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A Level Biology > Biological Molecules C2 > Flashcards

Biological Molecules C2 Flashcards

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1
Q

why can’t oil dissolve in water

A

Oil & other CH molecules are non polar molecules: non polar molecules can’t dissolve in a polar solvent, aka polars don’t mix

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2
Q

what is capillary action

A

movement of liquid (by cohesion & adhesion) against force of gravity up a narrow tube

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3
Q

ions definition

A

a molecule/atom where no. of electrons isn’t equal to no. of protons

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4
Q

what are ions in solution called

A

electrolyte

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5
Q

what is - in simple terms - an electrolyte

A

ions in solution

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6
Q

why is water a good transport medium

A

solvent & low viscousity

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7
Q

why does ice float on water

A

ice has a crystalline structure: more space between molecules = less dense

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8
Q

what is hydrogen bonding

A

weak interaction between slightly negatively charged atom with a slightly positively charged one

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9
Q

what atoms are attracted in water in hydrogen bonding

A

slightly positive hydrogen atoms are attracted to slightly negative oxygen atoms

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10
Q

draw a diagram of hydrogen bonding

A

search it up

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11
Q

why does water have a high latent heat of vaporisation

A

high no. of hydrogen bonds aka high intermolecular forces

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12
Q

True or False: hydrogen bonds can occur between molecules without a hydrogen atom

A

False, doesn’t have to be a water molecule but MUST have hydrogen atoms with a polar structure

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13
Q

True or False: hydrogen bonding only occurs with polar molecules

A

True (if also have hydrogen atoms)

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14
Q

difference between cohesion & adhesion

A

cohesion - between water molecules

adhesion - between water & other molecules

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15
Q

name 4 monosaccarides

A

fructose, glucose, ribose, galactose

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16
Q

name 3 disaccharides

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose

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17
Q

name 3 polysaccharides

A

cellulose, starch, glycogen

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18
Q

draw out condensation reaction for glucose

A

see book

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19
Q

condensation reaction definition

A

reaction where 2 molecules combine to form a large molecule + H2O

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20
Q

what does - lysis mean

A

breaking down (a chemical entity)

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21
Q

hydrolysis definition

A

splitting a chemical entity with a water molecule

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22
Q

what 3 things are carbohydrates used for

A

energy storage, structure, make up other molecules (e.g glycoprotein)

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23
Q

name a carbohydrate used for energy

A

glucose

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24
Q

name a carbohydrate used for storagr

A

glycogen & starch

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25
Q

name a carbohydrate used for structure

A

cellulose, chitin (in cell wall in prokaryotics)

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26
Q

what is the ratio in carbohydrates

A

Cn(H2O)n

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27
Q

why is density at the top of a water drop/ on the water’s surface higher?

A

water molecules at top try to re-configure themselves to be close to other water molecules than the air (due to being polar) causing surface tension.

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28
Q

Give some examples of non polar molecules

A

Glycogen and oils

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29
Q

how are monosacharides classified: by their shape or by number of carbons

A

no. of carbons

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30
Q

Name 2 features of monosaccharides

A

sweet-tasting & soluble in water

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31
Q

How are carbons numbered in a chain structure?

A

From top to bottom

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32
Q

How are carbons numbered in a ring structure?

A

count carbons clockwise starting from far right

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33
Q

what is the cytosol?

A

the aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell, within which various organelles and particles are suspended.

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34
Q

why is glucose being dissolvable useful in animals/ humans?

A

can be present in cytosol in the cell, hence used for chemical/metabolic reactions

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35
Q

what is the word for this definition: compounds with the same molecular formula (same type & number of atoms) but a different structural formula, (aka in a different shape due to different connections)

A

structural isomer

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36
Q

name 3 hexose monosaccarides

A

alpha glucose, beta glucose, galactose

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37
Q

name 2 pentose monosaccharides

A

fructose, ribose

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38
Q

name a triose monosaccharide (has 3 carbon atoms)

A

glyceraldehyde

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39
Q

what is the structural difference between an alpha and beta glucose molecule?

A

alpha: hydroxyl group on Carbon1 is facing downwards (vice versa for beta)

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40
Q

what is the difference between a hexose and a pentose monosaccharide

A

hexose: 6 carbons
pentose: 5 carbons

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41
Q

draw a ribose monosaccaride?

A

see book

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42
Q

draw an alpha glucose?

A

see bpok

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43
Q

draw a beta glucose?

A

see book

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44
Q

true or false in some monosacchraaide diagrams all the ememnets aren’t dorwn on the diagram? which ones?

A

true, hydrogen and carbon

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45
Q

what does an alpha glucose + alpha glucose make?

A

maltose

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46
Q

glucose + fructose

A

sucrose

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47
Q

glucose + galactose

A

lactose

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48
Q

lactose made from

A

glucose + galactose

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49
Q

sucrose made from

A

glucose+ fructose

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50
Q

maltose

A

alpha glucose + alpha glucose

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51
Q

WHat are the products of a alpha glucose + alpha glucose condensation reaction?

A

maltose+ H2O

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52
Q

what is the bond between disaccarides after a condensation reaction called

A

glycosydic bonds

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53
Q

how are glycosidic bonds named

A

by the carbons numbers attached to them. e.g in alpha glucose + alpha glucose its: 1,4 glycosidiic bond

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54
Q

what elements are lipids made from

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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55
Q

what elements are proteins made from

A

carbon hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur

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56
Q

what elements are nucleic acids made from

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

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57
Q

what are magnesium ions used for in plants

A

making chlorophyll

58
Q

ignore

A

j

59
Q

where is fructose naturally found?

A

fruit

60
Q

where is sucrose naturally found?

A

sugar cane

61
Q

where is ribose found?

A

RNA nucleotides

62
Q

Why is glucose hydrophilic

A

Because it is polar: has a hyfrogen bond between water molecules with its slightly positive hydrogen from the OH group with the slightly negative oxygen from the water

63
Q

What are reducing sugars

A

Sugars that can donate electrons to another molecule

64
Q

What are non-reducing sugars

A

Sugars that can’t donate electrons because no available reducing groups

65
Q

What element does Benedicts solution contain

A

Copper (Cu+)

66
Q

Examples of non reducing sugars

A

Sucrose

67
Q

How to test for non reducing sugars (before doing reducing sugars steps)?

A

Add hydrochloride acid
Boil in water bath
Neutralise solution by adding sodium hydrogencarbonate

68
Q

What does hydrochloride acid do in no reducing sugars test?

A

Hydrolysed (aka breaks) glycosidic bonds , creating monosaccharides

69
Q

What can’t function in acidic conditions reducing sugars or benedicts solution?

A

Benedicts solution

70
Q

How does Benedicts copper ions show reducing sugars are present?

A

Cu2+ ions gain an electron = Cu+

71
Q

explain how a hydrogen bond forms?

A

atoms share electrons unequally, when they bond oxygen has a greater share of electrons than hydrogen = slightly positive & negeative atoms

72
Q

name all the parts of the chain between cellulose chains & cell wall

A

cellulose chains —> microfibril —> macrofibrils –> cellulose fibre —> cell wall

73
Q

how often does a amylopectin get a 1,6 gylcosidic bond?

A

after 25-30 alpha glucose’

74
Q

what charge are cations

A

postively charged ions

75
Q

what charge are anions

A

negative ly charges ( 2 n’s = negative)

76
Q

what are macrofibrils & what do they do?

A

made of microfibres, macrofibrils connect cellulose chains in all directions for extra strength.

77
Q

True or false: cell wall is permeable, why?

A

true, macrofibrils have gaps between them allowing water and mineral ions to pass through

78
Q

Microfilaments diameter

A

3-6nm

79
Q

Microtubles diameter

A

25nm

80
Q

Microfilaments function

A

Cell contraction during cytokinesis

And cell movement

81
Q

Microtubles is made of what protein

A

Globular tubulin

82
Q

How do you show ribose is a 3D molecule when drawing its structure?

A

Make the bottom 3 lines of the ring bold

83
Q

How does a bieuret test for proteins work? And mention the positive result

A

Peptide bonds form lilac compaoinds with copper ions in Bieruet. If positive then blue—-> lilac

84
Q

what does specific heat capacity in water show?

A

water has high SHC hence does not heat/cool easily = maintain body temperature & good for aquatic animals``

85
Q

what does specific latent heat show?

A

water as a cooling agent e,g sweating, due to high amounts of energy needed to heat it

86
Q

what organism are each of these stored in: amylopectin, amylose, glycogen

A

plants: (starch grains) amylopectin, amylose
animals: glycogen

87
Q

which organelle do plants store starch in?

A

in membrane-bound starch grains and chloroplasts

88
Q

give 3 properties of energy storage polysaccahrideds

A
  • compact
  • don’t disrupt water potential (like glucose)
  • large molecules
89
Q

what makes a cell wall permeable

A

spaces between MICROfibrils allow water and mineral ions to pass through

90
Q

describe everything you know about unsaturated fatty acids

A
  • has more than 1 double-bonded carbon 1
  • this gives it a kink
  • the kink pushes the molecule apart = more fluid
91
Q

what happens to the boiling point if there are more unsaturated fatty acids

A

lowers melting point due to it being more fluid

92
Q

what is the bond between fatty acids and a single glyceride in a triglyceride

A

ester bond

93
Q

what is the composition of a phospholipid

A

2 fatty acids, 1 glyceride, 1 phosphate group

94
Q

name 4 things trigylcerides do/ are good for?

A
  • long term energy storage
  • insulation
  • buoyancy (less dense than water)
  • protection -
95
Q

expand on roles of trigycderide: protection

A

water-proof = protects insects & leaves

cushioning to protect organs

96
Q

expand on roles of trigycderide: insulation

A

redce heat loss

lipids in nerve cells act as electrical insulator

97
Q

what is the text for lipids called

A

emulsion test

98
Q

whwere is cholesterol made in animals

A

liver

99
Q

what type of lipid is cholesterol

A

steroid

100
Q

what is cholesterol made out of

A

4 carbon-based rings, NOT glycerol or fatty acids

101
Q

example of a quaternary protein (3)

A

hemoglobin
enzymes
insulin

102
Q

fibrous protein definition

A

has a re;lativley long, thin structure (1) often having a structural role within an organism

103
Q

globular proteins

A

has molecules of a relatively spherical shape have metabolic role within an organism

104
Q

which of these are soluble in water: globular proteins or fibrous proteins

A

globular: soluble
fibrous: insoluble

105
Q

what is a prosthetic group

A

a non-protein component that is a permanent part of the protein

106
Q

examples of fibrous proteins (3)

A

collagen & keratin & elastin

107
Q

where is collagen found in animals

A

artery walls & tendons

108
Q

what is the function of collagen

A

to give mechnaical strength

109
Q

what is the function of keratin

A

mechanical protection & provides an impermeable barrier to infections.

110
Q

where is keratin found

A

nails, hair, hoofs, scales, fur & feathers

111
Q

elastin function

A

allows living things to stretch and/or adapt their shape

112
Q

where is elastin found?

A

skin, lungs, blood vessels

113
Q

what is the structure of hemoglobin

A

2 alpha helix and 2 beta pleasted sheets

114
Q

give an example of a prosthetic group

A

haem in haemoglobin

115
Q

insulin structure

A

1 alpha-helix and 1 beta-pleated sheet (1), folds into a tertiary structure joined by disulphide links (2)

116
Q

what us bieuret solution made out of

A

sodium hydroxide and copper (II) sulphate

117
Q

If amino acids were mixed with biuret solution, will a positive or negative result be shown? why?

A

biuret tests for peptide bonds specifically, so it’s a negative test result

118
Q

what group are fatty acids are a part of?

A

carboxylic acids + hydrogencarbon chain +hydroxyl

119
Q

what are fatty acids comprised of

A

carboxyl (-COOH) + hydrogencarbon chain +hydroxyl (OH)

120
Q

what is esterification

A

a type of condensation reaction between glycerol & 3 fatty acids to make a triglyceride

121
Q

what is the product of esterification

A

water + triglycerides

122
Q

is oil a unsaturated or staurated lipid

A

unsaturated trigylecerides

123
Q

lipids defnition

A

group of susbtances that are soluble in alcohol, but insoluble in water

124
Q

what is glycerol

A

an alcohol

125
Q

glycerol structure

A

3 carbons connectd to a OH group each, with rest of bonds with hydrogen atoms, no double bonds

126
Q

why are fatty acids, called an acid

A

can produce free H+ ions from -COOH group when ionised

127
Q

what is the composition of fatty acids

A

hydrocarbon chain + carboxyl group with 1 double bond

128
Q

what does a kink in a molecule do

A

push the molecule apart = more fluid

129
Q

true or false respiration can occur using a lipid as a reactant

A

true- tryglycsierdes are energy stores

130
Q

cholesterol definition

A

a sterroid alchohol

131
Q

insulin role

A

binds to glycoproteins on cell surfaces in liver and muscles to convert glucose to glycogen

132
Q

why is pepsin so stable in stomach’s acidiccondtiion

A

has many acidic R-groups attached to amino acids, hence not many groups bond to H+ = stable

133
Q

why is high water tension important in plants

A

slows water loss due to transpiration

134
Q

what are microfibrils

A

H-bonds crosslink bnetween chains in cellulose

135
Q

Name a non reducing sugar

A

Sucrose

136
Q

Name a reducing sugar

A

All monosaccharides

137
Q

Cholesterol structure

A

4 carbon rings with a hydroxyl at one end

138
Q

What is the membrane of a vacuole called

A

Tonoplast membrane

139
Q

haemolysis definition

A

The bursting of a animals red blood cell due to water uptake

140
Q

why is ATP known as universal currency

A

It is present in all cells (1); it is present in all organisms (1). It releases energy in, small/ manageable
quantities

A Level Biology (12 decks)

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