THINKING CRITICALLY TO ANALYZE DATA

Question 1

is the process of international higher level of thinking to define a client’s problem, examine the evidence-based practice in caring for the client, and make choices in the delivery of care.

Answer 1

CRITICAL THINKING

Question 2

• … reasonable reflective thinking that is focused on deciding what to believe or do (Ennis, 2000)
• Process through which nurses analyze and make sense of situations in order to make sound clinical decisions.

Answer 2

CRITICAL THINKING

Question 3

is the way in which the nurse processes information using knowledge, past experiences, intuition, and cognitive abilities to formulate conclusions or diagnoses.

Answer 3

CRITICAL THINKING

Question 4

is a cognitive process that uses thinking strategies to gather and analyze client information, evaluate the relevance of the information, and decide on possible nursing actions to improve the client’s physiological outcomes.

Answer 4

CLINICAL REASONING

Question 5

YES OR NO, IS THIS A PURPOSE OF CRITICAL THINKING? : Nurses use knowledge from subject and fields. Nursing use critical thinking skills when they reflect on knowledge derived from other interdisciplinary subject areas.

Answer 5

YES

Question 6

YES OR NO, IS THIS A PURPOSE OF CRITICAL THINKING?: Nurses deals with change in stressful environments. Critical thinking enables the nurse to recognize important cues, respond quickly and adapt interventions to meet specific client needs at the right time.

Answer 6

YES

Question 7

YES OR NO, IS THIS A PURPOSE OF CRITICAL THINKING?: Nurses make important decisions.

Answer 7

YES

Question 8

YES OR NO, IS THIS A PURPOSE OF CRITICAL THINKING?: Nurses use critical thinking skills and clinical reasoning to make judgments about the client’s care.

Answer 8

YES

Question 9

YES OR NO, IS THIS A PURPOSE OF CRITICAL THINKING?: Creativity is thinking that results in development of new ideas and products

Answer 9

YES

Question 10

Techniques in Critical Thinking

Answer 10

• Critical Analysis
• Socratic Questioning
• Inductive Reasoning
• Deductive Reasoning

Question 11

is the application of a set of questions to a particular situation or idea to determine essential information and ideas and discard unimportant information and ideas.

Answer 11

• Critical Analysis

Question 12

are formed from a set of facts or observations.

Answer 12

• Inductive Reasoning generalizations

Question 12

by contrast, is a reasoning from general premise to the specific conclusion.

Answer 12

• Deductive Reasoning

Question 13

(develop by Socrates) is a techniques one can use to look beneath the surface, recognize and examine assumptions, search for inconsistencies examine multiple points of view and differentiate what one knows from what merely believes.

Answer 13

• Socratic Questioning

Question 14

TRUE OR FALSE: When a nurse uses international thinking, a relationship develops among knowledge, skills, and attitude that are attributed to: critical thinking, and clinical reasoning, the nursing process and the problem solving process.

Answer 14

TRUE

Question 15

TRUE OR FALSE: 1. Nursing process is a systematic, rational method of planning and providing individualized nursing care.
 Implementation of the nursing process provides nurses with a creative approach to thinking and doing to obtain and analyze client data and plan actions that will meet the client’s needs.

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

TRUE OR FALSE: 2. Problem Solving is a mental activity in which a problem is identical that represent an unsteady state.
 Problem solving for one situation contributes to the nurse’s body of knowledge for problem solving in similar situations.

Answer 16

TRUE

Question 17

Commonly used approaches to problem solving include:

Answer 17

• Trial and Error in which a number of approaches are tried until a solution is found.

Question 18

____________is the understanding or learning of things without the conscious use of reasoning. It is a problem solving approach that relies on a nurse’s inner sense. It is an essential and legitimate aspect of clinical judgment acquired thorugh knowledge and experience.

Answer 18

• Intuition

Question 18

______________ in nursing is an decision making process to ascertain the right nursing action to be implemented at the appropriate time in the client’s care.

Answer 18

o Clinical judgment

Question 19

_____________ is a formalized, logical systematic approach to solving problem. The classic quantitative research process is most useful when the researcher is working in a controlled situations require a modified approach for solving problems.

Answer 19

3. Research Process

Question 20

TRUE OR FALSE: * Nurses use critical thinking skills when making decisions about client care.
* The decision making process includes prioritizing care not only with one client but when providing care to many clients.

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

TRUE OR FALSE: * Nurses must make decisions and also assist clients to make decisions.
* When faced with several client needs at the same time, the nurse must prioritize and decide which client to assist first.

Answer 21

TRUE

Question 22

_______________ often referred to as the diagnostic phase or critical reasoning phase because the end result or purpose is identification of a nursing diagnosis, collaboration problem, or need for referral to another health care professional.

Answer 22

Data Analysis

Question 23

* The purpose of assessing client’s health status:

Answer 23

o To analyze the subjective and objective data collected.

Question 24

SEVEN ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF CRITICAL THINKING

Answer 24

1. Keep an open mind. 2. Use rationale to support opinions or decisions 3. Reflect on thoughts before reaching a conclusion 4. Use past clinical experiences to build knowledge 5. Acquire an adequate knowledge base that continues to build. 6. Be aware of the interactions of others. 7. Be aware of the environment.

Question 24

* Analysis of data include:

Answer 24

1. Health promotion diagnosis 2. Risk diagnosis 3. Actual diagnosis 4. Collaborative problems 5. Referred to health care providers for possible medical problems

Question 25

Analysis of Data and Critical Thinking – Step two of the Nursing Process

Answer 25

* Nurse is required to use diagnostic reasoning skills to interpret data accurately * Nurse must think critically – in rational, self-directed, intelligent and purposeful manner. * Essential Elements of Critical Thinking

Question 26

 Collection and organization of assessment data  Validation of data  Documentation of data

Answer 26

* Assessment Phase

Question 27

 Grouping and organizing data  Validating data and comparing the data with norms  Clustering data to make inferences  Generating possible hypothesis regarding the client’s problems.  Formulating a professional clinical judgment.  Validating the judgment with the client.

Answer 27

* The Diagnostic phase of the Nursing Process

Question 28

7 STEPS OF DATA ANALYSIS

Answer 28

Step 1: Identify Strengths and Abnormal Data Step 2: Cluster Data Step 3: Draw Inferences Step 4: Propose Possible Nursing Diagnoses Step 5: Check for Defining Character Step 6: Confirm or Ruel out Diagnoses Step 7: Document Conclusions

Question 29

* Nurse should compare collected assessment data with findings in reliable charts and references that provide standard and values for physical and psychological norms. * Nuse should have a basic knowledge of risk factors for the client. * Subjective for the client. * Subjective and Objective data * Identified strengths: used in formulating health promotion diagnoses. * Identified potential weaknesses: used in formulating risk diagnoses * Actual weakness/abnormal findings: used in formulating actual nursing diagnoses.

Answer 29

Step one: Identify Strengths and Abnormal Data

Question 29

* Identify strengths and abnormal findings for cues that are related. * Cluster both strengths cues and abnormal cues. * Consider again, if additional data are needed.

Answer 29

Step two: Cluster Data

Question 30

* Write down “hunches” or assumptions about each cue cluster. * Consider nursing diagnosis, Collaborative problem, referral. Referral can be defined as connecting clients with other professionals and resources.

Answer 30

Step three: Draw Inferences

Question 31

* Actual diagnosis – indicates that the client is currently experiencing the stated problem or has a dysfunctional pattern. * Risk diagnosis indicates that the client does not currently have the problem but is vulnerable to developing it. * Wellness or health promotion diagnosis indicates that the client has the motivation to increase well-being and enhance health behavior.

Answer 31

Step Four: Propose Possible Nursing Diagnoses

Question 32

* Validate diagnosis with client and other health care providers who are caring for the client. * Validation is also important if client has collaborative problem or requires a referral.

Answer 32

Step six: Confirm or Rule out Diagnosis

Question 32

* Defining characteristics are observable cues/inferences that cluster as manifestations of a problem-focused, health promotion diagnosis or syndrome. It assists with ruling out invalid diagnosis and selecting valid diagnosis * Use reference test such as NANDA Diagnoses: Definitions and Classifications 2015-2017

Answer 32

Step Five: Check for Defining Characteristics

Question 33

* Wellness or health promotion diagnoses * Risk diagnoses * Collaborative problems and referrals.

Answer 33

Step seven: Document Conclusions

Question 33

FORMUALTING DIAGNOSTIC STATEMENTS

Answer 33

* One-part statement * Basic two -part statements PE format * Basic three-part statements

Question 34

o Health promotion diagnoses beginning with “Readiness for Enhanced”

Answer 34

* One-part statement

Question 35

o Problem (P) o Etiology (E) o Joined by the words “related to”

Answer 35

* Basic two -part statements PE format

Question 36

o PES format  Problem (P)  Etiology (E)  Signs and symptoms (S)

Answer 36

* Basic three-part statements

Question 36

o Currently experiencing the stated problem o Problem present at the time of assessment o Presence of associated signs and symptoms o Ineffective breathing pattern r/t respiratory muscle weakness

Answer 36

* Actual diagnosis

Question 37

STATUS OF THE NURSING DIAGNOSES

Answer 37

* Actual diagnosis * Risk nursing diagnosis * Health Promotion Diagnosis or Wellness Diagnosis * Syndrome diagnosis

Question 38

o Does not currently have the problem but is vulnerable to developing it o Problem does not exist. o Presence of risk factors. o Risk for impaired skin integrity r/t immobility

Answer 38

* Risk nursing diagnosis

Question 39

o Indicates that the client has the motivation to increase well-being and enhance health behaviors. o Preparedness to implement behaviors to improve their health condition. o Readiness for enhanced self-care

Answer 39

* Health Promotion Diagnosis or Wellness Diagnosis

Question 40

o Cluster of nursing diagnoses that occur together and are best addressed together and through similar interventions.

Answer 40

* Syndrome diagnosis

Question 41

COLLABORATIVE PROBLEMS AND REFERRALS

Answer 41

* Collaborative problems should be documented as risk for complications. * Nursing goals for collaborative problems should also be documented as which parameters the nurse must monitor and how often they should be monitored. * The nurse needs to indicate when the healthcare provider should be notified and identify nursing intervention to help prevent the complication from occurring. * If a referral is indicated, documented the problem, the need for immediate referral, and to whom the client is being referred.

Question 41

DEVELOPING DIAGNOSTIC REASINING EXPERTISE AND AVOIDING PITFALLS

Answer 41

* Expertise comes with knowledge and experience, time and practice. * Pitfalls occur during the assessment phase and the analysis of data phase. * Too many or two few data * Unreliable or invalid data * Insufficient number of cues available to support the diagnoses * Clustering cues that are unrelated to each other. * Quickly diagnosing without hypothesizing several diagnoses * Incorrectly wording the diagnostic statement.

Question 42

WAYS TO INCREASE ACCURACY OF DIAGNOSTIC REASONING SKILLS

Answer 42

* Identify Strengths and Abnormal Data * Cluster Data * Draw Inferences * Propose Possible Nursing Diagnoses * Check for Defining Characteristics * Confirm or rule out Diagnoses * Document Conclusion