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A Level Biology > Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a pathogen

A

an organism that causes disease

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2
Q

communicable disease defintiion (2)

A

pathogen which can be transmitted (1) disease is caused by effect of pathogen (2)

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3
Q

bateria features (2)

A 
rapid reproduction (!)
toxins & waste products damage cells (2)
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4
Q

how can bacteria be killed

A

antibiotics

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5
Q

what is the best place for bacteria to be present in a plant(2)

A

vascular tissue to then reach the rest of the plant (1) and nutrients available (2)

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6
Q

FIll in the gaps: Fungi forms …, a part of fungus consisting of network of fine white filaments

A

mycelium

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7
Q

FIll in the gaps: Fungi forms …, a part of fungus which releases spores for reproduction

A

hyphae

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8
Q

what part of fungi spreads disease

A

spores released by hyphae

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9
Q

what is the type of fungi that feeds on dead tissue

A

saprophytic fungus

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10
Q

what is the type of fungi that feeds on living tissue

A

parasitic fungi

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11
Q

where is most advantagous for fungi to develop on a plant

A

leaves = stops them photosynthesising & kills the plant

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12
Q

which pathogens are eukaryotes

A

protists, fungi

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13
Q

which pathogens are non living

A

virsuses

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14
Q

which pathogens are prokaryotes

A

bacteria

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15
Q

true or false all virsuses are pathogenic

A

true

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16
Q

true or false all fungi are pathogenic

A

false

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17
Q

structure of virsus (2)

A 
genetic material (!)
protein coat(2)
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18
Q

what is the purpose of protein coat in viruses (2)

A

shell to protect genome(1)

attaches to receptors on host cells (2)

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19
Q

function of virus (3)

A

invade & take over host cells genetic machinery (1)
causes cells to manufacture more copies of the virus (2)
eventually cell bursts, releasing virus to other cells (3)

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20
Q

true or false all protists are pathogenic

A

false (very few are pathogenic)

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21
Q

how does protists cause harm in cells (2)

A

enters host cells & feeds on its contents as they grow (“)

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22
Q

how do protisst reproduce

A

binary fission

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23
Q

3 modes of action of a pathogen on the host

A
  • direct damage of tissues
    production of toxins
  • digest cells (3)
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24
Q

name 3 bacterial diseases

A

tuberculosis, meningitis, ring rot

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25
Q

name 3 viral diseases

A

HIV, influenza, tobacco mosaic virus,

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26
Q

name 3 fungus diseases

A

black sigatoka, ring worm (in cattle), athletes foot

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27
Q

name 2 protists diseases

A

blight (plants), malaria

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28
Q

how does TB affect humans

A

kills cells & tissues, mainly lungs are affected

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29
Q

menegntisitis symptomes

A

membranes around brain and spinal chord become swollen = cause damage to brain and nerves

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30
Q

ring rot symptoms

A

ring of decay in vascular tissue of potato or tomato

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31
Q

HIV/ AIDS symptoms

A

attacks cells in immune system = compromsies immune system

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32
Q

influenza symptims

A

acctacks resporatory system & muscle pains & headaches

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33
Q

TMV symptoms

A

mottling & discoloration of leaves

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34
Q

black sigatoka symptoms

A

leaf spots on banana plants = reduces yield

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35
Q

blight symptoms

A

affects leaves and potato tubers

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36
Q

ringworm symptoms

A

growth of fungus in skin = rash

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37
Q

athletes foot

A

gorwth under feet’s skin

38
Q

malaria symptoms

A

headaches & fever that may progress to coma & death

39
Q

how is TB spread

A

indirect: droplet infection

40
Q

how is meningitis spread

A

indirect: droplet infection or touching contaminated surfaces

41
Q

how is HIV spread

A

sexual transmission/ sharing needle

42
Q

how is influenza spread

A

indirect: droplet infection

43
Q

how is malaria spread

A

by vector: female anopheles mosquito

44
Q

transmission defintiion

A

the way in which a a parasitic microorganism travels from 1 host to another

45
Q

methods of direct trasmisision

A

touched contaminated surfaces, inoculation, ingestion

46
Q

methods of indirect trasmission

A

formites, droplet infection, vectors

47
Q

what is inoculation

A

break in t he skin or puncture wound = pathogen can eneter

48
Q

example of disease by inoculation

A

rabies

49
Q

ingestion defnieion

A

eating conatimned foos or faeces on hands

50
Q

formites definition

A

pathogen travels from 1 infected individual to another through the means of an unaffected object or organism

51
Q

vectors defnition (3)

A

a living or non-living factor (1)that transmits a pathogen from 1 host to another(2) e.g malaria transmitted by mosquitos(3)

52
Q

factors affecting transmission of pathogens

A

overcrowding living& working condiitons (1)
compromised immune system (2) - lack of nutrition/ immunosuppressants
socioeconomic e.g lack of trained workforce

53
Q

direct transmission in plants defintiion

A

direct contact of healthy plant with any part of diseased plan

54
Q

indirect transmission in plants defintiion

A

passing pathogen from host to new host via a vector e.g an insect attack

55
Q

vectors for plants (4)

A

wind, water, animals, humans

56
Q

how to prevent spread of communicable diseases in plants (3)

A

clear fields thoroghly during harvest
wash clothes & equipment
control insect vectors (3)

57
Q

factos increasing trasmisionnsion of pathogens (3)

A

overcrowding of crops
poor mineral nutrition reduces plants resistance
damp warm conditions

58
Q

passive defense meaning (plants)

A

A defense mechanism against pathogens(1) present before infection(2) includes physical and chemical barriers (3)

59
Q

name structiral passive defenses

A

lignin, bark, cellulose cell wall, waxy cuticle, stomatal closure

60
Q

lignin function in passive defense

A

thickening of cell wall, makes it waterproof & indigestible

61
Q

waxy cuticle function in passive defense

A

prevents water collecting on cell surfaces so pathogens cant survive

62
Q

stomatal closure function in passive defense

A

when pathogen dteceted, guard cells close stomata in that area of plant to prevent direct entry

63
Q

what is the active chemical defence where large polysaccharides are deposited in sieve tubes

A

callose

64
Q

callose function(3)

A

large polysaccharides are deposited in sieve tubes(1) to plock flow in phloem(2) & prevent pathiegn spread (3)

65
Q

what is the active chemical defense where there’s balloon-like swelling blocking xylem

A

tylose

66
Q

tylose function(4)

A

balloon-like swelling blocking xylem to prevent spread of pathogen (2)
contains terpenes which are chemical toxins to pathogens (4)

67
Q

which active chemical defnse occurs in xylem

A

tylose

68
Q

which active chemical defnse occurs in phloem

A

callose

69
Q

Give 2 ways pathogens are detected by plants

A

1) pathigen detected by specific pathogens on cell surface

2) when cell wall of plant broken down by pathogens, cell wall breakdown products recognised

70
Q

what happens after pathogen is detected by plant

A

signalling molecules alert nucleas & adjacent cells beofre attack

71
Q

name 3 active responses initiated by plant after pathogen is detected

A

1) defensive molecules relased directly attack pathogen
2) polysaccharide strengthen cell wall
3) chemicals alarms other cells

72
Q

name3 active defenses in plants

A

liginin reiforced (1)
callose and tylose fomred(2)
increase in chemicals formed

73
Q

terpenoids functopn

A

essential oils have antifungal and antibacterial forms

74
Q

necrosis defnition

A

dlibertate cell suicdee

75
Q

point of necrosis

A

killing cells surrounding infection to limit pathogens

76
Q

lesion definition

A

damaged tissue in a plant

77
Q

canker definition

A

region of necrosin causing death of cambium tissue in bark preventing spread of pathogens

78
Q

how does canker prevent spread of disease

A

limites pathogens access to water & nutriwns by surrounding infecion & stops its spread

79
Q

why are most protectcive chemicals in plants manufactures when infection is detected

A

making defensive chemicals takes energy; plants saves energy by not making these until needed (2)

80
Q

primary defnses definition

A

barriers which prevemts entry of pathogens

81
Q

secondary defenses definition

A

combat pathogens that have entered the body

82
Q

how is skin a primary defense mechanism (3)

A
  • physical barrier
  • frequently sloughs off to reduce chance of growth on surface
  • produces sebum, antibiotic which inhibits growth of pathogens
83
Q

mucous membrane definiton (2)

A

contaisn lysozymes to destroy bacterial and fungal cell wall

produced by goblet cells and wafted out by ciliated epithelium cells to enter oesophagus and digestive system

84
Q

how is ear wax a primary defense mechanism (3)

A

lined by wax to trap pathogens

85
Q

how is female reporductive system a primary defense mechanism (1)

A

mucus plug in cervix maintaisn acidic conditions of vagina

86
Q

how are expulsive a primary defense mechanism (3)

A
  • responds to irritation from toxins or microorganisms (1)
  • in gas exchange system coughs and sneezes eject microorganism
  • vomiting and diahorea expel contents of the gut along with infected pathogens
87
Q

what are the 5 types of primary defenses in humans

A

skin, mucous membranes, ear wax, expulsive reflexes, lysosymes

88
Q

inflammation definition

A

localised response to pathogens/damage resulting in swelling and redness at site of wound

89
Q

how is inflammation response initiaed

A

damaged mast cells relase histamins an cytokines

90
Q

histamines definition

A

enzyme that causes vasodilation (1), causing localised heat and rednesses to infection site for WBC’s to leave blood and enter tissue fluid = causes swellingand pain. Pathogens are drained into lymoh system to contact lymphocytes and initiate specficifc immune response

A Level Biology (12 decks)

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