FINALS- NEUROLOGIC SYSTEM Flashcards
is responsible for coordinating and regulating
all body functions.
Neurologic System
two structural components
-central nervous
system (CNS)
-peripheral nervous system.
it encompasses the brain and spinal cord
CNS
three layers of connective tissue that protect and nourish the CNS
Meninges
is filled with
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is formed in the ventricles of the brain and flows
through the ventricles into the space.
Subarachnoid Space
What fluid is in the subarachnoid space
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Purpose of Fluid-Filled Space in the brain
-cushions the brain and
spinal cords
-nourishes the CNS
-removes waste materials.
True/False
The CNS contains upper motor neurons that influence lower motor
neurons, located mostly in the peripheral nervous system.
True
Where is the brain located
cranial cavity
4 divisions of the brain
-Cerebrum
-Diencephalon
-Brain Stem
-Cerebellum
The cerebrum is divided into
the right and left cerebral hemispheres
The cerebrum is divided into the right and left cerebral hemispheres, which are
joined by the
corpus callosum
Cerebrum
a bundle of nerve fibers responsible for
communication between the hemispheres.
Corpus Callosum
Cerebrum
they sends and receives
impulses from the opposite sides of the body and consists of four lobes (frontal,
parietal, temporal, and occipital).
each hemispheres
Cerebrum
mediates higher level functions such as memory, perception,
communication, and initiation of voluntary movements.
gray matter
Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres and Their Function
What are the 4 Lobes
-Frontal
-Parietal
-Occipital
-Temporal
Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres and Their Function
Directs voluntary, skeletal actions (left side of lobe controls right side of body
and right side of lobe controls left side of body). Also influences
communication (talking and writing), emotions, intellect, reasoning ability,
judgment, and behavior. Contains Broca area, which is responsible for
speech.
Frontal
Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres and Their Function
Interprets tactile sensations, including touch, pain, temperature, shapes, and
two-point discrimination.
Parietal
Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres and Their Function
Influences the ability to read with understanding and is the primary visual
receptor center.
Occipital
Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres and Their Function
Receives and interprets impulses from the ear. Contains Wernicke area, which
is responsible for interpreting auditory stimuli.
Temporal
lies beneath the cerebral hemispheres and consists of the thalamus
and hypothalamus.
Diencephalon
True/False
Most sensory impulses travel through the gray matter of the
thalamus
True
Diencephalon
is responsible for screening and directing the impulses to specific
areas in the cerebral cortex.
Thalamus
Diencephalon
part of the autonomic nervous
system, which is a part of the peripheral nervous system
Hypothalamus
Diencephalon
is responsible for
regulating many body functions, including water balance, appetite, vital signs
(temperature, blood pressure, pulse, and respiratory rate), sleep cycles, pain
perception, and emotional status.
Hypothalamus
Located between the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord, consists of
mostly nerve fibers
Brain Stem
Three Parts of Brain Stem
-Midbrain
-Pons
-Medulla Oblongata
Brain Stem
serves as a relay center for ear and eye reflexes, and relays impulses
between the higher cerebral centers and the lower pons, medulla, cerebellum, and
spinal cord.
Midbrains
Brain Stem
links the cerebellum to the cerebrum and the midbrain to the
medulla. It is responsible for various reflex actions.
Pons
Brain Stem
contains the nuclei for cranial nerves, and has centers that control and regulate respiratory
function, heart rate and force, and blood pressure.
Medulla Oblongata
located behind the brain stem and under the cerebrum, also has two hemispheres.
Cerebellum
True/False
Cerebellum initiate movement
False
Functions of Cerebellum
its primary
functions include coordination and smoothing of voluntary movements,
maintenance of equilibrium, and maintenance of muscle tone.
Where is Spinal Cord Located
the vertebral canal and extends from the
medulla oblongata to the first lumbar vertebra.
True/False
Vertebral canal is longer than spinal cord
True
The inner part of the cord
has an H-shaped appearance
and is made up of two pairs of columns (dorsal and ventral) consisting of gray matter.
The outer part of the cord
made up of white matter and surrounds the gray matter
conducts sensory impulses up ascending tracts to the
brain, conducts motor impulses down descending tracts to neurons that stimulate
glands and muscles throughout the body, and is responsible for simple reflex activity.
Spinal Cord
Reflex activity involves various neural structures. For example, the stretch
reflex—the simplest type of reflex arc—involves one sensory neuron (afferent), one
motor neuron (efferent), and one synapse. An example of this is the knee jerk, which
is elicited by tapping the patellar tendon. More complex reflexes involve three or
more neurons
BASAHIN MO ULIT
Spinal Cord
-Brain
-Brain Stem {yung yellow sa may brain}
-Cervical Spine {1-8}
-Spinal Cord {Yellow na manipis}
-Thoracic Spine {T1-2}
-Lumbar Spine {L1-5}
-Sacral Nerves {S1-5}
-Spinal Nerve Coccyx
Two Ascending Neural Pathways
-Spinothalamic tract
-Posterior Columns
Neural Pathways
Sensations of pain, temperature, and crude and light touch travel by way of the
Spinothalamic Tract
Neural Pathways
Sensations of position,
vibration, and fine touch travel by way of the
Posterior Columns
2 Neural Impulses
Sensory/Motor
travel to the brain by way of two ascending neural pathways
Sensory
2 Neural Impulses
Sensory/Motor
are conducted to the muscles by two descending neural pathways
Motor
Two descending neural pathways
-the pyramidal
(corticospinal) tract
-extrapyramidal tract
Neural Pathways
originate in the motor cortex and travel down to the medulla, where
they cross over to the opposite side, and then travel down the spinal cord, where
they synapse with a lower motor neuron in the anterior horn of the spinal cord
Pyramidal Tract
These impulses are carried to muscles and produce voluntary movements that
involve skill and purpose.
Motor Impulse
-Pyramidal Tract
Neural Pathways
consist of those
motor neurons that originate in the motor cortex, basal ganglia, brain stem, and
spinal cord outside the pyramidal tract. They travel from the frontal lobe to the pons,
where they cross over to the opposite side and down the spinal cord, where they
connect with lower motor neurons that conduct impulses to the muscles.
extrapyramidal tract motor neurons
These
neurons conduct impulses related to maintenance of muscle tone and body control.
Motor impulse
-extrapyramidal tract motor neurons
Carrying information to and from the CNS
Perpheral Nervouse System
the peripheral nervous system consists
of __ pairs of cranial nerves and __ pairs of spinal nerves.
12 and 31
Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves are
categorized as two types of fibers:
-Somatic
-Autonomic
PNS
carry CNS impulses to voluntary skeletal muscles
Somatic Fibers
PNS
carry CNS impulses
to smooth, involuntary muscles (in the heart and glands).
Autonomic Fibers
PNS
mediates conscious, or voluntary, activities
somatic nervous
system
PNS
mediates unconscious, or involuntary, activities.
autonomic nervous system
“Some Say Marry
Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More.”
Oh,Oh,Oh To Touch And Feel A Girl’s Vagina Such Heaven
I (Olfactory)
II (Optic)
III (Oculomotor)
IV (Trochlear)
V (Trigeminal)
VI (Abducens)
VII (Facial)
VIII (Acoustic,
vestibulocochlear)
IX (Glossopharyngeal)
X (Vagus)
XI (Spinal accessory)
XII (Hypoglossal)
Cranial Nerves
Carries smell impulses from nasal mucous
membrane to brain
I Olfactory
Cranial Nerves
Carries visual impulses from eye to brain
II Optic
Cranial Nerves
Contracts eye muscles to control eye
movements (interior lateral, medial, and
superior), constricts pupils, and elevates
eyelids
III (Oculomotor)
Cranial Nerves
Contracts one eye muscle to control
inferomedial eye movement
IV (Trochlear)
Cranial Nerves
Carries sensory impulses of pain, touch, and temperature from the face to the brain;
influences clenching and lateral jaw movements (biting, chewing)
V (Trigeminal)
Cranial Nerves
Controls lateral eye movements
VI (Abducens)
Cranial Nerves
Contains sensory fibers for taste on anterior
two thirds of tongue, and stimulates secretions from salivary glands (submaxillary and sublingual) and tears from lacrimal glands
AND
Supplies the facial muscles and affects facial expressions (smiling, frowning, closing eyes)
VII (Facial)
Cranial Nerves
Contains sensory fibers for hearing and
balance
VIII (Acoustic,
vestibulocochlear)
Cranial Nerves
Contains sensory fibers for taste on posterior
third of tongue and sensory fibers of the
pharynx that result in the gag reflex when
stimulated
AND
Provides secretory fibers to the parotid
salivary glands; promotes swallowing
movements
IX (Glossopharyngeal)
Cranial Nerves
Carries sensations from the throat, larynx,
heart, lungs, bronchi, gastrointestinal tract,
and abdominal viscera; promotes swallowing, talking, and production of digestive juices
X (Vagus)
Cranial Nerves
Innervates neck muscles (sternocleidomastoid
and trapezius) that promote movement of
the shoulders and head rotation; also
promotes some movement of the larynx
XI (Spinal accessory)
Innervates tongue muscles that promote the movement of food and talking
XII (Hypoglossal)
2 Nerve Roots
-Sensory{afferent} fiber
-Motor {Efferent} fiber
fiber that enters through the dorsal (posterior)
roots of the cord;
Sensory afferent fiber
fiber that exits through the ventral (anterior) roots of the cord.
Motor (efferent) fiber
Spinal Nerves
Comprising _ cervical, _ thoracic, _ lumbar, _ sacral, and _ coccygeal nerves,
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal
are carried by both cranial and spinal nerves.
Autonomic nervous system
impulses
These impulses are carried from the CNS to the involuntary, smooth muscles that make up the walls of the
heart and glands.
Autonomic Nervous System
which maintains the internal homeostasis of the body, incorporates the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The autonomic nervous system,
ANS
(“fight or flight” system) is activated
during stress and elicits responses such as decreased gastric secretions, bronchiole
dilatation, increased pulse rate, and pupil dilatation.
Sympathetic Nervous System
Where does sympathetic fibers arise
the thoracolumbar level (T1 to L2) of the spinal cord
ANS
functions to restore and maintain normal body functions, for
example, by decreasing heart rate.
The parasympathetic
nervous system
The parasympathetic fibers arise from
the craniosacral regions (S1 to S4 and cranial nerves III, VI, IX, and X).
has neurologic effects, but the cause is vascular.
Cerebrovascular disease (CVD)
A condition called “nerves” or “bad nerves” is more a mental condition than a
condition of the nerves.
yeah
emotional disorder or mental breakdown
“crying spells;”
(continuous, rapid
twitching of resting muscles)
Fasciculations
(involuntary contraction of opposing groups of muscles)
Tremors
sudden rapid, jerky voluntary and involuntary movements of limbs, trunk, or face)
Chorea
(twisting, writhing, slow,
continuous movements)
Athetosis
