learning Flashcards
Associative learning
learning through association: closely related to conditioning
observational learning
learning by observing and mimicking others
classical conditioning
Conditioning through the use of a stimulus and getting the subject to carry out an action with a conditioned reaction
Neutral stimulus
the stimulus not associated with a behavior (yet)
Unconditioned stimulus
stimulus producing a natural response that was not “learned”
Unconditioned response
natural, unlearned response to the unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
the new, conditioned stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus to create the final conditioned response (the same as the neutral stimulus, it has just been conditioned)
conditioned response
the learned response to the conditioned stimulus
Acquisition
the initial pairing of the unconditioned and neutral stimulus
contiguity
the use of the unconditioned and neutral stimulus at the same time
generalization
a new stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus that results in the conditioned response
Discrimination
the response to certain stimuli, but not others
Extinction
the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent
Spontaneous recovery
a response reoccurs after a time without conditioning
renewal
the recovery of the conditioned response when put in the same environment it was learned in
counterconditioning
changing the conditioned response to reverse an action
aversive conditioning
a type of counterconditioning that involves negative responses paired with a previously used stimuli
primary reinforcer
satisfying as it is, doesn’t need to be learned to be pleasurable
secondary reinforcer
conditioned reinforcer, provides positive value
applied behavior analysis
using operant conditioning to change human behavior
retention
the need to encode what behavior you are learning
motor reproduction
the need to have the physical capability to replicate the behavior
insight learning
problem solving involving a sudden understanding of how to find a solution
purposive behavior
Tolmans idea- states that behavioral acts have a goal & purpose
latent/implicit learning
unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in ones behavior
learned helplessness
occurs after being put in a stressful situation repeatedly
Thorndikes law of effect
behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened while behaviors with negative outcomes are weakened
operant conditioning
Spontaneous behavior and what happens afterwards
B.F. Skinners idea
mechanisms of learning are the same across all species
shaping
training a behavior that wouldn’t have been learned otherwise- shaping refers to giving out rewards after each step taken that is closer to the desired outcome is acheived (teaching a baby how to walk is a good example)
positive reinforcement
providing a stimulus following a behavior to increase the frequency of the behavior
negative reinforcement
removing a stimulus following a behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior
avoidance learning
learning to avoid a negative stimulus by showing a specific response
Punishment
attempt to decrease a behavior
positive punishment
adding a stimulus to decrease a behavior
Negative punishment
removing a stimulus to decrease a behavior
ratio
number of behaviors before stimulus is added
interval
amount of time before stimulus
fixed
same number/amount of time
variable
random number/amount of time
