behavior
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytical approach
behavior is determined by past expiriences (emphasis on unconscious conflicts)
Humanistic approach
Humans have free will and are able to grow
Evolutionary approach
evolutionary bio to explain behaviors (natural selection)
Ex: study of how anger could be a gene inhiereted from ancestors
biological approach
behavior is a physical process -we are who we are because of biological factors
cognitive approach
our thought processes impact how we behave
ex: how emotions impact how we feel
Descriptive research
surveys, interviews, case studies, observations
correlational research
Longitudinal, correlation not causation, finding out that something is not why it is
experimental research
independent and dependent variables, control groups, validity, biases, relationships between variables
mean
all numbers added then divided by amount of numbers
median
number in the middle of a data set
mode
number that occurs the most
range
difference (subtraction) between highest and lowest scores
Standard deviation
difference (subtraction) between value and mean
normal distribution
the center of the graph is the mean, every section is then divided by one standard deviation
percent of data between one standard deviation
68.27%
percent of data between two standard deviations
95.45%
percent of data between three standard deviations
99.73%
negative skew
majority of data is to the right of the mean
positive skew
majority of data is to the left of the mean
survey
self reporting
case study
close look at one person
natural observation
observing with no interference
meta-analysis
looks at and combines all published results of a study
factor analysis
looking at large amounts of data to find big trends
population
total number of a group
sample
Representative group in a study
Operational definition
agreed upon definition of how a variable is going to be measured/observed
control group
group not exposed to independent variable but kept same in all other aspects
experimental group
the group receiving the independent variable
confounding variable
a variable other than the independent variable that may effect the outcome
placebo
getting results based on expectations alone
null hypothesis
treatment had no effect
alternate hypothesis
treatment had an effect
alpha
accepted probability that the result is due to chance (up to 5%)
P value
shows if results are statistically significant (less that 5% is statistically insignificant)
H0
null hypothesis
H1
alternate hypothesis
Correlation coefficient
-1.0 to + 1.0
R value
the closer R is to 1, the stronger the relationship
selection bias
bias during the selection process (differences between groups present during the beginning of the experiment, random assignment used to account for this)
experimenter bias
when the experimenter influences the outcome (double blind study accounts for this)
empirical method
getting knowledge through observation, collecting data, and logical reasoning
natural selection
organisms that are better adapted to the environment survive longer
john locke
Believed the mind is under control of natural laws
tabula rasa
john lockes term to describe the state of an unknowing infant
rene descartes
believed the physical world and everything in it ran like machines and behaved in predictable ways
wilhelm wundt
founded structuralism
william james
believed in functionalism
dualism
divides the world into two parts; body and mind/spirit
pre-screening/advertising bias
advertising may effect results
healthy user bias
when the selected group does not accurately represent the general population
Conceptual definition
theory/issue being studied
external validity
the extent in which the results of a study can be generalized to other contexts in the real world
internal validity
Certainty that the results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable
inter-rater reliability
degree to which different raters agree on their observations of the same data
inferential statistics
allows researchers to test hypotheses and then determine how confident they can be in their inference of the data
type 1 error
says there is a difference when there is not
type 2 error
says there is no difference when there is
Contemporary psychology
the modern study of behaviors and mental processes using traditional psychological theories
psychometric psychology
the use of tests and quizzes to measure the intelligence of others (most often those with brain injuries, neurological disorders, ect.)
Plato (and socrates)’s view of the mind
the mind is separate from the body and therefore continues after it dies
Aristotles belief of knowledge
knowledge results from our memories and experiences
approach associated with conditioning
behavioral
human factors psychology
the study of how people interact with machines and technology
industrial/organizational psychology
focuses on scientifically based solutions to human problems in work/organizational settings
Wundts experimental studies involved
reactions to sensory stimuli