HA DIAGNOSTIC TESTING Flashcards
What are the nurse’s responsibilities
- Prepare patient mentally, explain procedure
- Collaborate with laboratory personnel in
proper collection and
transport of samples. - Proper labeling and
documentation.
2 types of diagnostic testing
Invasive
Non-Invasive
accessing the body’s tissue, organ, or cavity through
some type of instrumentation procedure.
Invasive
E.g. Most of Laboratory Exams, Biopsy (Excisional and Incisional),
lumbar puncture
Invasive
body is not entered with any type of instrument
Non-Invasive
E.g. EEG, ECG, Stress Test, Holter ECG (24 hrs), Chest X-ray, Sputum
exam, Urine and Stool examinations
Non-Invasive
Phases of Diagnostic Testing
-Pretest Phase
-Intra-Test Phase
-Post-Test Phase
client preparation.
Pretest Phase
specimen collection, standard
precautions and aseptic technique in collection of samples.
Intra-Test Phase
nursing care of the client and follow- up activities and observation. (comparison of
previous and current test results and modifies nursing interventions as needed)
Post-Test Phase
How do doctors reach a diagnosis?
-Initial DIagnostic Assessment
-Differential Diagnosis, and Ordering of Diagnostic Tests.
-Referral, COnsultation, Treatment & Follow-Up
PREPARING FOR THE DIAGNOSTIC TESTING Assessment
- Verify patient identification.
- Check medical history (current medications, herbal supplements, allergies
and hypersensitivities, recorded findings of previous diagnostic tests relative
to the procedure. - Assess for presence, location, and characteristics of physical and
communicative limitations or preexisting conditions. - Monitor the client’s knowledge of why the test is being performed.
- Obtain vital to establish baseline data.
- Monitor level of hydration and weakness for clients who are NPO
(nothing by mouth), especially geriatric and pediatric populations. - Check general patient condition, preparedness for the test, anxiety level.
PREPARING FOR THE DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
Client Teaching : (IMPORTANT- INFORMED CONSENT)
- Explain reason for test and what to expect, how long it will take.
- RESTRICTIONS (activities, food, etc.)
- What is the specimen to be collected? Give proper instruction on collection.
a. Sputum: cough deeply, do not clear throat.
b. Urine: voided, clean-catch specimen, time to collect.
c. Blood: What food were taken, fasting? - No objects (jewelry or hair clips) to obscure x-ray film.
- If dyes are to be ingested or injected, explain.
E.g. Barium: taste, consistency, aftereffects (stools lightly colored for 24–
72 hours, can cause obstruction or impaction).
Glucose drink for PPBS - Post test instructions.
PREPARING THE CLIENT FOR DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
Documentation
Record the following:
1. Who performed the procedure.
2. Reason for the procedure.
3. Type of anesthesia, dye, or other medications administered.
4. Type of specimen obtained and where it was delivered.
5. Vital signs and other assessment data, such as client’s tolerance of
the procedure or pain and discomfort level.
6. Any symptoms of complications.
7. Who transported the client to another area (designate the names of
persons who provided transport and place of destination).
Patient and Clinical factors
that can affect test results:
- Time of day
- Fasting
- Postprandial
- Supine, upright position
- Age
- Gender
- Climate
- Effects of drugs
- Effects of diet
DIFFERENT SAMPLES
FOR DIAGNOSTIC
TESTING
Blood
Semen
Urine
Gastric lavage
Stool
Swabs
Sputum
Secretions
Tissue biopsy
CSF
BLOOD
is the liquid, cell-free part of blood, that has been treated with anti-coagulant.
Plasma
BLOOD
is the liquid part of blood after coagulation, therefore devoid of clotting factors as fibrinogen.
Serum
ORDER OF DRAW
yellow
Blood Cultures - SPS
ORDER OF DRAW
Light Blue
Citrate Tube
ORDER OF DRAW
Gold and TIger
Serum Separator Tubes
ORDER OF DRAW
Red
Serum Tube
ORER OF DRAW
Orange
Rapid Serum Tube
ORDER OF DRAW
Green na tiger
Plasma Separator Tube
ORDER OF DRAW
Green
Heparin Tube
ORDER OF DRAW
Lavender
EDTA Tube
ORDER OF DRAW
Pearl/White
PPT Separator Tube
ORDER OF DRAW
Gray
Fluoride Tube
Blood
o CBC
o Arterial Blood Gas
o Glucose determination
o Blood chemistry
o Culture/CS
o Immuno-serology
o Blood transfusion
BLODD
The CBC
OBTAINED: Capillary prick, Venipuncture, Arterial sampling.
BLOOD
information about the types and numbers of cells in the blood.
CBC
BLOOD
Purpose of CBC
- Preoperative - determine oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and hemostasis
- Infection - ANEMIA and monitor progress of treatment
- Chronic Illness or blood disorders
- Monitor effects of CHEMOTHERAPHY
BLOOD
Different Types of White Blood Cells
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL
first to respond to bateria or a virus
Neutrophils
TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL
Known for their role in allergy symptoms
Eosinophils
TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL
Fight infections by producing antibodies
Lymphocytes
TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL
Clean up dead cells
Monocytes
TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL
Known for their role asthma
Basophils
BLOOD
Do you know how
many RBCs are
there in one drop of
blood?
250 M
BLOOD
The life cycle
of a normal
RBC is ___
days.
120
TRIVIA
The spleen
helps
remove old
RBCs.
BLOOD
TRIVIA
For CBC- use purple top (EDTA )
For babies, you may do capillary prick
(heel of toe);
Finger prick for Glucometer sample
Stress or Fear affects some hematology
values.
BLOOD
Avoid
AVOID:
> prolonged application
of tourniquet.
>IV site.(hemodiution)
>small gauge needle
(hemolysis).
>hematoma or bruises,
or open wound.
> Over or undersampling.
>use (Vacutainer)
less hassle
>take blood when
patient is sitting down
>Do not introduce air.
> Avoid contamination
or cross -
contamination
BLOOD
Drugs that may INCREASE RBC count:
Methyldopa, Gentamycin
BLOOD
Drugs that may DECREASE RBC count:
Quinidine, hydantoins, chloramphenicol,
chemotherapeutic drugs
BLOOD
Drugs that may increase hemoglobin:
Erythropoietin, iron supplements.
BLOOD
Drugs that may decrease hemoglobin:
Aspirin, antibiotics, sulfonamides,
trimethadione, anti-neoplastic drugs, indomethacin, doxapram, rifampin, and
primaquine.
BLOOD
is helpful in diagnosing and
assessing blood diseases,
nutritional deficiencies, and
hydration status.
HCT
BLOOD
LOW HEMOGLOBIN
: Nutritional deficiencies, blood loss,
renal problems, sickle cell anemia, bone
marrow suppression, leukemia, lead
poisoning, Hodgkin’s lymphoma
BLOOD
High HEMOGLOBIN
Dehydration, cigarette smoking,
polycythemia vera, tumors, erythropoietin
abuse, lung diseases.
BLOOD
Low Hematocrit
: Overhydration, nutritional deficiencies, blood
loss, bone marrow suppression, leukemia, lead
poisoning, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, chemotherapy
treatment, anemia, bone marrow disorder.
BLOOD
High Hematocrit
Dehydration, hypoxia, cigarette smoking,
polycythemia vera, tumors, erythropoietin abuse, lung
diseases, blood doping, erythrocytosis.
BLOOD
iron-deficiency anemia,
thalassemia
microcytic
BLOOD
Vit B1 or Folic acid deficiency,
hypothyroidism, alcoholism
Macrocytic
BLOOD
Drugs that may increase white blood cells:
Corticosteroids, heparin, betaadrenergic agonists, epinephrine, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor,
lithium.
BLOOD
Drugs that may decrease white blood cells:
Diuretics, chemotherapeutic
drugs, histamine-2 blockers, captopril, anticonvulsants, antibiotics,
antithyroid drugs, quinidine, chlorpromazine, terbinafine, clozapine,
sulfonamides, ticlopidine
BLOOD
Low WBC Count
Autoimmune disorders, bone marrow deficiencies, viral
diseases, liver problems, spleen problems, severe bacterial
infections, radiation therapy
BLOOD
High WBC Count
Infections, cigarette smoking, leukemia, inflammatory
diseases, tissue damage, severe physical or mental stress
BLOOD
Low Neutrophils
Side effects of chemotherapy, viral
infections, aplastic anemia, typhoid fever,
hypoglycemia
BLOOD
High Neutrophils
Acute infections, Rheumatoid arthritis,
inflammation
BLOOD
Low Lymphocytes
Severe Sepsis, HIV/AIDS,
Chemotherapy, RA, SLE
BLOOD
High Lymphocytes
Chronic bacteria, tuberculosis,
Viral infection
BLOOD
Low Monocytes
Chemotherapy, severe burn injury,
AIDS, Mycobacterium avium complex,
HPV, fungal infections
BLOOD
High Monocytes
Chronic Inflammatory diseases,
tuberculosis, parasitic Infection, autoimmune disorders
BLOOD
Low Eosionophils
Pregnancy, physiological stress,
steroid treatment
BLOOD
High Eosinophils
Allergic reactions (like Asthma),
parasitism, cancer
BLOOD
Low Basophils
Ovulation, steroid treatment,
thyrotoxicosis, acute hypersensitivity rxn
BLOOD
High Basophils
Hypersensitivity reactions postsplenectomy, Chickenpox, hypothyroidism
BLOOD
Drugs that may increase platelets:
Romiplostim, steroids, human IgG,
immunosuppressants.
BLOOD
Drugs that may decrease platelet:
Aspirin, hydroxyurea, anagrelide,
chemotherapeutic drugs, statins, ranitidine, quinidine, tetracycline, vancomycin,
valproic acid, sulfonamides, phenytoin, piperacillin, penicillin, pentoxifylline,
omeprazole, nitroglycerin.
BLOOD
Low Thrombocytes
Viral infection, aplastic anemia, leukemia, alcoholism,
vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency, SLE, hemolytic uremic
condition, HELLP syndrome, DIC, vasculitis, sepsis, splenic
sequestration, cirrhosis
BLOOD
High Thrombocytes
Cancer, allergic reactions, polycythemia vera,
recent spleen removal, chronic myelogenous leukemia,
inflammation, secondary thombocytosis.
*Determines the concentration of various chemical
substances found in the blood that provide clues to the functioning of the major body systems.
Blood Chemistry
BLOOD
is the sample of choice in most of the tests.
SERUM
BLOOD CHEMISTRY
COMMON GUIDELINES:
BLOOD CHEMISTRY
1. Perform tests in the morning preferably between 7:00 and 10:00.
2. Perform tests on an empty stomach (fasting means the state after about 12 hours not
eating meals and fluids12-hr)
FASTING required for: CHOLESTEROL, LIPID profile, GLUCOSE, GLUCOSE TOLERANCE
TEST, CORTISOL, FOLIC ACID, FERRITIN, IRON, PHOSPHORUS.
3. OVER FASTING: body starts to use its own protein, especially with a small supply of fat.
(glucose levels too low, increased ketone compounds, reduction in iron and hemoglobin
levels.)
4. Some medicines should be discontinued.
5. Avoid any intense physical exercise or sexual activity the day before a test.
6. Alcohol and cigarettes at least a day before, and smoking for about an hour before the
test.
7. Relax and avoid stress. Sit. Prolonged standing causes fluids to move from the inside of
the vessels to the intra-tract space and blood thickens.
8. Take hormones on the right days of the cycle.
9. Do not OVER EAT before a test.
10. For some blood tests, you may be asked to drink extra water to help keep more fluid in
your veins or to drink water 15 to 20 minutes before certain urine tests.
BLOOD
Main extracellular ion.
Monitor the effectiveness of diuretics.
Nurse’s Role
Don’t draw blood from an arm with an IV drip.
SODIUM {Na}
BLOOD
Major intracellular cation that regulate
acid-base equilibrium, control cellular
water balance, and transmit electrical
impulses in skeletal and cardiac muscles.
Nurse’s Role
Patients with elevated WBC counts and platelet counts may have falsely elevated potassium levels.
Potassium K
BLOOD
most abundant extracellular body anion that
counterbalances cations Na and acts as buffer
during oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in
red blood cells (RBCs). Aids in digestion and
maintaining osmotic pressure and water balance.
Nurse’s Role
Any condition accompanied by
prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, or both will alter chloride levels
CHLORIDE (Cl)
BLOOD
needed in the blood-clotting mechanisms,
regulates neuromuscular activity, acts as a
cofactor that modifies the activity of many
enzymes, and has an effect on the metabolism of
calcium
Nurse’s Role
Prolonged use of magnesium products
causes increased serum levels.
Long-term parenteral nutrition therapy
or excessive loss of body fluids may
decrease serum levels
MAGNESIUM (Mg)
BLOOD
Important in bone formation, energy storage and
release, urinary acid-base buffering, and
carbohydrate metabolism. It is absorbed from
food and is excreted by the kidneys. High
concentrations of phosphorus are stored in bone
and skeletal muscle.
Nurse’s Role
Instruct the client to fast before the test
PHOSPHORUS (P)
cation absorbed into the bloodstream from
dietary sources and functions in bone
formation, nerve impulse transmission, and
contraction of myocardial and skeletal muscles.
Calcium aids in blood clotting by converting
prothrombin to thrombin.
TOTAL CALCIUM
(Ca), IONIZED
Calcium affected by:
*Decreased protein levels
*Use of anticonvulsant medications.
-measure of solute concentration of blood. (sodium ions, glucose, urea);
usually estimated by doubling the serum sodium because sodium is a
major determinant of serum osmolality.
Serum Osmolality
Part of the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffering system and mainly
responsible for regulating the pH of body fluids.
Ingestion of acidic or alkaline solutions may affect results.
SERUM BICARBONATE (HCO3-)
GLUCOSE STUDIES include the ff. tests:
- HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin),
- Fasting blood sugar, RBS
- Glucose tolerance test
- Diabetes mellitus antibody panel
-help diagnose diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia.
FASTING BLOOD SUGAR (FBS)
glucose level is taken 2 hours after eating.
Nursing Consideration
-Instruct the client to fast for 8 to 12 hours before the test.
-Instruct a client with diabetes mellitus to withhold morning insulin or oral hypoglycemic until after the blood is drawn.
PPBS (POST PRANDIAL
BLOOD SUGAR)
Aids in the diagnosis of DM. If the glucose
levels peak at higher than normal at 1 and 2 hours after
injection or ingestion of glucose and are slower than normal to
return to fasting levels, then diabetes mellitus is confirmed.
Nursing Considerations
1. Instruct the client to eat a high-carbohydrate (200 to
300 g) diet for 3 days before the test; avoid alcohol, coffee,
and smoking for 36 hours before the test; avoid strenuous
exercise for 8 hours before and after the test; fast for 10 to
16 hours before the test.
2. Instruct the client with diabetes mellitus to withhold
morning insulin or oral hypoglycemic medication.
3.Test may take 3 to 5 hours, requires IV or oral
administration of glucose, and the taking of multiple blood
samples.
4. INFORM PATIENT TO STRICTLY FOLLOW
INSTRUCTIONS.
GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST
(GTT)
- blood glucose bound to hemoglobin and a reflection of
how well blood glucose levels have been controlled for
the past 3 to 4 months. Hyperglycemia in clients with
diabetes is usually a cause of an increase in the HbA1c.
Nursing Consideration:
Fasting is not required before
the test.
(HbA1c) GLYCOSYLATED
HEMOGLOBIN
Used to evaluate insulin resistance
and to identify type 1 diabetes and
clients with a suspected allergy to
insulin.
DIABETES MELLITUS
AUTOANTIBODY PANEL)
determines the kidney function of an individual
RENAL FUNCTION TESTS
-measures the amount of creatinine in the blood.
Increased in kidney disease. Usually a creatinine level more than 1.2 for women
and more than 1.4 for men may be a sign that the kidneys are not working like
they should.
SERUM CREATININE
measure of excretory function of
kidneys.
a. GFR of 60 or more together with a normal urine albumin test is normal.
b. GFR less than 60, indicates kidney disease.
c. GFR less than 15, indicates kidney failure. (Candidate for dialysis or
transplant.
d. GFR level consistently less than 20 over a 6- 12month period need
transplant.
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR)-
measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the
blood (by product of protein metabolism). NV ranges from 7 to 20. Levels will
increase as disease progresses
BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (BUN):
Liver FUnction Test
Conditions affecting the GIT can be easily
evaluated by studying the normal laboratory
values of the following:
1. ALT (Alanine aminotransferase or SGPT)
2. AST (Aspartate aminotransferase or SGOT)
3. BILIRUBIN
4. ALBUMIN
5. Ammonia, amylase, lipase, protein, and
lipids.
used to identify hepatocellular injury and
inflammation of the liver and monitor disease.
ALANINE
AMINOTRANSFERASE
-evaluate suspected hepatocellular disease, injury, or
inflammation (may also be used along with cardiac
markers to evaluate coronary artery occlusive disease).
ASPARTATE
AMINOTRANSFERASE
-produced by the liver, spleen, and bone marrow;
by-product of hemoglobin breakdown.
Total bilirubin composed of DIRECT bilirubin (excreted
via GIT), and INDIRECT bilirubin (circulates in
bloodstream).
TOTAL BILIRUBIN increases with any type of jaundice;
direct and indirect bilirubin levels help differentiate the
cause of jaundice.
BILIRUBIN
-main plasma protein of blood that maintains
oncotic pressure and transports bilirubin, fatty
acids, medications, hormones, and other
substances that are insoluble in water. Presence of
detectable albumin, or protein, in the urine is
indicative of abnormal renal function.
ALBUMIN
- by-product of protein catabolism (created by
bacteria acting on proteins present in the gut). It is
metabolized by the liver and excreted by the
kidneys as urea. Venous ammonia levels are not a reliable indicator of hepatic coma.
AMMONIA
-enzyme produced by pancreas & salivary glands;
aids in the digestion of complex carbohydrates;
excreted by kidneys. In ACUTE PANCREATITISamylase level may exceed five times the normal
value; the level starts rising 6 hours after the onset
of pain, peaks at about 24 hours, and returns to
normal in 2 to 3 days after the onset of pain.
In CHRONIC PANCREATITIS, the rise in serum
amylase usually does not normally exceed three
times the normal value.
AMYLASE
- pancreatic enzyme that converts fats and
triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.
Elevated lipase levels occur in pancreatic
disorders; elevations may not occur until 24 to
36 hours after the onset of illness and may
remain elevated for up to 14 days.
LIPASE
- Reflects total amount of albumin and globulins in the plasma. Protein regulates osmotic pressure and is necessary for the formation of many
hormones, enzymes, and antibodies; major source of building material for blood, skin, hair, nails, and internal organs.
SERUM PROTEIN
LIPOPROTEIN
PROFILE (Lipid Profile)
Lipid assessment or lipid profile includes:
1. Total cholesterol
2. High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
3. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
4. Triglycerides
- present in all body tissues and is a major component of LDL,
brain, and nerve cells, cell membranes, and some gallbladder
stones.
CHOLESTEROL
the stored fats in our body; constitute a major part of very-lowdensity lipoproteins and a small part of LDLs.
TRIGLYCERIDES
LIPOPROTEIN
PROFILE (Lipid Profile)
- Oral contraceptives may increase the
lipid level. - Instruct the client to abstain from foods
and fluid, except for water, for 12 to 14
hours and from alcohol for 24 hours
before the test. - Instruct the client to avoid consuming
high-cholesterol foods with the evening
meal before the test.
-released into the circulation normally
following a myocardial injury as seen in
acute myocardial infarction (MI) or other
conditions such as heart failure.
CARDIAC MARKERS &
SERUM ENZYMES
-enzyme found in muscle and brain tissue that
reflects tissue catabolism resulting from cell
trauma.
CREATINE KINASE (CK)
, an oxygen-binding protein that is found in
striated (cardiac and skeletal) muscle, releases oxygen at
very low tensions. Any injury to skeletal muscle will cause a
release of myoglobin into the blood. Myoglobin rise in 2-4
hours after an MI making it an early marker for determining
cardiac damage
myoglobin
normal myoglobin
5-7O ng/ml
is released into
the bloodstream when an infarction causes damage
to the myocardium.
troponin
HIV and AIDS testing
- ELISA
- WESTERN BLOT
3.iMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ASSAY (IFA)
- ELISA - A single reactive ELISA test by itself is not
conclusive; should be repeated in duplicate with the same
blood sample; if the result is repeatedly reactive, follow-up
tests using Western blot or IFA. - WESTERN BLOT- A positive Western blot or IFA results is
considered confirmatory for HIV. - IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ASSAY (IFA).
Note: A positive ELISA but not confirmed by Western blot or
IFA should be repeated after 3 to 6 months.
URINE
o Urinalysis
o Creatinine Clearance
o Culture/CS
3-parts of URINE
EXAMINATION
-Physical
=Color, Volume, Odor, Transparency
-Chemical
=Glucose, Protein, pH, sp. gr, Ketones, Bilirubin
Nitrite, Ascorbic acid
-Microscopic
=RBC, WBC, Bacteria
Casts, Crystals, Epithelial cells, Mucus, Yeast
Urine
Clear to Dark yellow
normal
Urine
Amber to Honey Yellow
dehydration
Urine
Orange
dehydration, intake of
rifampicin, consumption of orange food
dye
Urine
Brown Ale
severe dehydration, liver
disease
Urine
Pink to Reddish
consumption of
beets, rhubarb or blueberries, mercury
poisoning, tumors, kidney diseases,
prostate problems, UTI
Urine
Blue or Green
consumption of
asparagus, genetic disorders, excess
calcium, heartburn medications, multivitamins.
Urine
Deep Purple
Porphyria
Urine
Red
Blood
> Formed substances like WBC,
RBC, Casts, Crystals
Bacteria- uniform cloudiness
Epithelial cells
Mucus threads
Kidney stones
Cloudy Urine
URINE CHEMICAL FINDINGS
> PROTEIN (albumin)-Heart failure, kidney disease, dehydration
pH (slightly acidic- 6.0)- HIGH- kidney disease, UTI. LOWdiarrhea, ketoacidosis
SPECIFIC GRAVITY- dehydration
KETONES- diabetic ketoacidosis (fatty acids used as fuel)
GLUCOSE- diabetes or gestational diabetes
BILIRUBIN- liver or bile duct disease
NITRITE- UTI, produced by bacteria
VITAMIN C- medication
URINE MICROSCOPIC FINDINGS
> EPITHELIAL CELLS- elevated in infection or Ca
RBC- blood, menstruation (contamination), obstruction, kidney
stone, bleeding from somewhere
WBC- UTI, infection or inflammation of the urinary tract
CASTS- formed from coagulated protein in the renal cells
MUCUS- secretions, hormonal
BACTERIA- UTI, Trichomonas vaginalis
CRYSTALS- stone formation; leucine, cystine, and tyrosine indicate
malignancy
SPERM CELLS
YEAST- fungal infection (Candida)
DURING URINE THE IDEAL IS
IDEAL- First morning, midstream, clean catch
Freshly voided, mid-stream catch
FREE from contaminants like blood and discharge
Factors that interfere with urine results:
- Medications and supplements (metronidazole and vitamin C)
- Contamination- blood, mucus, unsterile collection bottle
STOOL
oFecalysis
o FOBT
o Concentration Techniques
o Culture/CS
- TEST to find
hidden blood in
the stool that is
not visibly
apparent. - Screening test for
colon cancer
FOBT
- identifying
disorders of the
digestive tract.
Routine Fecalysis
Nurse’s Role in Collecting a stool specimen
Guide patient on proper specimen collection. Ask patient to
urinate first to avoid contaminating stool with urine.
Provide accurate sample identification
Ensure all supplies are appropriate for collection
Timely transport of specimen to the laboratory.
SPUTUM
o AFB
o Gram Stain
o Culture/CS
SWAB
o Culture/CS
o Gram Stain
o AFB and other
special stains
VISUALIZATION PROCEDURES
-iNDIRECT
-MEDICAL IMAGING
-DIRECT
(non-invasive)- X-ray, Ultrasonography, EEG, ECG, 2D/3D
echo, lung scan
INDIRECT
CT (Computed Tomography), MRI uses magnetic
field, Nuclear imaging uses radioactive isotope, PET (Positron Emission
Tomography) inhalation or ingestion of radioisotope
MEDICAL IMAGING-
(invasive)- Colonoscopy, Angiography
Used to visualize body organs and system functions.
DIRECT
