HA HEART AND NECK VESSELS Flashcards
is highly complex, consisting of the heart and a closed
system of blood vessels.
cardiovascular system
To collect accurate data and correctly interpret it
the
examiner must have an understanding of the structure and function of the
- heart,
- the great vessels,
- the electrical conduction system of the heart,
- the cardiac cycle,
- the production of heart sounds,
- cardiac output (CO)
-the neck vessels.
is a hollow, muscular, four-chambered (left and right atria, and left and
right ventricles) organ located in the middle of the thoracic cavity between the lungs
in the space called the mediastinum.
Heart
in the middle of the thoracic cavity between the lungs
in the space called
mediastinum.
Size of the Heart
-size of a clenched fist -255 g (9 oz) in women -310 g (10.9 oz) in men.
The heart extends
vertically from
the left second to the left fifth intercostal space (ICS)
The heart extends
horizontally from
the right edge of the sternum to the left midclavicular line (MCL).
The heart can be described as
inverted cone
Base
The upper portion, near the left second ICS
Apex
the lower portion, near the left fifth ICS and the left MCL,
The anterior chest area that overlies the heart and great vessels is called the
precordium
pumps blood to the lungs for
gas exchange (pulmonary circulation) by removing CO2 from blood and
replenishing oxygen supply. It occurs between alveoli and the blood of lungs
The right side of the heart
pumps blood to all other parts of the body (systemic circulation).
; the left side of the heart
The large veins and arteries leading directly to and away from the heart are referred to as the
great vessels
return blood to
the right atrium from the upper and lower torsos, respectively.
The superior and inferior vena cava
exits the right ventricle, bifurcates, and carries blood to the lungs.
pulmonary
artery
return oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
pulmonary veins (two from each lung)
transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body
aorta
The heart consists of four chambers, or cavities:
two upper chambers
-the right and
left atria,
two lower chambers,
-the right and left ventricles.
The right and left
sides of the heart are separated by a partition called
septum
receive blood returning to the heart and pump blood into the ventricles.
The thin-walled
atria
pump blood out of the heart.
The
thicker-walled ventricles
true/false
The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle
True
which side of the heart has greaer workload
left sideof the heart
are located at the entrance to the ventricles.
atrioventricular (AV) valves
There are two AV valves:
-the tricuspid
valve
-the bicuspid (mitral) valve.
is composed of three
cusps, or flaps, and is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle
tricuspid valve
is composed of two cusps and is located between the left
atrium and the left ventricle.
the
bicuspid (mitral) valve
called chordae tendineae, anchor the
AV valve flaps to papillary muscles within the ventricles.
Collagen fibers
are located at the exit of each ventricle at the beginning of the great vessels.
semilunar valves
Each valve has three cusps that look
like half-moons, hence the name “semilunar.”
There are two semilunar valves:
-pulmonic valve
-aortic valve
is located at the entrance of the pulmonary artery as it exits the right
ventricle
pulmonic valve
is located at the beginning of the ascending aorta as it
exits the left ventricle.
aortic valve
These valves are open during ventricular contraction and
close from the pressure of blood when the ventricles relax.
Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve
is a tough, inextensible, loose-fitting, fibroserous sac that attaches
to the great vessels and surrounds the heart.
pericardium
A serous membrane lining, secretes a small amount of pericardial fluid that allows for smooth, friction-free movement of the heart.
parietal pericardium
serous membrane covers the outer surface of the heart and is known as the
epicardium
is the thickest layer of the heart, made up of contractile cardiac muscle cells.
myocardium
is a thin layer of endothelial tissue that forms the innermost layer of the heart and is continuous with the endothelial lining of blood vessels
endocardium
They can spontaneously
generate an electrical impulse and conduct it through the heart.
cardiac muscle cells
The generation and
conduction of electrical impulses by specialized sections of the myocardium
regulate the events associated with the filling and emptying of the cardiac chambers.
The process is called the
cardiac cycle
(or sinus node) is located on the posterior wall of the right
atrium near the junction of the superior and inferior vena cava.
sinoatrial (SA( node
functions as the “pacemaker of the
heart,”
SA node
(with an inherent discharge of 40–60/min), if the SA node cannot
function
Bundle of His
which records the depolarization and repolarization of the
cardiac muscle.
electrocardiography
refers to the filling and emptying of the heart’s chambers.
cardiac cycle
The cardiac cycle has two phases:
-diastole
-systole
(relaxation of the ventricles, known as filling)
diastole
(contraction of the ventricles, known as emptying)
systole
This early, rapid, passive filling is called
early or protodiastolic filling.
This final active filling phase is called
presystole, atrial systole, or sometimes the
atrial kick.
are produced by valve closure, as just described.
Heart sounds
true/false
the valve closure is silent
false, the opening of valves is silent
true/false
Normal heart sounds, characterized as “lub-dub” (S1 and S4)
False, S2
may be seen with weak
heart muscles, an attempt by the heart to
increase CO.
Tachycardia
may occur with an
abnormality of the heart’s conduction
system (arrhythmias) or during the
heart’s attempt to increase CO by
increasing the HR.
Palpitations
may result from compromised
CO.
Fatigue
may result from congestive
heart failure, pulmonary disorders,
coronary artery disease, myocardial
ischemia, and myocardial infarction
dyspnea
is the need to sit
more upright to breathe easily due to fluid
accumulation in the lungs.
orthopnea
Waking up
from dyspnea during the night, ) is seen
with heart failure due to redistribution of
fluid from the ankles to the lungs when
one lies down at night. The failing heart
cannot accommodate the increased load.
(paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea)
may indicate decreased blood flow to the brain due to myocardial
damage.
Dizziness
The phases of the ECG
P, Q, R, S, and T
The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange. this is what we called
Pulmonary Circulation
The left side of the heart pumps blood to all other parts of the body. this is what we called
Systematic Circulation
The large veins and arteries leading directly to and away from the heart are referred to as the
Great Vessels
Circulation of Blood Through the Heart
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava -Right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary valve - pulmonary artery - lungs - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - rest of the body.
electrical impulses, which are generated by the SA node and travel throughout the cardiac conduction circuit , can be detected on the surface of the skin.
Electrical Activity
Neck Vessels include —— and ——-
Carotid Artery and Jugular Veins
reflect rise in arterial pressure that occurs with atrial contraction.
a wave
reflects right atrial relaxation and descent of the atrial floor during ventricular systole.
x descent
reflects right atrial filling. Increased volume, and increased atrial pressure.
v wave
reflects right atrial emptyinginto the right ventricle and decreased atrial pressure
y descent
Assessment Technique for Neck
Inspect
Auscultate
Palpate
Assessment Technique for Heart
Inspect
Palpate
Auscultate
