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AP psych > learning > Flashcards

learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Associative learning

A

learning through association: closely related to conditioning

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2
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing and mimicking others

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3
Q

classical conditioning

A

Conditioning through the use of a stimulus and getting the subject to carry out an action with a conditioned reaction

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4
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

the stimulus not associated with a behavior (yet)

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5
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

stimulus producing a natural response that was not “learned”

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6
Q

Unconditioned response

A

natural, unlearned response to the unconditioned stimulus

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7
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

the new, conditioned stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus to create the final conditioned response (the same as the neutral stimulus, it has just been conditioned)

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8
Q

conditioned response

A

the learned response to the conditioned stimulus

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9
Q

Acquisition

A

the initial pairing of the unconditioned and neutral stimulus

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10
Q

contiguity

A

the use of the unconditioned and neutral stimulus at the same time

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11
Q

generalization

A

a new stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus that results in the conditioned response

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12
Q

Discrimination

A

the response to certain stimuli, but not others

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13
Q

Extinction

A

the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent

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14
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

a response reoccurs after a time without conditioning

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15
Q

renewal

A

the recovery of the conditioned response when put in the same environment it was learned in

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16
Q

counterconditioning

A

changing the conditioned response to reverse an action

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17
Q

aversive conditioning

A

a type of counterconditioning that involves negative responses paired with a previously used stimuli

18
Q

primary reinforcer

A

satisfying as it is, doesn’t need to be learned to be pleasurable

19
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

conditioned reinforcer, provides positive value

20
Q

applied behavior analysis

A

using operant conditioning to change human behavior

21
Q

retention

A

the need to encode what behavior you are learning

22
Q

motor reproduction

A

the need to have the physical capability to replicate the behavior

23
Q

insight learning

A

problem solving involving a sudden understanding of how to find a solution

24
Q

purposive behavior

A

Tolmans idea- states that behavioral acts have a goal & purpose

25
Q

latent/implicit learning

A

unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in ones behavior

26
Q

learned helplessness

A

occurs after being put in a stressful situation repeatedly

27
Q

Thorndikes law of effect

A

behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened while behaviors with negative outcomes are weakened

28
Q

operant conditioning

A

Spontaneous behavior and what happens afterwards

29
Q

B.F. Skinners idea

A

mechanisms of learning are the same across all species

29
Q

shaping

A

training a behavior that wouldn’t have been learned otherwise- shaping refers to giving out rewards after each step taken that is closer to the desired outcome is acheived (teaching a baby how to walk is a good example)

30
Q

positive reinforcement

A

providing a stimulus following a behavior to increase the frequency of the behavior

31
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removing a stimulus following a behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior

32
Q

avoidance learning

A

learning to avoid a negative stimulus by showing a specific response

33
Q

Punishment

A

attempt to decrease a behavior

34
Q

positive punishment

A

adding a stimulus to decrease a behavior

35
Q

Negative punishment

A

removing a stimulus to decrease a behavior

36
Q

ratio

A

number of behaviors before stimulus is added

37
Q

interval

A

amount of time before stimulus

38
Q

fixed

A

same number/amount of time

39
Q

variable

A

random number/amount of time

AP psych (12 decks)

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