Things to Note: Nov. Test Flashcards
difference between polymers and macromolecules
polymers have a repeating unit of monomers, macromolecules may not
are triglycerides and phospholipisds macromolecuels or polymers
macromolecules
what are lipids soluble in? insoluble in?
soluble - alcohol & insoluble in water
true or false: there are many different types of fatty acids
true
true or false fatty acids can be unsaturated and saturated
true
what are essential fatty acids
fatty acids that can’t be made in the body & must be digested
saturated fatty acid has 0 double bonds, true or false
false, has no double bonds in HYDROCARBON CHAIN, 1 in COOH group
centrioles structure
spherical group of 9 microtubles arranged in a cylindar
what are centrioles 2 functions?
forms cilia and unduliopia
make spindle fibres for cell division
name 2 types of prokaryptes
bacteria, archaea
True or false bacteria has DNA
True, also has RNA
name 3 things prokaryotic cells don’t have
no nucleas
no centrioles
no membrane-bound organelles
what are motor proteins
used to move organelles along microtubules using energy
describe the difference between he function of free ribosomes vs robomsomees connected to RER
Free ribosomes are mainly concerned with assembling proteins to be used within the cell. Ribosomes on RER
mainly assemble proteins that are exported out of the cell.
name a substance that passes into nuclear envelope
Steroid hormones, rna and DNA polymerase
nucleolus function
production of rRNAs and assembly of the ribosomal subunits.
name 3 of the nucleus’s functions
Stores/transmits genetic information; controls activities of cell; provides instructions for protein synthesis
what are hydrolytic enzymes
digestive enzymes that are exocytosed out of the cell in a vesicle
intrinsic proteins vs intracellular enzymes
intrinsic proteins - embedded through both layers of partially permeable membrane
intracellular enzymes - enzymes working inside the cell
what is kPa the units of in biology
water potential (in cells)
what is the water potential of (pure) water?
zero kilo pascals
which microscopes can see live organisms
optical and laser scanning confocal
name 2 organelle that is present in animal cell sbut not in plant cells
centriole & lysosomes
what are the negative and positive charges of atoms in hydrogen bonding represented as?
𝛿− or 𝛿+ (delta negative or delta postive)
why is milk hard to use in an emulsion test
it’s already cloudy
are oils in plants saturated or unsaturated? what state are they in in room temp.?
saturated, solid at room temp.
which of these has hydrogen bonding: glycogen or cellulose ??
glycogen?
what is ATP made of
adenine, ribose, 3 phosphates
how much energy does ATP relsease after hydrolysis
30kJ
what is consrrvative replication
completely new DNA molecules is made; 1 new DNA and 1 fully intact original strand
what is the final type of replication, semi-conservative, conservative and …
dispersive replication
name a phosphorylated nucleotide
ATP
what are terminal ends
ends of branches in amylopectin and amylose
what is a conjugated protein
a protein associated with a prosthetic group
what is the enzyme called that digests proteins
pepsin
how is pepsin stable in acidic conditions
only A FEW r-groups are basic and can ACCEPT H+ ions
descibre the structure of insulin
2 polypeptide chains one is alpha helix and another beta pleated sheets
how are electrons emitted for TEM and SEM
electrons fired from cathode are focused by magnets onto the screen.
what microscopes give a black and white ‘image’
SEM andTEM
descrube how a SEM works
scans an object point by point and assembles pixels onto computer
what happens to membrane whrn increased temperature
increased temp = increased KE in phospholipids = increased vibrations
glycoproteins denature = increases pores within bilayer
= more fluid
true or false alpha subunits and alpha helkix are 2 different tgings? where are they present?
alpha subunits - haemoglobin structure (along with beta subunits)
alpha helix is a secondary structure
how to describe opposite direction monomers e.g in cellulose?
alternatively rotated
why is it called a ‘fluid’ mosaic model?
fluid - lipid molecules can change places with each other and some of the proteins may move, giving fluidity
why is it called a fluid ‘mosaic’ model?
model- made of a phospholipid bilayer witj proteins FLOATING in it
Name the process in which a cell becomes specialised.
differentiation
what shape are plasmids in eukaryotes
circles
what type of reaction occurs ebtween amino acids to produce proteins
condensation reactions
what bonding does cellulose use
glycosidic and hydrogen bonding
true or false both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have ribosomes
true
name a organelle in eukaryotes that isn’t membrane bound
ribosomes and centriole
