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AP psych > Scientific foundations > Flashcards

Scientific foundations Flashcards

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1
Q

Structuralism

A

Structure > function. The belief of Wilhelm Wundt.

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2
Q

Introspection

A

looking inward to understand psychological questions

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3
Q

Functionalism

A

understanding how the conscious mind is related to behavior

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4
Q

Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytical approach

A

behavior is determined by past expiriences (emphasis on unconscious conflicts)

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5
Q

Humanistic approach

A

Humans have free will and are able to grow

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6
Q

Evolutionary approach

A

evolutionary bio to explain behaviors (natural selection)
Ex: study of how anger could be a gene inhiereted from ancestors

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7
Q

biological approach

A

behavior is a physical process -we are who we are because of biological factors

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8
Q

cognitive approach

A

our thought processes impact how we behave
ex: how emotions impact how we feel

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9
Q

Descriptive research

A

surveys, interviews, case studies, observations

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10
Q

correlational research

A

Longitudinal, correlation not causation, finding out that something is not why it is

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11
Q

experimental research

A

independent and dependent variables, control groups, validity, biases, relationships between variables

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12
Q

mean

A

all numbers added then divided by amount of numbers

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13
Q

median

A

number in the middle of a data set

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14
Q

mode

A

number that occurs the most

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15
Q

range

A

difference (subtraction) between highest and lowest scores

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16
Q

Standard deviation

A

difference (subtraction) between value and mean

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17
Q

normal distribution

A

the center of the graph is the mean, every section is then divided by one standard deviation

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18
Q

percent of data between one standard deviation

A

68.27%

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19
Q

percent of data between two standard deviations

A

95.45%

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20
Q

percent of data between three standard deviations

A

99.73%

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21
Q

negative skew

A

majority of data is to the right of the mean

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22
Q

positive skew

A

majority of data is to the left of the mean

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23
Q

survey

A

self reporting

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24
Q

case study

A

close look at one person

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25
Q

natural observation

A

observing with no interference

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26
Q

meta-analysis

A

looks at and combines all published results of a study

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27
Q

factor analysis

A

looking at large amounts of data to find big trends

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28
Q

population

A

total number of a group

29
Q

sample

A

Representative group in a study

30
Q

Operational definition

A

agreed upon definition of how a variable is going to be measured/observed

31
Q

control group

A

group not exposed to independent variable but kept same in all other aspects

32
Q

experimental group

A

the group receiving the independent variable

33
Q

confounding variable

A

a variable other than the independent variable that may effect the outcome

34
Q

placebo

A

getting results based on expectations alone

35
Q

null hypothesis

A

treatment had no effect

36
Q

alternate hypothesis

A

treatment had an effect

37
Q

alpha

A

accepted probability that the result is due to chance (up to 5%)

38
Q

P value

A

shows if results are statistically significant (less that 5% is statistically insignificant)

39
Q

H0

A

null hypothesis

40
Q

H1

A

alternate hypothesis

41
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

-1.0 to + 1.0

42
Q

R value

A

the closer R is to 1, the stronger the relationship

43
Q

selection bias

A

bias during the selection process (differences between groups present during the beginning of the experiment, random assignment used to account for this)

44
Q

experimenter bias

A

when the experimenter influences the outcome (double blind study accounts for this)

45
Q

empirical method

A

getting knowledge through observation, collecting data, and logical reasoning

46
Q

natural selection

A

organisms that are better adapted to the environment survive longer

47
Q

john locke

A

Believed the mind is under control of natural laws

48
Q

tabula rasa

A

john lockes term to describe the state of an unknowing infant

49
Q

rene descartes

A

believed the physical world and everything in it ran like machines and behaved in predictable ways

50
Q

wilhelm wundt

A

founded structuralism

51
Q

william james

A

believed in functionalism

52
Q

dualism

A

divides the world into two parts; body and mind/spirit

53
Q

pre-screening/advertising bias

A

advertising may effect results

54
Q

healthy user bias

A

when the selected group does not accurately represent the general population

55
Q

Conceptual definition

A

theory/issue being studied

56
Q

external validity

A

the extent in which the results of a study can be generalized to other contexts in the real world

57
Q

internal validity

A

Certainty that the results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable

58
Q

inter-rater reliability

A

degree to which different raters agree on their observations of the same data

59
Q

inferential statistics

A

allows researchers to test hypotheses and then determine how confident they can be in their inference of the data

60
Q

type 1 error

A

says there is a difference when there is not

61
Q

type 2 error

A

says there is no difference when there is

62
Q

Contemporary psychology

A

the modern study of behaviors and mental processes using traditional psychological theories

63
Q

psychometric psychology

A

the use of tests and quizzes to measure the intelligence of others (most often those with brain injuries, neurological disorders, ect.)

64
Q

Plato (and socrates)’s view of the mind

A

the mind is separate from the body and therefore continues after it dies

65
Q

Aristotles belief of knowledge

A

knowledge results from our memories and experiences

66
Q

approach associated with conditioning

A

behavioral

67
Q

human factors psychology

A

the study of how people interact with machines and technology

68
Q

industrial/organizational psychology

A

focuses on scientifically based solutions to human problems in work/organizational settings

69
Q

Wundts experimental studies involved

A

reactions to sensory stimuli

AP psych (12 decks)

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