Biology Olympiad Flashcards
actin meaning
a protein that forms the thin filaments in skeletal muscle fibres
myosin meaning
a protein forming the thick filaments in myofibrils in skeletal muscle fibres
myoribrils meaning
fibres that make up larger fibres of skeletal muscle; made up of thin actin protein & thick myosin protein
adaptation defnition
an organism structural orphysiological features that makes it well adapted to its envionment
what is another word for divergent evolution
adaptive radiation
agonist chemicals
bind to cell receptiprs triggering a physciological response, mimicking effects of a hormone
antagonistic chemicals
allopatric speciation
wehn populatins of parent species become geographicasllu isolated, leading to each group developing into 2 separate species
word for: wehn populatins of parent species become geographicasllu isolated, leading to each group developing into 2 separate species
allopatric speciation
sympatric speciation
when populations of parent species are living in same geographical area, have developed into different species preventing interbreeding.
antiseptic vs antibiotics
antiibiotics tken after infection, antispectics applied to skin to prevent infection
antiseptic defintion
a substance that kills or inhibits growth If microorganisms and can be safely used on skin
what are baroreceptors
monitor blood pressure
where are baroreceptors found
wall of aorta
what are chemoreceptots
monitor changes of ocygen and co2 in the blood
where are chemoreceptors found
walls of aorta
what does auricle mean
atrium
what is another word for atrium
auricle
autosome defnition
chromosmes which don’t define organisms gender, there are 22 pairs of autosome chromosomes a and 1 pair of sex chromosomes
bicuspid valve
valve between left atrium and left ventricle (type of AV valve)
true or false there are digestive enzymes in bile used to emulsify fats
false, no enzymes
bioaccumulation
teh process by which certain chemicals become concentrates in the bodies of animals found at the top of food chains
give an example of a chemical that was bioaccumlated in the food chain
DDT, used to control insect pests didn’t break down when up in the food chain
what percentage of blood is plasma
55%
what is another word fro White blood cells
leucocytes
true or false bones is a tissue
true
bundle of His
cardiac muscle fibres that conduct electrical activity from AVN present in Purkeyne tissue in ventricle walls
capsid
outer protein coat of a virus
what is the point of bacteria’s slime capsule
help bacteria resist phagocytosis & preventing desicattion
myogenic meaning
a muscle is able to contract without external stimulus e.g the cardiac muscle
differences between cartilage and bone (3)
cartridge doesn’t contain salts or blood vessels like bones; more compressible
similarities between cartilage and bone
consists of cells embedded in a matrix of collagen fibres
chiasmata
the point at which chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross over each other during meiosis
where can chitin be found
in exoskeelton of most insects & fungal cell walls
cholesterol 3 functions
part of cell membrane, manufacture bile & sterooid hormones
what are cilia made out of
microtubles
what does cilia do (2)
used for cell movement in locomotion
transport substances
codon vs anticodon
codon - in mRNA
anticodon - in tRNA
commensalism
relationship between 2 different species which results in a benefit to one (the commensal) without affecting the other (the host)
e.g fish attach themselves to shark to pick scaps of food when sharks feed. Fish gain food, sharks are unaffected
succession (in biology) meaning
the progressive change which occurs in a community of organisms over a period of time
climax community
aka a stable-population community present at the end of a sucession
name 3 roles of connective tissue
support, insulation, protection against bacteria infection
polygenic trait/characteristic
polygenic trait is one whose phenotype is influenced by more than one gene
polygenic inheritance
inheritance of a character controlled by a number of genes
what factors affect continuous variation
many different genes (polygenes) and where the environment plays a significant role
contactile vacuole & give exampel of which organism has it
an organelles found in some single-celled organisms which removes excess water from the cell e.g amoeba
cytochrome defnition
enzymes on the inside of mitochondria and chloroplast used in election transport chains involves in respiration & photosynthesis
where does deamination occur
liver
what is deamination
removal of amino group from amino acid, forming carbohydrates and ammonia. Carbs are respired & ammonia is converted to urea
deflected succession
a type of sucession in which a climax community fails to become established due to human influences
what are dicotyledon plants
a flowering plant that produces seeds with 2 cotyledons (seed leaves)
features of dicotyledon plants (2)
- a net-like pattern of veins in leaves
- vascular bundles arranged in a ring in the stem
give examples of dicotyledon plants (2)
butter cups & oak trees
DNA probe
a single strand of DNA that is used to identify a gene. It’s radioactivly labelled and is complementary to the gene to be identified. DNA from the organism is separated into a single strand and and incubated with the probe. If the gene is present, the probe will bind to it and the gene can be identified by its radioactivity. Used to check diagnosis of genetic disorders
ectotherm
an animal that uses its environment to regulate its body temperature (all animals except birds & mammals)
endotherm
an animals that can regulate its body temperature using physiological mechanisms
electron transport chain
a system of carrier molecules which transfer elections from one to the other, releasing energy for the production of ATP, found on mitochondria cristae, chloroplasts thylakoids membranes9o
epistasis
a type of gene interaction in which one gene controls the expression of another gene.
eutrophication
a decrease in biodiversity resulting from the pollution of a river/lake by sewage or fertilsers
fermentation
the breakdown of organic molecules in the absense of oxygen, form of anaerobic respiration
what are the four ways that a gene can become mutated
insertion (bases are added) deletion (bases are lost), substitution (bases are changed), inversion (bases are rearranged)
what is sickle cell anaemia caused by
a subsititution mutation that changes a single amino acid in heamoglobin= distortion of red blood cells = reduces amount of O2 carried
gene pool
all the genes and their differeny alleles that are present in a particular population
genetic code
the method by which the genetic information in DNA controls the synthesis of specific proteins by the cell
gluconeogenesis
teh syntheis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as lipid & proteins when blood glucose levels & glycogen stores in liver are low
glycogenesis
the conversion of glucose to glycogen, stimulated by insulin in liver and muscle cells
glycogenolysis
the conversion of glycogen to glucose, stimulated by glucagon in liver and muscle cells
gram staining
a staining method used to classify bacteria
habitat
a specific envionment in which an organism lives in with biotic & abitoic factors
what 3 proteins is haem found in
haemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes
histocompatability
teh extent to which a tissue from 1 organism will be tolerated by the immune system of another organism
hyphae meaning
a mass of thread-like structures that make up a fungi. Mass of hyphae refereed as mycelium
True or false immunity to a disease can be inherited
true
inorganic compound
any compound that isn’t carbon based, except carbon dioxide & carbonate salts
Interspecific competition often happens with species in different trophic levels. True or false
False, occurs in same trophic level
in vivo meaning
any biological process taht occurs within a living organism
in vitro meaning
any biological process that occurs outside the body in an artificial situation
lack of iron in diet name
anameia
iron uses in animals (2)
- for haem groups in cytochromes &haemoglobin
- activates catalase
iron uses in plants
chlorophyll synthesis
lenticels
small pores foudn in stems of woody plants for gas exchange
lenticels vs stomata
stomata are mainly found on underside of leaves, lenticels are found on woody plant stems
what is blackman’s law of limiting factors
when a process is controlled by a number of factors, the factor in least supply will limit the rate of the process
locus
the position on a chromosome occupied by a particular gene, i.e the 2 allelles of a gene will occupy the same locus on homologous chromosomes
where is maltose found
germinating seeds
where does mass flow occur
in blood system in animals & xylem & phloem in plants
micronutrients examples
vitamins and mineral ions
mutualism
relationship between 2 different species which result in benefit to both e.g sharks and sailor fish
3 causes of point gene mutations
deletion, insertion or substitiution of a base
