memory Flashcards
memory locations in the brain
frontal lobe, hippocampus, cerebellum, basil ganglia, amygdala
model for processing info
encoding, storage, retreival
Connectionism model
memories are products of connected neural networks meaning, learning something new creates changes in those neural networks forming and strengthening pathways, allowing for interaction and additional learning from the environment
three stage processing model
sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory
sensory memory
the recording of info that is to be remembered (super short; a fraction of a second to a couple seconds)
short term memory
processing of info through rehearsal (about 30 seconds)
long term memory
where information moves for later retrieval (can last a lifetime)
working memory
a combination of components (including short term memory and attention) that allow us to temporality complete cognitive tasks
Phonological loop
speech based information about sounds of language
visuo-spatial sketchpad
our ability to temporarily hold visual and spatial information
(location of a parked car, route to a grocery store)
central executive
integration of information from long term memory, phonological loop, and visuo-spatial sketchpad.
explicit/declarative memories
memories of facts/experiences that we can consciously know and declare
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
implicit/nondeclarative memories
memories that are independent of conscious recollection
automatic processing
unconscious coding of incidental information
iconic memory
sensory memory of a visual lasting no longer than a tenths of a seconds
echoic memory
sensory memory of an audio- recall sounds and words within 3 or 4 seconds
chunking
organizing into units
mnemonics
memory devices
hierarchies
divison and subdivision
distributed practice
practicing over time
spacing effect
encoding distributed over time = increased retention
testing effect
repeated self testing helps to distribute the practice
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level based on structure/appearance of words or of their sounds
deep processing
this yields the best retention- essentially encoding semantically based on the meaning of words
left frontal lobe
memory stuff like recalling a password
right frontal lobe
memory stuff like a visual from a party
Hippocampus
“save button” for explicit memories
infantile amnesia
lack of memory from early years of life
cerebellum
key roll in forming or storing implicit memories that are formed by classical conditioning
basal ganglia
procedural memories (like riding a bike)
amygdala
provoked when stressed
flashbulb memories
memories effected by emotional state- like a flash of a memory
synaptic changes
serotonin is released into certain synapses during learning for transmission efficiency
long term potentiation (LTP)
an increase in a cells firing potential after brief rapid stimulation (believed to be a neural basis for learning & memory)
recall
Retrieval of information that you are not consciously aware of, but that you have learned
Recognition
identifying items that have previously been learned
relearning
learning something quicker the second time
priming
the activation/particular associations in memory
context-dependent memory
recreating content to prime memory retrieval (external state ie; where you were, what you were listening to)
state-dependent memory
Retrieval is better when the state is recreated (internal state ie; mood)
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories (automatic processing remains in tact)
retrograde amnesia
inability to retrieve information from someones past
ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve
graph showing how we lose information over time
tip of tongue forgetting
Retrieval coming from long term memory that is interrupted (often requires a retrieval que)
proactive interference
disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information (old memories messing with new memories)
retroactive interference
disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information (new memories messing with old memories)
positive transfer
previously learned information often facilitates learning of new information
motivated forgetting
we filter, alter, or loose much of our processed information -info might be intact, but not retrievable
repression
basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness
Misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into someones memory of an event
imagination inflation
imagining a false memory based on altered photographs
source amnesia/misattribution
crediting an event we have experienced, hear about, read about, or imagined to an incorrect source
