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A Level Biology > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a nucleic acid

A

large polymers made of nucleotides

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2
Q

what elements are nucleic acids made of

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen

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3
Q

give 2 types of nucleic acids

A

DNA & RNA

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4
Q

RNA stands for

A

ribonucleic acid

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5
Q

name 4 organic bases

A

adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine

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6
Q

what part of the nucleotide contaisn nitrogen

A

nitrogenous organic base(s)

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7
Q

name 3 properties of phosphate group in nucleotide

A
  • inorganic molecule
  • acidic
  • negatively charged
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8
Q

what ion within phosphate group & ribose sugar are these 2 molecules bonded between>

A

OH group from phosphate & 5’ carbon or 3’ (depending on strand direction) from pentose sugar

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9
Q

what bond is in between phosphate group & pentose sugar

A

phosphodiester bonds

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10
Q

what bond is in between pentose sugar and nitrogenous base

A

glycosidic bonds

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11
Q

name the 2 categories for bases

A

purine bases & pyrimidine bases

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12
Q

what bases are purine

A

A & G

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13
Q

what bases are pyrimidine

A

T & C

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14
Q

how many rings do purine baes have? pyrimidine?

A 
purine = 2 rings
pyrimidine = 1 ring
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15
Q

how many bonds between A - T? And what type of bond?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

what bond is in between organic bases from 2 nucleotides?

A

hydrogen bonding

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17
Q

how many bonds between G - C

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

when is uracil coded instead of thymine

A

For the RNA during transcription in the nucleus during protein synthesis

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19
Q

Who is credited with the double helix theory of DNA

A

Watson & Crick

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20
Q

what technique was used to prove double helix DNA theory?

A

X-Ray diffration techniques

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21
Q

where can DNA also be found in a eukaryotic cell?

A

mitochondria & chloroplasts

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22
Q

prokaryotes & viruses have —– DNA, fill in gap & describe what it is

A

naked DNA, looped DNA (1) that’s not associated with histone protein (1)

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23
Q

describe the composition structure of DNA in one sentence

A

made up of 2 strands of polynucleotides (1) held together by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases (2)

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24
Q

name 2details about DNA’s structure

A

antiparallel, double-stranded helix,

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25
Q

define what is meant by antiparallel (DNA structure)

A

strands run in opposite directions, for 1 strand base is connected to carbon 3’ on pentose sugar, the other strand on carbon 5’

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26
Q

ngive 2 reasons why DNA is in a double helix structure

A

more compact & gives molecule structure

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27
Q

what is the reaction called that joined together the 2 polynucleotide chains

A

condensation reaction

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28
Q

name 4 properties of RNA that make it different from DNA

A
  • single polynucleotide strand
  • small & passes through nuclear pore
  • ribose instead of deoxyribose
  • uracil base instead of thymine
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29
Q

what are the 2 DNA strands technical terms?

A

polynucleotide chain

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30
Q

name the 5 enzymes used in DNA replication

A

helicase, gyrase, DNA binding proteins, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase

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31
Q

helicase function

A

unzips the 2 DNA strands using energy from ATP

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32
Q

DNA binding proteins function

A

seperates polynucleotide stands during replication

33
Q

DNA polymerase function (2)

A
  • joins nucleotides to form the polynucleotide chain in the 5’ to 3’ direction
  • proofread & corrects mistakes in base pariing
34
Q

gyrase function

A

unwinds double helix

35
Q

DNA ligase function

A

On the lagging strand, DNA ligase joins together the short sections of nucleotides polymerase by DNA polymerase in the 3’ to 5’ direction.

36
Q

name 2 things that can cause DNA mutations

A
  • spontaneous errors in replication

- radiation & MUTAGENIC chemicals

37
Q

semi-conservative replication explanation

A

(1) 2 molecules with 1 original strand & 1 new DNA strand, - a hybrid strand
(2) original strand acts as a template for new strand

38
Q

what is the genome

A

the entire genetic material aka all the DNA in a cell’s nucleus of an organism

39
Q

true or false an organisms genome changes over time?

A

false

40
Q

why are detergents used to extract DNA (PAG)

A

to dissolve the nuclear & cell membrane to release DNA

41
Q

why is ethanol used to extract DNA (PAG)?

A

Causes DNA to precipitate & form a white mucous

42
Q

why is the ethanol used to extract DNA kept cold

A

increases the yield of DNA. Low temperatures protect the DNA by slowing down the activity of enzymes that could break it apart

43
Q

how can amount of DNA samples be compared

A

compare the mass of DNA collected

44
Q

why is salt used in DNA extraction?

A

salt neutralizes the charge of the DNA’s sugar-phosphate backbone, making DNA less hydrophilic

45
Q

why is protease used in DNA extraction

A

breaks down glycoproteins on cell membrane creating temporary holes in membrane large enough to allow DNA to pass through

46
Q

name 4 features of genetic code

A

degenerate, universal, non-overlapping, triplet code

47
Q

what is the genetic code

A

the relationship between bases & amino acids during protein synthesis at the ribosome

48
Q

degenerate meaning (genetic code)

A

an amino acids can be coded for by more than 1 type of codon

49
Q

universal meaning (genetic code)

A

all organisms use the same bases (A, T, C, G) just in a different order

50
Q

non-overlapping meaning (genetic code)

A

no single base can take place in the formation of more than 1 codon

51
Q

true or false more than 1 type of codon can code for the same amino acid

A

true

52
Q

technical term for coding sections of DNA

A

exons

53
Q

technical term for non-coding sections of DNA

A

introns

54
Q

what is the advantage of genetic code being degenerative

A

reduces the chance of random & spontaneous mutations to impact the proteins function

55
Q

transcription definition

A
  • the process of making mRNA from a DNA template (using complimentary base pairing)(1)
  • to be transported out of the nuclear (2)
  • to the site of protein synthesis (3)
56
Q

translation definition

A

formation of a protein at ribosomes by assembling amino acids into a particular sequence according to mRNA instructions

57
Q

what is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis & include the full form

A

messenger RNA - transports amino acid sequence of proteins

58
Q

what is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis & include the full form

A

transfer RNA - transports 3 bases to ribosomes for complementary pairing with mRNA

59
Q

what is the role of rRNA in protein synthesis & include the full form

A

ribosomal RNA - combines with protein to form a ribosome for protein synthesis

60
Q

True or False, glucose heps to make ATP

A

true

61
Q

what are the components of ATP?

A

adenine, ribose (pentose) sugar, 3 phosphate groups

62
Q

what is full name of ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

63
Q

phosphorylated nucleotides meaning

A

nucleotides that contain more than 1 phosphate group e.g ATP & ADP

64
Q

what is a nucleoside & give an example

A

nitrogenous base + pentose sugar, NO PHOSPHATE GROUP, e.g adenosine

65
Q

name 3 properties of ATP

A

small, water soluble, easily regenerated

66
Q

what is ATP regernation

A

ADP + phosphate group; NEEDS ENERGY TO REGENERATE

67
Q

what is the ATP energy-releasing reaction called & word formula

A

hydrolysis reaction - ATP + H2O —> ADP + PO4

68
Q

what is the formula of a phosphate group and what is its charge

A

PO4 & -3 charge

69
Q

what is the difference in a scenario between DNA replication & transcription?

A

DNA replication occurs in prep for cell division for 2 new daughter cells. Transcription occurs for mRNA protein synthesis.

70
Q

PAG) what is the process called that purifies DNA from a fruit?

A

precipitation

71
Q

PAG) what chemical is used in DNA precipitation? Why

A

Ethanol: causes DNA to precipitate out of plasma membranes

72
Q

True or False nucleic acids have a charge? why & is it -ve or +ve

A

True, phosphate groups cause nucleic acids to be slightly negative

73
Q

PAG) why is DNA solution incubated at 60 degrees

A

To denature enzymes & proteins on the membranes = increases permeability
and increase the fluidity of phospholipid bilayer to create temporary pores

74
Q

PAG) what is the DNA solution called?

A

extraction buffer

75
Q

PAG) why is DNA solution not incubated higher than 60 degrees

A

So DNA itself doesn’t denature, causing DNA to unwind & separate into 2 strands

76
Q

where is deoxyribose bonded to in the nucleotide of DNA

A

bonded / joined / attached , to base and
phosphate ; phosphate (joined) to C5 (and C3)
& base (joined) to C1

77
Q

describe how polynucleotides are formed and broken down?

A

condensation reactions between nucleotides form strong phosphodiester bonds, forming a sugar-phosphate backbone.

78
Q

how is genetic material conserved accurately after replication

A

with specific base pairings

79
Q

how would you descibe a mutation

A

spontaneous and random

A Level Biology (12 decks)

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