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A Level Biology > Biology Olympiad > Flashcards

Biology Olympiad Flashcards

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1
Q

actin meaning

A

a protein that forms the thin filaments in skeletal muscle fibres

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2
Q

myosin meaning

A

a protein forming the thick filaments in myofibrils in skeletal muscle fibres

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3
Q

myoribrils meaning

A

fibres that make up larger fibres of skeletal muscle; made up of thin actin protein & thick myosin protein

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4
Q

adaptation defnition

A

an organism structural orphysiological features that makes it well adapted to its envionment

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5
Q

what is another word for divergent evolution

A

adaptive radiation

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6
Q

agonist chemicals

A

bind to cell receptiprs triggering a physciological response, mimicking effects of a hormone

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7
Q

antagonistic chemicals

A
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8
Q

allopatric speciation

A

wehn populatins of parent species become geographicasllu isolated, leading to each group developing into 2 separate species

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9
Q

word for: wehn populatins of parent species become geographicasllu isolated, leading to each group developing into 2 separate species

A

allopatric speciation

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10
Q

sympatric speciation

A

when populations of parent species are living in same geographical area, have developed into different species preventing interbreeding.

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11
Q

antiseptic vs antibiotics

A

antiibiotics tken after infection, antispectics applied to skin to prevent infection

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12
Q

antiseptic defintion

A

a substance that kills or inhibits growth If microorganisms and can be safely used on skin

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13
Q

what are baroreceptors

A

monitor blood pressure

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14
Q

where are baroreceptors found

A

wall of aorta

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15
Q

what are chemoreceptots

A

monitor changes of ocygen and co2 in the blood

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16
Q

where are chemoreceptors found

A

walls of aorta

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17
Q

what does auricle mean

A

atrium

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18
Q

what is another word for atrium

A

auricle

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19
Q

autosome defnition

A

chromosmes which don’t define organisms gender, there are 22 pairs of autosome chromosomes a and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

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20
Q

bicuspid valve

A

valve between left atrium and left ventricle (type of AV valve)

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21
Q

true or false there are digestive enzymes in bile used to emulsify fats

A

false, no enzymes

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22
Q

bioaccumulation

A

teh process by which certain chemicals become concentrates in the bodies of animals found at the top of food chains

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23
Q

give an example of a chemical that was bioaccumlated in the food chain

A

DDT, used to control insect pests didn’t break down when up in the food chain

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24
Q

what percentage of blood is plasma

A

55%

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25
Q

what is another word fro White blood cells

A

leucocytes

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26
Q

true or false bones is a tissue

A

true

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27
Q

bundle of His

A

cardiac muscle fibres that conduct electrical activity from AVN present in Purkeyne tissue in ventricle walls

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28
Q

capsid

A

outer protein coat of a virus

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29
Q

what is the point of bacteria’s slime capsule

A

help bacteria resist phagocytosis & preventing desicattion

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30
Q

myogenic meaning

A

a muscle is able to contract without external stimulus e.g the cardiac muscle

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31
Q

differences between cartilage and bone (3)

A

cartridge doesn’t contain salts or blood vessels like bones; more compressible

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32
Q

similarities between cartilage and bone

A

consists of cells embedded in a matrix of collagen fibres

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33
Q

chiasmata

A

the point at which chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross over each other during meiosis

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34
Q

where can chitin be found

A

in exoskeelton of most insects & fungal cell walls

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35
Q

cholesterol 3 functions

A

part of cell membrane, manufacture bile & sterooid hormones

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36
Q

what are cilia made out of

A

microtubles

37
Q

what does cilia do (2)

A

used for cell movement in locomotion

transport substances

38
Q

codon vs anticodon

A

codon - in mRNA

anticodon - in tRNA

39
Q

commensalism

A

relationship between 2 different species which results in a benefit to one (the commensal) without affecting the other (the host)
e.g fish attach themselves to shark to pick scaps of food when sharks feed. Fish gain food, sharks are unaffected

40
Q

succession (in biology) meaning

A

the progressive change which occurs in a community of organisms over a period of time

41
Q

climax community

A

aka a stable-population community present at the end of a sucession

42
Q

name 3 roles of connective tissue

A

support, insulation, protection against bacteria infection

43
Q

polygenic trait/characteristic

A

polygenic trait is one whose phenotype is influenced by more than one gene

44
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

inheritance of a character controlled by a number of genes

45
Q

what factors affect continuous variation

A

many different genes (polygenes) and where the environment plays a significant role

46
Q

contactile vacuole & give exampel of which organism has it

A

an organelles found in some single-celled organisms which removes excess water from the cell e.g amoeba

47
Q

cytochrome defnition

A

enzymes on the inside of mitochondria and chloroplast used in election transport chains involves in respiration & photosynthesis

48
Q

where does deamination occur

A

liver

49
Q

what is deamination

A

removal of amino group from amino acid, forming carbohydrates and ammonia. Carbs are respired & ammonia is converted to urea

50
Q

deflected succession

A

a type of sucession in which a climax community fails to become established due to human influences

51
Q

what are dicotyledon plants

A

a flowering plant that produces seeds with 2 cotyledons (seed leaves)

52
Q

features of dicotyledon plants (2)

A
  • a net-like pattern of veins in leaves

- vascular bundles arranged in a ring in the stem

53
Q

give examples of dicotyledon plants (2)

A

butter cups & oak trees

54
Q

DNA probe

A

a single strand of DNA that is used to identify a gene. It’s radioactivly labelled and is complementary to the gene to be identified. DNA from the organism is separated into a single strand and and incubated with the probe. If the gene is present, the probe will bind to it and the gene can be identified by its radioactivity. Used to check diagnosis of genetic disorders

55
Q

ectotherm

A

an animal that uses its environment to regulate its body temperature (all animals except birds & mammals)

56
Q

endotherm

A

an animals that can regulate its body temperature using physiological mechanisms

57
Q

electron transport chain

A

a system of carrier molecules which transfer elections from one to the other, releasing energy for the production of ATP, found on mitochondria cristae, chloroplasts thylakoids membranes9o

58
Q

epistasis

A

a type of gene interaction in which one gene controls the expression of another gene.

59
Q

eutrophication

A

a decrease in biodiversity resulting from the pollution of a river/lake by sewage or fertilsers

60
Q

fermentation

A

the breakdown of organic molecules in the absense of oxygen, form of anaerobic respiration

61
Q

what are the four ways that a gene can become mutated

A

insertion (bases are added) deletion (bases are lost), substitution (bases are changed), inversion (bases are rearranged)

62
Q

what is sickle cell anaemia caused by

A

a subsititution mutation that changes a single amino acid in heamoglobin= distortion of red blood cells = reduces amount of O2 carried

63
Q

gene pool

A

all the genes and their differeny alleles that are present in a particular population

64
Q

genetic code

A

the method by which the genetic information in DNA controls the synthesis of specific proteins by the cell

65
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

teh syntheis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as lipid & proteins when blood glucose levels & glycogen stores in liver are low

66
Q

glycogenesis

A

the conversion of glucose to glycogen, stimulated by insulin in liver and muscle cells

67
Q

glycogenolysis

A

the conversion of glycogen to glucose, stimulated by glucagon in liver and muscle cells

68
Q

gram staining

A

a staining method used to classify bacteria

69
Q

habitat

A

a specific envionment in which an organism lives in with biotic & abitoic factors

70
Q

what 3 proteins is haem found in

A

haemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes

71
Q

histocompatability

A

teh extent to which a tissue from 1 organism will be tolerated by the immune system of another organism

72
Q

hyphae meaning

A

a mass of thread-like structures that make up a fungi. Mass of hyphae refereed as mycelium

73
Q

True or false immunity to a disease can be inherited

A

true

74
Q

inorganic compound

A

any compound that isn’t carbon based, except carbon dioxide & carbonate salts

75
Q

Interspecific competition often happens with species in different trophic levels. True or false

A

False, occurs in same trophic level

76
Q

in vivo meaning

A

any biological process taht occurs within a living organism

77
Q

in vitro meaning

A

any biological process that occurs outside the body in an artificial situation

78
Q

lack of iron in diet name

A

anameia

79
Q

iron uses in animals (2)

A
  • for haem groups in cytochromes &haemoglobin

- activates catalase

80
Q

iron uses in plants

A

chlorophyll synthesis

81
Q

lenticels

A

small pores foudn in stems of woody plants for gas exchange

82
Q

lenticels vs stomata

A

stomata are mainly found on underside of leaves, lenticels are found on woody plant stems

83
Q

what is blackman’s law of limiting factors

A

when a process is controlled by a number of factors, the factor in least supply will limit the rate of the process

84
Q

locus

A

the position on a chromosome occupied by a particular gene, i.e the 2 allelles of a gene will occupy the same locus on homologous chromosomes

85
Q

where is maltose found

A

germinating seeds

86
Q

where does mass flow occur

A

in blood system in animals & xylem & phloem in plants

87
Q

micronutrients examples

A

vitamins and mineral ions

88
Q

mutualism

A

relationship between 2 different species which result in benefit to both e.g sharks and sailor fish

89
Q

3 causes of point gene mutations

A

deletion, insertion or substitiution of a base

A Level Biology (12 decks)

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