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AP psych > Biological basis > Flashcards

Biological basis Flashcards

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1
Q

phrenology

A

study of bumps on skull

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2
Q

neuron

A

a nerve cell

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3
Q

dendrites

A

Extensions on the ends of a neuron that receive info/conduct impulses towards the cell body

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4
Q

axon

A

neuron extension that passes messages

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5
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty layer encasing axons to speed up transmissions

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6
Q

action potential

A

neural impulse that is quick and travels down the axon

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7
Q

resting potential

A

negative charge INSIDE axon, positive charge OUTSIDE axon

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8
Q

refractory period

A

the period of inactivity after a neuron is fired

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9
Q

threshold

A

level of stimulation required in order to trigger a neural impluse

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10
Q

all-or-nothing response

A

a neuron either firing or not

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11
Q

synapse

A

junction between axon tip (sending neuron) and dendrite/cell body (receiving neuron)

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12
Q

synaptic gap

A

gap between axon tip and dendrite or cell body

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13
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical messages that cross synaptic gaps between neurons

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14
Q

reuptake

A

Neurotransmitters reabsorbtion by the sending neuron

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15
Q

Acetylcholine

A

critical to motor movement, learning, and memory.
deficit: alzheimers

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16
Q

dopamine

A

important in motor movement, alertness, attention, and emotion.
excess: schizophrenia
deficit: parkinsons

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17
Q

endorphins

A

pain control, stress reduction, and pleasure. basically everything good!

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18
Q

GABA

A

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter
deficit: seizures/insomnia

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19
Q

Serotonin

A

affects mood, hunger, sleep, arousal

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20
Q

norepinephrine

A

controls alertness (adrenaline)

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21
Q

Glutamate

A

major excitatory neurotransmitter- involved with memory

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22
Q

agonists

A

(a molecule) stimulates a response by binding to a receptor site

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23
Q

Antagonists

A

(a molecule) inhibits/blocks a response by binding to a receptor site

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24
Q

sensory neuron

A

carries messages from body’s tissues and sensory receptors inward to the brain and glands

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25
Q

motor neuron

A

carries instructions from CNS out to body’s muscles and glands

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26
Q

interneurons/association neurons

A

middleman between afferent/efferent neurons located in CNS to relay info

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27
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls body’s skeletal muscles

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28
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls glands and muscles of internal organs

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29
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

mobilizes the body (fight or flight)

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30
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms the body (rest and digest)

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31
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

32
Q

reflex

A

response to a sensory stimulus

33
Q

adrenal gland

A

above kidneys (lower back) -help body in stressful situations

34
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects the left and right cerebral hemisphere

35
Q

frontal lobe

A

speech, smell, motor control, concentration, planning, problem solving

36
Q

Parietal lobe

A

taste, body awareness, touch, and pressure

37
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing, facial recognition

38
Q

Occipital lobe

A

vision

39
Q

cerebellum

A

coordination

40
Q

pancreas

A

under the stomach, produces insulin which controls glucose

41
Q

ovaries/testes

A

sexual development and reproduction

42
Q

AFFERENT nerves

A

OUT-IN sends info to CNS, responsible for sensing a stimulus

43
Q

EFFERENT nerves

A

INSIDE-OUT responsible for carrying signals away from CNS in order to initiate an action

44
Q

thyroid

A

below voice box, uses iodine from food to make hormones that regulate energy usage

45
Q

parathyroid

A

4 tiny glands behind the thyroid, controls the amount of calcium in blood

46
Q

endocrine system

A

glands that release chemicals into the bloodstream

47
Q

neuromodulators

A

not restricted to the synaptic clef between 2 neurons

48
Q

glial cells

A

support nutritional benefits and keep neurons running smoothly

49
Q

Plasticity

A

the brains physical capacity for change

50
Q

amitonic

A

loses the ability to divide after carrying out purpose

51
Q

unipolar

A

sensory neurons

52
Q

Multipolar

A

motor neurons

53
Q

resting potential of a neuron

A

-70 milivolts

54
Q

what happens once threshold is met (action potential)

A

sodium channels open, sodium rushes into cell

55
Q

Equilibrium potential

A

58 milivolts

56
Q

when potassium ions leave the cell

A

repolarization

57
Q

pairs of chromosomes

A

23

58
Q

genotype

A

Physical genes

59
Q

phenotype

A

Observable characteristics

60
Q

polygenetic inhieritence

A

influence of multiple genes on behavior

61
Q

molecular genetics

A

manipulates genes using tech

62
Q

genome-wide association method

A

Identifying genes linked to diseases

63
Q

behavior genetics

A

study of degree & nature of hereditary influence on behavior

64
Q

twin studies

A

studies on twins -finding links between genetic and behavioral similarities

65
Q

brain leisoning

A

Abnormal disruption in brain tissue from an injury/disease

66
Q

EEG

A

electrical activity in the brain on an electroencephalogram to asses brain damage, seizures, and sleep issues

67
Q

CT/CAT scan

A

computer generated composite of variety of x rays taken of the brain (used to find location/extent of damage like strokes, memory loss, language disorders)

68
Q

PET scan

A

metabolic changes in brain (glucose levels)can measure the amount of neurotransmitters remaining in a synaptic gap

69
Q

MRI

A

magnetic field around the body, uses radio waves to construct images of brain tissue and biochemical activities

70
Q

fMRI

A

measures changes of blood-oxygen levels to reveal activity (its like an MRI but while the subject is doing something)

71
Q

TMS

A

often combined with other imaging to show relationships between activity and behavior

72
Q

collateral sprouting

A

axons of adjacent healthy neurons grow new branches

73
Q

neurogenesis

A

creation of new neurons

74
Q

Substitution function

A

function is taken over by another area of the brain

75
Q

Excitatory transmitter

A

generates an action potential

76
Q

Inhibitory transmitter

A

prevents an action potential

AP psych (12 decks)

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