FINALS- NEUROLOGIC SYSTEM Flashcards by Karyl Cheska Bañadera

Q

is responsible for coordinating and regulating
all body functions.

A

Neurologic System

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Q

two structural components

A

-central nervous
system (CNS)
-peripheral nervous system.

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Q

it encompasses the brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

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Q

three layers of connective tissue that protect and nourish the CNS

A

Meninges

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Q

is filled with
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is formed in the ventricles of the brain and flows
through the ventricles into the space.

A

Subarachnoid Space

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Q

What fluid is in the subarachnoid space

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

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Q

Purpose of Fluid-Filled Space in the brain

A

-cushions the brain and
spinal cords
-nourishes the CNS
-removes waste materials.

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Q

True/False
The CNS contains upper motor neurons that influence lower motor
neurons, located mostly in the peripheral nervous system.

A

True

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Q

Where is the brain located

A

cranial cavity

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Q

4 divisions of the brain

A

-Cerebrum
-Diencephalon
-Brain Stem
-Cerebellum

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Q

The cerebrum is divided into

A

the right and left cerebral hemispheres

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Q

The cerebrum is divided into the right and left cerebral hemispheres, which are
joined by the

A

corpus callosum

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Q

Cerebrum

a bundle of nerve fibers responsible for
communication between the hemispheres.

A

Corpus Callosum

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Q

Cerebrum

they sends and receives
impulses from the opposite sides of the body and consists of four lobes (frontal,
parietal, temporal, and occipital).

A

each hemispheres

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Q

Cerebrum

mediates higher level functions such as memory, perception,
communication, and initiation of voluntary movements.

A

gray matter

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Q

Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres and Their Function

What are the 4 Lobes

A

-Frontal
-Parietal
-Occipital
-Temporal

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Q

Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres and Their Function

Directs voluntary, skeletal actions (left side of lobe controls right side of body
and right side of lobe controls left side of body). Also influences
communication (talking and writing), emotions, intellect, reasoning ability,
judgment, and behavior. Contains Broca area, which is responsible for
speech.

A

Frontal

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Q

Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres and Their Function

Interprets tactile sensations, including touch, pain, temperature, shapes, and
two-point discrimination.

A

Parietal

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Q

Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres and Their Function

Influences the ability to read with understanding and is the primary visual
receptor center.

A

Occipital

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Q

Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres and Their Function

Receives and interprets impulses from the ear. Contains Wernicke area, which
is responsible for interpreting auditory stimuli.

A

Temporal

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Q

lies beneath the cerebral hemispheres and consists of the thalamus
and hypothalamus.

A

Diencephalon

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Q

True/False
Most sensory impulses travel through the gray matter of the
thalamus

A

True

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Q

Diencephalon

is responsible for screening and directing the impulses to specific
areas in the cerebral cortex.

A

Thalamus

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Q

Diencephalon

part of the autonomic nervous
system, which is a part of the peripheral nervous system

A

Hypothalamus

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Diencephalon is responsible for regulating many body functions, including water balance, appetite, vital signs (temperature, blood pressure, pulse, and respiratory rate), sleep cycles, pain perception, and emotional status.

Hypothalamus

Located between the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord, consists of mostly nerve fibers

Brain Stem

Three Parts of Brain Stem

-Midbrain -Pons -Medulla Oblongata

Brain Stem serves as a relay center for ear and eye reflexes, and relays impulses between the higher cerebral centers and the lower pons, medulla, cerebellum, and spinal cord.

Midbrains

Brain Stem links the cerebellum to the cerebrum and the midbrain to the medulla. It is responsible for various reflex actions.

Pons

Brain Stem contains the nuclei for cranial nerves, and has centers that control and regulate respiratory function, heart rate and force, and blood pressure.

Medulla Oblongata

located behind the brain stem and under the cerebrum, also has two hemispheres.

Cerebellum

True/False Cerebellum initiate movement

False

Functions of Cerebellum

its primary functions include coordination and smoothing of voluntary movements, maintenance of equilibrium, and maintenance of muscle tone.

Where is Spinal Cord Located

the vertebral canal and extends from the medulla oblongata to the first lumbar vertebra.

True/False Vertebral canal is longer than spinal cord

True

The inner part of the cord

has an H-shaped appearance and is made up of two pairs of columns (dorsal and ventral) consisting of gray matter.

The outer part of the cord

made up of white matter and surrounds the gray matter

conducts sensory impulses up ascending tracts to the brain, conducts motor impulses down descending tracts to neurons that stimulate glands and muscles throughout the body, and is responsible for simple reflex activity.

Spinal Cord

Reflex activity involves various neural structures. For example, the stretch reflex—the simplest type of reflex arc—involves one sensory neuron (afferent), one motor neuron (efferent), and one synapse. An example of this is the knee jerk, which is elicited by tapping the patellar tendon. More complex reflexes involve three or more neurons

BASAHIN MO ULIT

Spinal Cord

-Brain -Brain Stem {yung yellow sa may brain} -Cervical Spine {1-8} -Spinal Cord {Yellow na manipis} -Thoracic Spine {T1-2} -Lumbar Spine {L1-5} -Sacral Nerves {S1-5} -Spinal Nerve Coccyx

Two Ascending Neural Pathways

-Spinothalamic tract -Posterior Columns

Neural Pathways Sensations of pain, temperature, and crude and light touch travel by way of the

Spinothalamic Tract

Neural Pathways Sensations of position, vibration, and fine touch travel by way of the

Posterior Columns

2 Neural Impulses Sensory/Motor travel to the brain by way of two ascending neural pathways

Sensory

2 Neural Impulses Sensory/Motor are conducted to the muscles by two descending neural pathways

Motor

Two descending neural pathways

-the pyramidal (corticospinal) tract -extrapyramidal tract

Neural Pathways originate in the motor cortex and travel down to the medulla, where they cross over to the opposite side, and then travel down the spinal cord, where they synapse with a lower motor neuron in the anterior horn of the spinal cord

Pyramidal Tract

These impulses are carried to muscles and produce voluntary movements that involve skill and purpose.

Motor Impulse -Pyramidal Tract

Neural Pathways consist of those motor neurons that originate in the motor cortex, basal ganglia, brain stem, and spinal cord outside the pyramidal tract. They travel from the frontal lobe to the pons, where they cross over to the opposite side and down the spinal cord, where they connect with lower motor neurons that conduct impulses to the muscles.

extrapyramidal tract motor neurons

These neurons conduct impulses related to maintenance of muscle tone and body control.

Motor impulse -extrapyramidal tract motor neurons

Carrying information to and from the CNS

Perpheral Nervouse System

the peripheral nervous system consists of __ pairs of cranial nerves and __ pairs of spinal nerves.

12 and 31

Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves are categorized as two types of fibers:

-Somatic -Autonomic

PNS carry CNS impulses to voluntary skeletal muscles

Somatic Fibers

PNS carry CNS impulses to smooth, involuntary muscles (in the heart and glands).

Autonomic Fibers

PNS mediates conscious, or voluntary, activities

somatic nervous system

PNS mediates unconscious, or involuntary, activities.

autonomic nervous system

“Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More.”

Oh,Oh,Oh To Touch And Feel A Girl's Vagina Such Heaven

I (Olfactory) II (Optic) III (Oculomotor) IV (Trochlear) V (Trigeminal) VI (Abducens) VII (Facial) VIII (Acoustic, vestibulocochlear) IX (Glossopharyngeal) X (Vagus) XI (Spinal accessory) XII (Hypoglossal)

Cranial Nerves Carries smell impulses from nasal mucous membrane to brain

I Olfactory

Cranial Nerves Carries visual impulses from eye to brain

II Optic

Cranial Nerves Contracts eye muscles to control eye movements (interior lateral, medial, and superior), constricts pupils, and elevates eyelids

III (Oculomotor)

Cranial Nerves Contracts one eye muscle to control inferomedial eye movement

IV (Trochlear)

Cranial Nerves Carries sensory impulses of pain, touch, and temperature from the face to the brain; influences clenching and lateral jaw movements (biting, chewing)

V (Trigeminal)

Cranial Nerves Controls lateral eye movements

VI (Abducens)

Cranial Nerves Contains sensory fibers for taste on anterior two thirds of tongue, and stimulates secretions from salivary glands (submaxillary and sublingual) and tears from lacrimal glands AND Supplies the facial muscles and affects facial expressions (smiling, frowning, closing eyes)

VII (Facial)

Cranial Nerves Contains sensory fibers for hearing and balance

VIII (Acoustic, vestibulocochlear)

Cranial Nerves Contains sensory fibers for taste on posterior third of tongue and sensory fibers of the pharynx that result in the gag reflex when stimulated AND Provides secretory fibers to the parotid salivary glands; promotes swallowing movements

IX (Glossopharyngeal)

Cranial Nerves Carries sensations from the throat, larynx, heart, lungs, bronchi, gastrointestinal tract, and abdominal viscera; promotes swallowing, talking, and production of digestive juices

X (Vagus)

Cranial Nerves Innervates neck muscles (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius) that promote movement of the shoulders and head rotation; also promotes some movement of the larynx

XI (Spinal accessory)

Innervates tongue muscles that promote the movement of food and talking

XII (Hypoglossal)

2 Nerve Roots

-Sensory{afferent} fiber -Motor {Efferent} fiber

fiber that enters through the dorsal (posterior) roots of the cord;

Sensory afferent fiber

fiber that exits through the ventral (anterior) roots of the cord.

Motor (efferent) fiber

Spinal Nerves Comprising _ cervical, _ thoracic, _ lumbar, _ sacral, and _ coccygeal nerves,

8 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral 1 Coccygeal

are carried by both cranial and spinal nerves.

Autonomic nervous system impulses

These impulses are carried from the CNS to the involuntary, smooth muscles that make up the walls of the heart and glands.

Autonomic Nervous System

which maintains the internal homeostasis of the body, incorporates the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

The autonomic nervous system,

ANS (“fight or flight” system) is activated during stress and elicits responses such as decreased gastric secretions, bronchiole dilatation, increased pulse rate, and pupil dilatation.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Where does sympathetic fibers arise

the thoracolumbar level (T1 to L2) of the spinal cord

ANS functions to restore and maintain normal body functions, for example, by decreasing heart rate.

The parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic fibers arise from

the craniosacral regions (S1 to S4 and cranial nerves III, VI, IX, and X).

has neurologic effects, but the cause is vascular.

Cerebrovascular disease (CVD)

A condition called “nerves” or “bad nerves” is more a mental condition than a condition of the nerves.

yeah

emotional disorder or mental breakdown

“crying spells;”

(continuous, rapid twitching of resting muscles)

Fasciculations

(involuntary contraction of opposing groups of muscles)

Tremors

sudden rapid, jerky voluntary and involuntary movements of limbs, trunk, or face)

Chorea

(twisting, writhing, slow, continuous movements)

Athetosis