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A Level Biology > Things to Note: Nov. Test > Flashcards

Things to Note: Nov. Test Flashcards

1
Q

difference between polymers and macromolecules

A

polymers have a repeating unit of monomers, macromolecules may not

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2
Q

are triglycerides and phospholipisds macromolecuels or polymers

A

macromolecules

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3
Q

what are lipids soluble in? insoluble in?

A

soluble - alcohol & insoluble in water

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4
Q

true or false: there are many different types of fatty acids

A

true

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5
Q

true or false fatty acids can be unsaturated and saturated

A

true

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6
Q

what are essential fatty acids

A

fatty acids that can’t be made in the body & must be digested

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7
Q

saturated fatty acid has 0 double bonds, true or false

A

false, has no double bonds in HYDROCARBON CHAIN, 1 in COOH group

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8
Q

centrioles structure

A

spherical group of 9 microtubles arranged in a cylindar

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9
Q

what are centrioles 2 functions?

A

forms cilia and unduliopia

make spindle fibres for cell division

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10
Q

name 2 types of prokaryptes

A

bacteria, archaea

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11
Q

True or false bacteria has DNA

A

True, also has RNA

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12
Q

name 3 things prokaryotic cells don’t have

A

no nucleas
no centrioles
no membrane-bound organelles

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13
Q

what are motor proteins

A

used to move organelles along microtubules using energy

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14
Q

describe the difference between he function of free ribosomes vs robomsomees connected to RER

A

Free ribosomes are mainly concerned with assembling proteins to be used within the cell. Ribosomes on RER
mainly assemble proteins that are exported out of the cell.

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15
Q

name a substance that passes into nuclear envelope

A

Steroid hormones, rna and DNA polymerase

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16
Q

nucleolus function

A

production of rRNAs and assembly of the ribosomal subunits.

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17
Q

name 3 of the nucleus’s functions

A

Stores/transmits genetic information; controls activities of cell; provides instructions for protein synthesis

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18
Q

what are hydrolytic enzymes

A

digestive enzymes that are exocytosed out of the cell in a vesicle

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19
Q

intrinsic proteins vs intracellular enzymes

A

intrinsic proteins - embedded through both layers of partially permeable membrane
intracellular enzymes - enzymes working inside the cell

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20
Q

what is kPa the units of in biology

A

water potential (in cells)

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21
Q

what is the water potential of (pure) water?

A

zero kilo pascals

22
Q

which microscopes can see live organisms

A

optical and laser scanning confocal

23
Q

name 2 organelle that is present in animal cell sbut not in plant cells

A

centriole & lysosomes

24
Q

what are the negative and positive charges of atoms in hydrogen bonding represented as?

A

𝛿− or 𝛿+ (delta negative or delta postive)

25
Q

why is milk hard to use in an emulsion test

A

it’s already cloudy

26
Q

are oils in plants saturated or unsaturated? what state are they in in room temp.?

A

saturated, solid at room temp.

27
Q

which of these has hydrogen bonding: glycogen or cellulose ??

A

glycogen?

28
Q

what is ATP made of

A

adenine, ribose, 3 phosphates

29
Q

how much energy does ATP relsease after hydrolysis

A

30kJ

30
Q

what is consrrvative replication

A

completely new DNA molecules is made; 1 new DNA and 1 fully intact original strand

31
Q

what is the final type of replication, semi-conservative, conservative and …

A

dispersive replication

32
Q

name a phosphorylated nucleotide

A

ATP

33
Q

what are terminal ends

A

ends of branches in amylopectin and amylose

34
Q

what is a conjugated protein

A

a protein associated with a prosthetic group

35
Q

what is the enzyme called that digests proteins

A

pepsin

36
Q

how is pepsin stable in acidic conditions

A

only A FEW r-groups are basic and can ACCEPT H+ ions

37
Q

descibre the structure of insulin

A

2 polypeptide chains one is alpha helix and another beta pleated sheets

38
Q

how are electrons emitted for TEM and SEM

A

electrons fired from cathode are focused by magnets onto the screen.

39
Q

what microscopes give a black and white ‘image’

A

SEM andTEM

40
Q

descrube how a SEM works

A

scans an object point by point and assembles pixels onto computer

41
Q

what happens to membrane whrn increased temperature

A

increased temp = increased KE in phospholipids = increased vibrations

glycoproteins denature = increases pores within bilayer
= more fluid

42
Q

true or false alpha subunits and alpha helkix are 2 different tgings? where are they present?

A

alpha subunits - haemoglobin structure (along with beta subunits)
alpha helix is a secondary structure

43
Q

how to describe opposite direction monomers e.g in cellulose?

A

alternatively rotated

44
Q

why is it called a ‘fluid’ mosaic model?

A

fluid - lipid molecules can change places with each other and some of the proteins may move, giving fluidity

45
Q

why is it called a fluid ‘mosaic’ model?

A

model- made of a phospholipid bilayer witj proteins FLOATING in it

46
Q

Name the process in which a cell becomes specialised.

A

differentiation

47
Q

what shape are plasmids in eukaryotes

A

circles

48
Q

what type of reaction occurs ebtween amino acids to produce proteins

A

condensation reactions

49
Q

what bonding does cellulose use

A

glycosidic and hydrogen bonding

50
Q

true or false both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have ribosomes

A

true

51
Q

name a organelle in eukaryotes that isn’t membrane bound

A

ribosomes and centriole

A Level Biology (12 decks)

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