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A Level Biology > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 points to cell theory

A
  • all organisms are made out of cells

- new cells can only be made when existing cells divide

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2
Q

what is the importance of mitosis

A

used for growth, to replace old or damaged tissue or for asexual reproduction

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3
Q

describe the daughter cells produced by mitosis

A

2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells (contains 2 sets of chromosomes)

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4
Q

what type of cells does mitosis happen in

A

somatic cells (cells that don’t form gametes)

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5
Q

what are somatic cells

A

cells that dont form gametes

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6
Q

where does meiosis occur

A

in cells in reproductive organs, i.e gametes

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7
Q

describe the daughter cells produced by mieosis

A

2 genetically different haploid daughter cells (contains 1 sets of chromosomes)

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8
Q

what is the importance of mieosis

A

produces gametes for sexual reproduction

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9
Q

True or false prokaryotes don’t divide by meiosis or mitosis. how do they divide

A

true, divide by binary fission

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10
Q

defintiion of haploid cell

A

cell with a single set of chromosomes

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11
Q

defintiion of diploid cell

A

cell with 2 sets of chromosomes

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12
Q

cell cycle definition

A

the highly ordered sequence of events (1) that result in nucleus division (2) and formation of 2 genetically identical daughter cells (3)

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13
Q

what is m phase

A

mitosis phase: cell growth stops, and nuclear division occurs: prophase, metaphase etc.

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14
Q

what is G0 phase

A

growth 0 phase: when cell leaves the cell cycle temporalily or permanently

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15
Q

what 3 things happen in G0 phase

A

apoptosis, differentiation or senescence

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16
Q

what 3 things happen during growth 1 (G1) phase

A

cells increase in size
organelles duplicate
biosyntheiss (any synthesis reactions in cell)

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17
Q

what gene helps to control growth in G1 phase

A

p53 tumour supressor gene

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18
Q

what happens at synthesis phase in interphase

A

DNA replicates; resulting in chromosomes

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19
Q

qhat happens at G2 phase

A

growth 2 phase: cell contineus to grow; energy stores increase

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20
Q

apoptosis defnitiion

A

programmed cell death; when cell is damaged

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21
Q

senescence definitipn

A

when a cell ages and permanteley stops dividing but doesn’t die; irreversibel GROWTH ARREST

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22
Q

differentiation role in G0 phase

A

a cell that is specialised and no longer able to divide e.g red blood cells

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23
Q

what is the importance of cell-cycle checkpoints

A

prevents uncontrolled division

repairs any errors in DNA replication

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24
Q

what is the G1 checkpont called

A

restriction point

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25
Q

what is the fucntion of G1 checkpoint (4)

A

checks for:

  • cell size
  • nutrients
  • growth factors
  • DNA dmamage
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26
Q

what is the fucntion of G2 checkpoint (4)

A

checks:

  • cell size
  • DNA replication
  • DNA damage
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27
Q

function of spindle assembly checkpoint/ metaphase checkpoint (2)

A

check is chromosomes are attached to spindles (1) and are aligned(2)

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28
Q

what is the order of phases in mitosis

A

prophase,l metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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29
Q

prophase function

A
  • chromatin in nucleas condenses & nclear envelope disintigrates
  • spindle threads of tubulin forms from centriole (in animals)
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30
Q

metaphase function

A

pairs of chromatid attach to the spindle fibres by their centromere at the equator region

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31
Q

anaphase function

A

the centromere of each pair of chromatids splits

contraction of spindle fibres pulls chromatids apart

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32
Q

telophase function (2)

A

separated chromosomes reach the poles and DEcondense (1)

nuclear membrane reforms resulting in 2 genetically identical nuclei (2)

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33
Q

cytokinesis function (in animals)

A

plasma membrane folds inwards and pinches at teh cytoplasm

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34
Q

cytokinesis function (in plants)

A

an endplate forms where the equator of the spindle was. new plasma membrane and cellulose cell wall are laid on either side of plate

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35
Q

mitosis defintiion

A

Mitosis is the process of replicating and diving the genome

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36
Q

cytokinesis definition

A

cytokinesis is the physical division of

the cell

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37
Q

limitation of lock and key model

A

it doesn’t explain why the activation energy gets lower

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38
Q

what is the technical term for RBC

A

erythrocytes

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39
Q

RBC function and technical name

A

erythrocytes: carries O2 from lungs to respiring cells

40
Q

what organelles does RBC nt have

A

golgi apparatus, nucleas, little cytoplasm

41
Q

name adaptations which help for RBC’s fucntion

A

small & bioconcave = small SA:V ratio
few organelles = increase in haemoglobin inside
flexible cytoskeleton - moveemnt through capillaries

42
Q

neutrophils defnition

A

type of phagocytic WBC that injests invading pathogens , makes up 50% of WBC

43
Q

name structure adaptations of neitrophils

A

contaisn many lysossomes -= digestion

contains multilobid nuclear & has flexible cell membrane - pass between cells & tissues

44
Q

what is the name for the cell which ‘is a male gamete that delivers genetic information to the ovum’

A

spermatozoa

45
Q

structure of spermatozoa

A

flagella = movemebt
many mitochondira = energy to swim
ACROSOSME on sperm head contains digestive enzymes = breaks down protective layers of ovum

46
Q

cambium defintiion

A

source of undifferentiated cells in the vascular bndle of plants

47
Q

squamous epithelium definition

A

layer of flattened cells (1) present in areas which need rapid diffusion

48
Q

squamous epithelim structure

A

single layer of cells(1)
relatively unspecialised (2)
basmeent memebrane underneath epithelium layer(3)

49
Q

what is basement layer

A

thin membrane of protein fibres & polysaccarides separating epithelium from the other tissue

50
Q

root hair cells location

A

surfaces of roots near the growing tops

51
Q

root hair cells function

A

maximises uptake of water and miberals from the soil

52
Q

root hair cells adaptation

A

root hairs (long extensions attached to cell membrane) increases surface area of cell

53
Q

palidase mesophyll cells fucntion

A

contaisn increased amoutn of chloroplasts for large absorption of light for photosyntheiss

54
Q

palisade mesophyll cells adaptations (2)

A

thin cell walls = more CO2 absorption

rectangular shapes = tightly-packed tissues

55
Q

guard cells function

A

pairs of guard cells form small openings: stomata; controls CO2 into plant and to some extent water loss from plant

56
Q

guard cells adaptations

A

when guard cells lose water = less swollen = changes shape = stroma is closed to prevent further water loss

57
Q

meristem definition

A

an area of undifferentiated plant cels that can divide by mitosus and differentiate into a range of plant cell types

58
Q

connective tissue definition (2)

A

sperates living tissues & can withstand forces such as weight (1)made of non-living extra cellular matrix (2)

59
Q

what is non-livinf extracellular matrix in connectibve tissue made out of?

A

proteins: collagen and elastin
polysaccarides: hyaluronic acid

60
Q

name 2 types of connective tiddue

A

cartilage and muscle

61
Q

definition of cartilage

A

firm & flexible connective tissue, composed of chondrocyte cells, ti prevent bone runbbing which can cause damage

62
Q

what are fish bones made out of

A

cartilage

63
Q

what are the 3 types o muscles tissues

A

skeletal muscle fibres, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

64
Q

skeletcal muscle function

A

attached to bone & tendons; contains myofibrils which contain contractile proteins

65
Q

cardiac muscle functinn

A

makes up walls of heart to beat & pump blood

66
Q

smooth muscle function

A

walls of intenstines & blood vessels

67
Q

name 3 types of cartilage

A

elatin, fibrous and hyaline

68
Q

where is elastin found

A

in the trachea & external earlobes

69
Q

fibrous found

A

ends of bones in joints

70
Q

hyaline found

A

young skeelton & joins ribs to the sternem

71
Q

what 2 cells are responsbele formainatining the extracellular matrix, which of these are immature & make the matrix and which is mature and repairs the matrix

A

chondroblasts: immature & makes the matrix chondrocytes: mature and repair teh matrix

72
Q

puropose of waxy cuticle

A

redcues water loss from evaproration & trasnipiration

73
Q

gurad cells fucnton

A

allows CO2 in & out of leaves and consequently also water and O2

74
Q

epidermis (of a plant) definition

A

single layer of closely packed cells with a waxy cuticle, often has a stomaat and guard cells

75
Q

xylem tissue definition (3)

A

type fo vascular tissue for transmitting water and minerals in transcripition(1), 1 way system (2) made of elongated deas cells with no end wall (3)

76
Q

which is 1 way which is 2 way system between xylem and phloem

A

xylem: 1 way transcription
phloem: 2 way translocation

77
Q

structure of xylem tissue(3)

A

elongated dead cells strengthened by lignin (1) with no nucleas and little cytoplasm (2) and no end wall (3)

78
Q

phloem definition

A

type pf vascular tissue for transporting sucrose in translocation (2way)

79
Q

phloem structure

A

sieve tubes cells perforated ends by sieve plates

80
Q

vascular systems defintiion

A

network of tissues e.g xylem & phloem transporting water and minerals

81
Q

ehy are flowers seen as an organ system?

A

contians differen organs e,g sepals, petals, stomens & ovaries

82
Q

stem cell defintion

A

renewing source of undifferentiated cells

83
Q

key features of stem cells

A
  • able to express all genes

- can divide by mitosis to produce more stem cells

84
Q

cell potency defition

A

ability of a stem cell to differenitate into different cell types

85
Q

totipotent defintion

A

any body cell including placenta and umbillical chord; can grow into ful organism e.g zygote & early embryo

86
Q

pluripotent definition

A

any body cell except extra-embryonic cells; can’t grow into a full organism

87
Q

multipotent definition

A

form 1 type of cell but not all e.g adult stem cells

88
Q

unipotent definition

A

unspecialised cells; continuously dividing into new cells e/g skin stem cells

89
Q

what potency is meristem an vascular cambium?

A

multipotent

90
Q

where is meristem present

A

plants: roots & shoots

91
Q

name 2 types of meristem found in plants

A

cambium & meristem

92
Q

where is cambium present

A

sandwhiched between xylem and phloem

93
Q

From the centre outwards, what is the order of phloem, xylem and cambium

A

xylem, cambium, phloem

94
Q

what 2 things happen when cambium turn to xylem & why?

A
  • lignin deposited in cell wall = to waterproof

- ends of cells break down = continuous column

95
Q

what 2 things happen when cambium turn to phloem & why?

A
  • cambium lose most of their organelles then sieve plates develop between them
  • companion cells retain organelles & provide ATP for sieve tubes

A Level Biology (12 decks)

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