HA DIAGNOSTIC TESTING Flashcards

1
Q

What are the nurse’s responsibilities

A
  1. Prepare patient mentally, explain procedure
  2. Collaborate with laboratory personnel in
    proper collection and
    transport of samples.
  3. Proper labeling and
    documentation.
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2
Q

2 types of diagnostic testing

A

Invasive
Non-Invasive

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3
Q

accessing the body’s tissue, organ, or cavity through
some type of instrumentation procedure.

A

Invasive

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4
Q

E.g. Most of Laboratory Exams, Biopsy (Excisional and Incisional),
lumbar puncture

A

Invasive

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5
Q

body is not entered with any type of instrument

A

Non-Invasive

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6
Q

E.g. EEG, ECG, Stress Test, Holter ECG (24 hrs), Chest X-ray, Sputum
exam, Urine and Stool examinations

A

Non-Invasive

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6
Q

Phases of Diagnostic Testing

A

-Pretest Phase
-Intra-Test Phase
-Post-Test Phase

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7
Q

client preparation.

A

Pretest Phase

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8
Q

specimen collection, standard
precautions and aseptic technique in collection of samples.

A

Intra-Test Phase

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9
Q

nursing care of the client and follow- up activities and observation. (comparison of
previous and current test results and modifies nursing interventions as needed)

A

Post-Test Phase

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10
Q

How do doctors reach a diagnosis?

A

-Initial DIagnostic Assessment
-Differential Diagnosis, and Ordering of Diagnostic Tests.
-Referral, COnsultation, Treatment & Follow-Up

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11
Q

PREPARING FOR THE DIAGNOSTIC TESTING Assessment

A
  1. Verify patient identification.
  2. Check medical history (current medications, herbal supplements, allergies
    and hypersensitivities, recorded findings of previous diagnostic tests relative
    to the procedure.
  3. Assess for presence, location, and characteristics of physical and
    communicative limitations or preexisting conditions.
  4. Monitor the client’s knowledge of why the test is being performed.
  5. Obtain vital to establish baseline data.
  6. Monitor level of hydration and weakness for clients who are NPO
    (nothing by mouth), especially geriatric and pediatric populations.
  7. Check general patient condition, preparedness for the test, anxiety level.
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12
Q

PREPARING FOR THE DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
Client Teaching : (IMPORTANT- INFORMED CONSENT)

A
  1. Explain reason for test and what to expect, how long it will take.
  2. RESTRICTIONS (activities, food, etc.)
  3. What is the specimen to be collected? Give proper instruction on collection.
    a. Sputum: cough deeply, do not clear throat.
    b. Urine: voided, clean-catch specimen, time to collect.
    c. Blood: What food were taken, fasting?
  4. No objects (jewelry or hair clips) to obscure x-ray film.
  5. If dyes are to be ingested or injected, explain.
    E.g. Barium: taste, consistency, aftereffects (stools lightly colored for 24–
    72 hours, can cause obstruction or impaction).
    Glucose drink for PPBS
  6. Post test instructions.
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13
Q

PREPARING THE CLIENT FOR DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
Documentation

A

Record the following:
1. Who performed the procedure.
2. Reason for the procedure.
3. Type of anesthesia, dye, or other medications administered.
4. Type of specimen obtained and where it was delivered.
5. Vital signs and other assessment data, such as client’s tolerance of
the procedure or pain and discomfort level.
6. Any symptoms of complications.
7. Who transported the client to another area (designate the names of
persons who provided transport and place of destination).

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14
Q

Patient and Clinical factors
that can affect test results:

A
  • Time of day
  • Fasting
  • Postprandial
  • Supine, upright position
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Climate
  • Effects of drugs
  • Effects of diet
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15
Q

DIFFERENT SAMPLES
FOR DIAGNOSTIC
TESTING

A

Blood
Semen
Urine
Gastric lavage
Stool
Swabs
Sputum
Secretions
Tissue biopsy
CSF

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16
Q

BLOOD

is the liquid, cell-free part of blood, that has been treated with anti-coagulant.

A

Plasma

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17
Q

BLOOD

is the liquid part of blood after coagulation, therefore devoid of clotting factors as fibrinogen.

A

Serum

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18
Q

ORDER OF DRAW

yellow

A

Blood Cultures - SPS

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19
Q

ORDER OF DRAW

Light Blue

A

Citrate Tube

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20
Q

ORDER OF DRAW

Gold and TIger

A

Serum Separator Tubes

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21
Q

ORDER OF DRAW

Red

A

Serum Tube

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22
Q

ORER OF DRAW

Orange

A

Rapid Serum Tube

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23
Q

ORDER OF DRAW

Green na tiger

A

Plasma Separator Tube

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24
ORDER OF DRAW Green
Heparin Tube
25
ORDER OF DRAW Lavender
EDTA Tube
26
ORDER OF DRAW Pearl/White
PPT Separator Tube
27
ORDER OF DRAW Gray
Fluoride Tube
28
Blood
o CBC o Arterial Blood Gas o Glucose determination o Blood chemistry o Culture/CS o Immuno-serology o Blood transfusion
29
BLODD The CBC
OBTAINED: Capillary prick, Venipuncture, Arterial sampling.
30
BLOOD information about the types and numbers of cells in the blood.
CBC
31
BLOOD Purpose of CBC
1. Preoperative - determine oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and hemostasis 2. Infection - ANEMIA and monitor progress of treatment 3. Chronic Illness or blood disorders 4. Monitor effects of CHEMOTHERAPHY
32
BLOOD Different Types of White Blood Cells
- Neutrophils - Eosinophils - Basophils - Lymphocytes - Monocytes
33
TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL first to respond to bateria or a virus
Neutrophils
34
TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL Known for their role in allergy symptoms
Eosinophils
35
TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL Fight infections by producing antibodies
Lymphocytes
36
TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL Clean up dead cells
Monocytes
37
TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL Known for their role asthma
Basophils
38
BLOOD Do you know how many RBCs are there in one drop of blood?
250 M
39
BLOOD The life cycle of a normal RBC is ___ days.
120
40
TRIVIA
The spleen helps remove old RBCs.
41
BLOOD TRIVIA
For CBC- use purple top (EDTA ) For babies, you may do capillary prick (heel of toe); Finger prick for Glucometer sample Stress or Fear affects some hematology values.
42
BLOOD Avoid
AVOID: > prolonged application of tourniquet. >IV site.(hemodiution) >small gauge needle (hemolysis). >hematoma or bruises, or open wound. > Over or undersampling. >use (Vacutainer) less hassle >take blood when patient is sitting down >Do not introduce air. > Avoid contamination or cross - contamination
43
BLOOD Drugs that may INCREASE RBC count:
Methyldopa, Gentamycin
44
BLOOD Drugs that may DECREASE RBC count:
Quinidine, hydantoins, chloramphenicol, chemotherapeutic drugs
45
BLOOD Drugs that may increase hemoglobin:
Erythropoietin, iron supplements.
46
BLOOD Drugs that may decrease hemoglobin:
Aspirin, antibiotics, sulfonamides, trimethadione, anti-neoplastic drugs, indomethacin, doxapram, rifampin, and primaquine.
47
BLOOD is helpful in diagnosing and assessing blood diseases, nutritional deficiencies, and hydration status.
HCT
48
BLOOD LOW HEMOGLOBIN
: Nutritional deficiencies, blood loss, renal problems, sickle cell anemia, bone marrow suppression, leukemia, lead poisoning, Hodgkin’s lymphoma
49
BLOOD High HEMOGLOBIN
Dehydration, cigarette smoking, polycythemia vera, tumors, erythropoietin abuse, lung diseases.
50
BLOOD Low Hematocrit
: Overhydration, nutritional deficiencies, blood loss, bone marrow suppression, leukemia, lead poisoning, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, chemotherapy treatment, anemia, bone marrow disorder.
51
BLOOD High Hematocrit
Dehydration, hypoxia, cigarette smoking, polycythemia vera, tumors, erythropoietin abuse, lung diseases, blood doping, erythrocytosis.
52
BLOOD iron-deficiency anemia, thalassemia
microcytic
53
BLOOD Vit B1 or Folic acid deficiency, hypothyroidism, alcoholism
Macrocytic
54
BLOOD Drugs that may increase white blood cells:
Corticosteroids, heparin, betaadrenergic agonists, epinephrine, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, lithium.
55
BLOOD Drugs that may decrease white blood cells:
Diuretics, chemotherapeutic drugs, histamine-2 blockers, captopril, anticonvulsants, antibiotics, antithyroid drugs, quinidine, chlorpromazine, terbinafine, clozapine, sulfonamides, ticlopidine
56
BLOOD Low WBC Count
Autoimmune disorders, bone marrow deficiencies, viral diseases, liver problems, spleen problems, severe bacterial infections, radiation therapy
57
BLOOD High WBC Count
Infections, cigarette smoking, leukemia, inflammatory diseases, tissue damage, severe physical or mental stress
58
BLOOD Low Neutrophils
Side effects of chemotherapy, viral infections, aplastic anemia, typhoid fever, hypoglycemia
59
BLOOD High Neutrophils
Acute infections, Rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation
60
BLOOD Low Lymphocytes
Severe Sepsis, HIV/AIDS, Chemotherapy, RA, SLE
61
BLOOD High Lymphocytes
Chronic bacteria, tuberculosis, Viral infection
62
BLOOD Low Monocytes
Chemotherapy, severe burn injury, AIDS, Mycobacterium avium complex, HPV, fungal infections
63
BLOOD High Monocytes
Chronic Inflammatory diseases, tuberculosis, parasitic Infection, autoimmune disorders
64
BLOOD Low Eosionophils
Pregnancy, physiological stress, steroid treatment
65
BLOOD High Eosinophils
Allergic reactions (like Asthma), parasitism, cancer
66
BLOOD Low Basophils
Ovulation, steroid treatment, thyrotoxicosis, acute hypersensitivity rxn
67
BLOOD High Basophils
Hypersensitivity reactions postsplenectomy, Chickenpox, hypothyroidism
68
BLOOD Drugs that may increase platelets:
Romiplostim, steroids, human IgG, immunosuppressants.
69
BLOOD Drugs that may decrease platelet:
Aspirin, hydroxyurea, anagrelide, chemotherapeutic drugs, statins, ranitidine, quinidine, tetracycline, vancomycin, valproic acid, sulfonamides, phenytoin, piperacillin, penicillin, pentoxifylline, omeprazole, nitroglycerin.
70
BLOOD Low Thrombocytes
Viral infection, aplastic anemia, leukemia, alcoholism, vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency, SLE, hemolytic uremic condition, HELLP syndrome, DIC, vasculitis, sepsis, splenic sequestration, cirrhosis
71
BLOOD High Thrombocytes
Cancer, allergic reactions, polycythemia vera, recent spleen removal, chronic myelogenous leukemia, inflammation, secondary thombocytosis.
72
*Determines the concentration of various chemical substances found in the blood that provide clues to the functioning of the major body systems.
Blood Chemistry
73
BLOOD is the sample of choice in most of the tests.
SERUM
74
BLOOD CHEMISTRY
COMMON GUIDELINES: BLOOD CHEMISTRY 1. Perform tests in the morning preferably between 7:00 and 10:00. 2. Perform tests on an empty stomach (fasting means the state after about 12 hours not eating meals and fluids12-hr) FASTING required for: CHOLESTEROL, LIPID profile, GLUCOSE, GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST, CORTISOL, FOLIC ACID, FERRITIN, IRON, PHOSPHORUS. 3. OVER FASTING: body starts to use its own protein, especially with a small supply of fat. (glucose levels too low, increased ketone compounds, reduction in iron and hemoglobin levels.) 4. Some medicines should be discontinued. 5. Avoid any intense physical exercise or sexual activity the day before a test. 6. Alcohol and cigarettes at least a day before, and smoking for about an hour before the test. 7. Relax and avoid stress. Sit. Prolonged standing causes fluids to move from the inside of the vessels to the intra-tract space and blood thickens. 8. Take hormones on the right days of the cycle. 9. Do not OVER EAT before a test. 10. For some blood tests, you may be asked to drink extra water to help keep more fluid in your veins or to drink water 15 to 20 minutes before certain urine tests.
75
BLOOD Main extracellular ion. Monitor the effectiveness of diuretics. Nurse's Role Don’t draw blood from an arm with an IV drip.
SODIUM {Na}
76
BLOOD Major intracellular cation that regulate acid-base equilibrium, control cellular water balance, and transmit electrical impulses in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Nurse's Role Patients with elevated WBC counts and platelet counts may have falsely elevated potassium levels.
Potassium K
77
BLOOD most abundant extracellular body anion that counterbalances cations Na and acts as buffer during oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in red blood cells (RBCs). Aids in digestion and maintaining osmotic pressure and water balance. Nurse's Role Any condition accompanied by prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, or both will alter chloride levels
CHLORIDE (Cl)
78
BLOOD needed in the blood-clotting mechanisms, regulates neuromuscular activity, acts as a cofactor that modifies the activity of many enzymes, and has an effect on the metabolism of calcium Nurse's Role Prolonged use of magnesium products causes increased serum levels. Long-term parenteral nutrition therapy or excessive loss of body fluids may decrease serum levels
MAGNESIUM (Mg)
79
BLOOD Important in bone formation, energy storage and release, urinary acid-base buffering, and carbohydrate metabolism. It is absorbed from food and is excreted by the kidneys. High concentrations of phosphorus are stored in bone and skeletal muscle. Nurse's Role Instruct the client to fast before the test
PHOSPHORUS (P)
80
cation absorbed into the bloodstream from dietary sources and functions in bone formation, nerve impulse transmission, and contraction of myocardial and skeletal muscles. Calcium aids in blood clotting by converting prothrombin to thrombin.
TOTAL CALCIUM (Ca), IONIZED
81
Calcium affected by:
*Decreased protein levels *Use of anticonvulsant medications.
82
-measure of solute concentration of blood. (sodium ions, glucose, urea); usually estimated by doubling the serum sodium because sodium is a major determinant of serum osmolality.
Serum Osmolality
83
Part of the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffering system and mainly responsible for regulating the pH of body fluids. Ingestion of acidic or alkaline solutions may affect results.
SERUM BICARBONATE (HCO3-)
84
GLUCOSE STUDIES include the ff. tests:
1. HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin), 2. Fasting blood sugar, RBS 3. Glucose tolerance test 4. Diabetes mellitus antibody panel
85
-help diagnose diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia.
FASTING BLOOD SUGAR (FBS)
86
glucose level is taken 2 hours after eating. Nursing Consideration -Instruct the client to fast for 8 to 12 hours before the test. -Instruct a client with diabetes mellitus to withhold morning insulin or oral hypoglycemic until after the blood is drawn.
PPBS (POST PRANDIAL BLOOD SUGAR)
87
Aids in the diagnosis of DM. If the glucose levels peak at higher than normal at 1 and 2 hours after injection or ingestion of glucose and are slower than normal to return to fasting levels, then diabetes mellitus is confirmed. Nursing Considerations 1. Instruct the client to eat a high-carbohydrate (200 to 300 g) diet for 3 days before the test; avoid alcohol, coffee, and smoking for 36 hours before the test; avoid strenuous exercise for 8 hours before and after the test; fast for 10 to 16 hours before the test. 2. Instruct the client with diabetes mellitus to withhold morning insulin or oral hypoglycemic medication. 3.Test may take 3 to 5 hours, requires IV or oral administration of glucose, and the taking of multiple blood samples. 4. INFORM PATIENT TO STRICTLY FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS.
GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST (GTT)
88
- blood glucose bound to hemoglobin and a reflection of how well blood glucose levels have been controlled for the past 3 to 4 months. Hyperglycemia in clients with diabetes is usually a cause of an increase in the HbA1c. Nursing Consideration: Fasting is not required before the test.
(HbA1c) GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN
89
Used to evaluate insulin resistance and to identify type 1 diabetes and clients with a suspected allergy to insulin.
DIABETES MELLITUS AUTOANTIBODY PANEL)
90
determines the kidney function of an individual
RENAL FUNCTION TESTS
91
-measures the amount of creatinine in the blood. Increased in kidney disease. Usually a creatinine level more than 1.2 for women and more than 1.4 for men may be a sign that the kidneys are not working like they should.
SERUM CREATININE
92
measure of excretory function of kidneys. a. GFR of 60 or more together with a normal urine albumin test is normal. b. GFR less than 60, indicates kidney disease. c. GFR less than 15, indicates kidney failure. (Candidate for dialysis or transplant. d. GFR level consistently less than 20 over a 6- 12month period need transplant.
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR)-
93
measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood (by product of protein metabolism). NV ranges from 7 to 20. Levels will increase as disease progresses
BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (BUN):
94
Liver FUnction Test Conditions affecting the GIT can be easily evaluated by studying the normal laboratory values of the following: 1. ALT (Alanine aminotransferase or SGPT) 2. AST (Aspartate aminotransferase or SGOT) 3. BILIRUBIN 4. ALBUMIN 5. Ammonia, amylase, lipase, protein, and lipids.
95
used to identify hepatocellular injury and inflammation of the liver and monitor disease.
ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE
96
-evaluate suspected hepatocellular disease, injury, or inflammation (may also be used along with cardiac markers to evaluate coronary artery occlusive disease).
ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE
97
-produced by the liver, spleen, and bone marrow; by-product of hemoglobin breakdown. Total bilirubin composed of DIRECT bilirubin (excreted via GIT), and INDIRECT bilirubin (circulates in bloodstream). TOTAL BILIRUBIN increases with any type of jaundice; direct and indirect bilirubin levels help differentiate the cause of jaundice.
BILIRUBIN
98
-main plasma protein of blood that maintains oncotic pressure and transports bilirubin, fatty acids, medications, hormones, and other substances that are insoluble in water. Presence of detectable albumin, or protein, in the urine is indicative of abnormal renal function.
ALBUMIN
99
- by-product of protein catabolism (created by bacteria acting on proteins present in the gut). It is metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys as urea. Venous ammonia levels are not a reliable indicator of hepatic coma.
AMMONIA
100
-enzyme produced by pancreas & salivary glands; aids in the digestion of complex carbohydrates; excreted by kidneys. In ACUTE PANCREATITISamylase level may exceed five times the normal value; the level starts rising 6 hours after the onset of pain, peaks at about 24 hours, and returns to normal in 2 to 3 days after the onset of pain. In CHRONIC PANCREATITIS, the rise in serum amylase usually does not normally exceed three times the normal value.
AMYLASE
101
- pancreatic enzyme that converts fats and triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. Elevated lipase levels occur in pancreatic disorders; elevations may not occur until 24 to 36 hours after the onset of illness and may remain elevated for up to 14 days.
LIPASE
102
- Reflects total amount of albumin and globulins in the plasma. Protein regulates osmotic pressure and is necessary for the formation of many hormones, enzymes, and antibodies; major source of building material for blood, skin, hair, nails, and internal organs.
SERUM PROTEIN
103
LIPOPROTEIN PROFILE (Lipid Profile) Lipid assessment or lipid profile includes: 1. Total cholesterol 2. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) 3. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 4. Triglycerides
104
- present in all body tissues and is a major component of LDL, brain, and nerve cells, cell membranes, and some gallbladder stones.
CHOLESTEROL
105
the stored fats in our body; constitute a major part of very-lowdensity lipoproteins and a small part of LDLs.
TRIGLYCERIDES
106
LIPOPROTEIN PROFILE (Lipid Profile)
* Oral contraceptives may increase the lipid level. * Instruct the client to abstain from foods and fluid, except for water, for 12 to 14 hours and from alcohol for 24 hours before the test. * Instruct the client to avoid consuming high-cholesterol foods with the evening meal before the test.
107
-released into the circulation normally following a myocardial injury as seen in acute myocardial infarction (MI) or other conditions such as heart failure.
CARDIAC MARKERS & SERUM ENZYMES
108
-enzyme found in muscle and brain tissue that reflects tissue catabolism resulting from cell trauma.
CREATINE KINASE (CK)
109
, an oxygen-binding protein that is found in striated (cardiac and skeletal) muscle, releases oxygen at very low tensions. Any injury to skeletal muscle will cause a release of myoglobin into the blood. Myoglobin rise in 2-4 hours after an MI making it an early marker for determining cardiac damage
myoglobin
110
normal myoglobin
5-7O ng/ml
111
is released into the bloodstream when an infarction causes damage to the myocardium.
troponin
112
HIV and AIDS testing
1. ELISA 2. WESTERN BLOT 3.iMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ASSAY (IFA)
113
1. ELISA - A single reactive ELISA test by itself is not conclusive; should be repeated in duplicate with the same blood sample; if the result is repeatedly reactive, follow-up tests using Western blot or IFA. 2. WESTERN BLOT- A positive Western blot or IFA results is considered confirmatory for HIV. 3. IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE ASSAY (IFA). Note: A positive ELISA but not confirmed by Western blot or IFA should be repeated after 3 to 6 months.
114
URINE
o Urinalysis o Creatinine Clearance o Culture/CS
115
3-parts of URINE EXAMINATION
-Physical =Color, Volume, Odor, Transparency -Chemical =Glucose, Protein, pH, sp. gr, Ketones, Bilirubin Nitrite, Ascorbic acid -Microscopic =RBC, WBC, Bacteria Casts, Crystals, Epithelial cells, Mucus, Yeast
116
Urine Clear to Dark yellow
normal
117
Urine Amber to Honey Yellow
dehydration
118
Urine Orange
dehydration, intake of rifampicin, consumption of orange food dye
119
Urine Brown Ale
severe dehydration, liver disease
120
Urine Pink to Reddish
consumption of beets, rhubarb or blueberries, mercury poisoning, tumors, kidney diseases, prostate problems, UTI
121
Urine Blue or Green
consumption of asparagus, genetic disorders, excess calcium, heartburn medications, multivitamins.
122
Urine Deep Purple
Porphyria
123
Urine Red
Blood
124
>Formed substances like WBC, RBC, Casts, Crystals >Bacteria- uniform cloudiness >Epithelial cells >Mucus threads >Kidney stones
Cloudy Urine
125
URINE CHEMICAL FINDINGS
>PROTEIN (albumin)-Heart failure, kidney disease, dehydration >pH (slightly acidic- 6.0)- HIGH- kidney disease, UTI. LOWdiarrhea, ketoacidosis >SPECIFIC GRAVITY- dehydration >KETONES- diabetic ketoacidosis (fatty acids used as fuel) >GLUCOSE- diabetes or gestational diabetes >BILIRUBIN- liver or bile duct disease >NITRITE- UTI, produced by bacteria >VITAMIN C- medication
126
URINE MICROSCOPIC FINDINGS
>EPITHELIAL CELLS- elevated in infection or Ca >RBC- blood, menstruation (contamination), obstruction, kidney stone, bleeding from somewhere >WBC- UTI, infection or inflammation of the urinary tract >CASTS- formed from coagulated protein in the renal cells >MUCUS- secretions, hormonal >BACTERIA- UTI, Trichomonas vaginalis >CRYSTALS- stone formation; leucine, cystine, and tyrosine indicate malignancy >SPERM CELLS YEAST- fungal infection (Candida)
127
DURING URINE THE IDEAL IS
IDEAL- First morning, midstream, clean catch Freshly voided, mid-stream catch FREE from contaminants like blood and discharge
128
Factors that interfere with urine results:
1. Medications and supplements (metronidazole and vitamin C) 2. Contamination- blood, mucus, unsterile collection bottle
129
STOOL oFecalysis o FOBT o Concentration Techniques o Culture/CS
130
* TEST to find hidden blood in the stool that is not visibly apparent. * Screening test for colon cancer
FOBT
131
* identifying disorders of the digestive tract.
Routine Fecalysis
132
Nurse's Role in Collecting a stool specimen
 Guide patient on proper specimen collection. Ask patient to urinate first to avoid contaminating stool with urine.  Provide accurate sample identification  Ensure all supplies are appropriate for collection  Timely transport of specimen to the laboratory.
133
SPUTUM
o AFB o Gram Stain o Culture/CS
134
SWAB
o Culture/CS o Gram Stain o AFB and other special stains
135
VISUALIZATION PROCEDURES
-iNDIRECT -MEDICAL IMAGING -DIRECT
136
(non-invasive)- X-ray, Ultrasonography, EEG, ECG, 2D/3D echo, lung scan
INDIRECT
137
CT (Computed Tomography), MRI uses magnetic field, Nuclear imaging uses radioactive isotope, PET (Positron Emission Tomography) inhalation or ingestion of radioisotope
MEDICAL IMAGING-
138
(invasive)- Colonoscopy, Angiography Used to visualize body organs and system functions.
DIRECT
139