Classfication Flashcards
classification definition
process of placing living things into groups
why do scientists classify organisms in brief(4)
to identify species, to predict characteristics, to find evolutionary links, Enables scientists to share information / makes communication easy
True or false classification systems were made and defined by nature
false, created by scientists to observe organisms
What is each group in the hierarchy of classification called
taxa
what are the seven/ eight taxonomic groups
(domain), kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
what is the acronym for taxonomic groups
Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup
what is the name of the classification system by Linnause
bionomial nomenclature
who created the binomial nomenclature classification system?
Linnaeus
how are the rules for species names written (3)
both underlined/italics (1)
genus capitalised (2)
species not capitalised (3)
what 2 parts of a species name is often written
Genus, species
species defintiion (2)
able to reproduce fertile offspring (1) the most specific taxonomic group (2)
what were the disadvantages of naming BEFORE using the bionomial nomenclature system? (4)
- doesn’t show evolutionary relationships
- based on v.few characteristics
- stable naming system; i.e names won’t need changing if there’s a new discovery like domains
- names were really long
why is classification important (2)
1) shows relationships between species
2) e.g usrful for seeing relations between endangered species & those which aren’t, can do experiments on non-endangered species to prevent harm to the endangered species
features of bionomial nomenclature (3)
- uses many characteristics to classify (1)
- reflects evolutionary relations (2)
- may change with advancing knowledge (3)
phylogeny defnition
study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
autotrophic definition
organisms that synthesis complex organic molecules from inorganic molecules via photosynthesis
heterotrophic definition
organisms that get nutrients from ingesting other organisms
what kingdoms are autotrophic
plantae
what kingdomes are heterotophic
animalia, prokaryotes, protisis, fungi
name the 5 kingdoms
prokaryotes, protists, fungi, plantae, animalia
name examples of protists (2)
algae, protozoa
name exaples of fungi (3)
yeast, mold, mushrooms
name examples of plantae (3)
moss, ferns, plants
animalia name 2 categories
invertebrate, vertebrate
who created new classfication of domains
Carl Woese
name the 3 domains
archae, bacteria, eukaryotes
why was domain system introduced (2_
1) finding new species
2) studying genetic sequencing wuth new technology
how are bacteria and archae different (4)
- difference in nucleotide sequence in rRNA (1)
- different cell membrane lipid structure (2)
- difference in sensitivity to antibiotics (3)
- different no. of proteins in RNA polymerase
what is the size of archaea ribosomes
70S
what is the size of bacteria ribosomes
70S
what is the size of eukaryotes ribosomes
80S
how many proteins does bacteria have in its RNA polymerase
5 proteins
how many proteins does archaea have in its RNA polymerase
8-10 proteisn
similarities between archaea and bacteria
- have 70S ribosomes
true or flase humans have evolved from gorillas and apes (3)
false (1), we’ve evolved from a common ancestor,(2) which is extinct today (3)
monophyletic species meaning (2)
species which belong in the same phylogenetic group (1) i.e both are DIRECT descendants from a common ancestor (2)
what does a phylogenetic tree show (3)
shows evolutionary relationships (1) & indicate how closely related different species are (2) and by what common ancestor (3)
True or false: the more recent the common ancestor the less related 2 species are
false, the more recent = the more closely related
convergent evolution defnition (3)
The process in which organisms that are not closely related (1) independently (2) evolve similar features (3)
which 2 proteins are used as evidence for evolutionary relationships
cytochrome C & RNA
what is cytochrome C (2)
a protein /chain of amino acids used in respiration (1)
found in all living organisms (2)
why is cytochrome C important in classification (2)
can show evolutionary relationships (1)
the greater the no. of differences in amino acids chain = the further back the ancestry relation (2)
how can DNA be used in classification
the fewer differences in nucleotide sequencing, the closer the evolutionary relationship is
what did Carl Woese use as evidence to back up his proposal of a three-domain system
ribosomal RNA
why did Carl Woese bring a three-domain system
found features bacteria had, that archaea and eukaryotes didn’t & vice versa
why are extinct animals shown lower down on evolutionary tree
tree shows a timeline
how does evolutionary tree show relations (3)
branches are closer together (1)
share a common ancestor (2)
evolved separately later in time (3)
true or false Darwin and Wallance came up with the idea of evolution
false, came up with idea of natural selection
what mechanism did Darwin and Wallace propose
natural selection which CAUSES evolution
what did Darwin research (3)
Darwin went to Galapagos (1) and found variation between members of same species found on different islands (2) e.g finches (3)
what did Wallace research (1)
Wallace independently did research on Amazon and South East Asia.
what 4 important conclusions did Darwin find
offspring are similar to their parents (1)
no 2 individuals are identical (2)
organisms can produce large no. of offspring (3)
populations in nature tend to remain fairly stable in size (4)
what are the 4 steps to natural selection
random mutation causes change in characteristics (1)
selective environmental pressures causes competition in species (2)
those with favourable characteristics survive, reproduce & pass on characteristic to offspring (3)
advantageous allele increases in population (4)
name 3 resource avaialibilty selective pressures
shelter, food, mates
name 3 envorionmental selective pressures
temperatures, weather, geographic access
name 2 biological sleective pressures
predators & pathogens
what are the three types of sleective pressures
resource availability, environmental, biological factors
why did people not belive Darwins theory
countered religious belief: Genesis account of creation
what are different rock layers called
rock strata
how do fossils show evolution
organisms are preserved oldest to youngest the deeper down the strata is
what did fossil record prove in evolution theory (2)
bacteria and simple algae are oldest organisms & vertebrates are latest (1)
plants came before animals (2)
what is the study of fossils called
paleontology
what do fossils show of an organism
organimss anatomy
advantages of using fossil to study evolution
shows relationship between extinct and living organisms
what is another word for living organism
extant organism (opposite of extinct)
what are the disadvantages to using fossils for evolutionary relationships (2)
1) many organisms are soft-bodied & decompose quickly
2) conditions reacquired for fossilisation may not always be present
what is comparative anatomy (2)
the study of similarities and differences (1) in the anatomy of different LIVING species (2)
what is a homologous structure
a structure that appears superficially different in different organisms (1) but has the same underlying structure (2)
i.e similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions.
what does presence of homologous structure provide evidence for?
divergent evolution
what is divergent evolution (2)
Describes how from a common ancestor different species have evolved, (1) with different adaptative features (2)
what is comparative biochemistry
The study of similarities and differences in the proteins and other molecules that control life processes between species
what is The study of similarities and differences in the proteins and other molecules that control life processes between species
comparative biochemistry
how does comparative biochemsirty show evolutionary links
Some molecules are highly conserved (remain unchanged) among species (1)
slight changes can help identify evolutionary links (2)
name 3 chemicals that can show evolutionary links in species
cytochrome C, rRNA, mitochondrial DNA (mDNA)
why can mDNA be used to show evolutionary links in humans
only contains DNA from mother, hence not confused with DNA from paternal line
name a feature about mDNA
mDNA mutates more frequently that DNA as it doesn’t have checkpoints = higher variation
somatic cell defintion
any cell in living organisms other than reproductive cells
interspecifc variation defintion
differences between species
intraspecifc variation defintion
variation between members of same species
name 2 causes of variation
genetic, enviornmental
what is genetic variation
caused by possessing a different combination of allesses
what is enviornmental variation
caused by response to environmental factors such as light intensity
name 5 enviornmental factors which affect plants
light, temp, water, humidity,nutrition
name 4 things which can lead to genetic variation
meisois: random crossover
meisois: independent assortment
fertilisation: different allelle combinations
ransom mutation in genome
discontinuous variation
where there are distinct categories and nothing in between e.g hair color
continuous variation
variation where there are 2 extremmes snd a range of values in between
how do environmental factors impact the phenotypes
Environmental factors such as diet, temperature, oxygen levels, humidity, light cycles, and the presence of mutagens can all impact which of an animal’s genes are expressed, which ultimately affects the animal’s phenotype.
how is discontinuous data represented on a graph
bar chart
how is continuous data represented on a graph
histograms
adaptationmeaning
a characteristic that enhances an organims survival in its habitat
3 types of adaptations
anatomical, behavioural, physiological
anatomical adaptation defintiion
structural features; e.g its skeleton, organ system, tissue structure, cell structure,
behavioural adaptation
ways that behaviour is modified for survival
physiological apaptation
affects the way that processwork on a cellular level, looks at function; e,g , so how these organ work, how cell metabolism works, communication of a systemic and local level
difference between anatomical and physiological
anatomical is very structure based, whereas physiological is chemical based
what could an animals adaptations be for? (4)
find food/water/light
defend itself
have sufficent energy to reproduce
survive changes in temp
analogous structures meaning (2)
they have adapted to perform the same function but have different genetic origin (1), as a reslut of convergent evolution (2)
convergent evolution(3)
the process where distantly related organisms (1) independently evolve similar traits (2)to adapt to similar necessities.(3)
True or false animals who have similar features but are distantly related (i.e convergent evolution) have the same phylogeny
False, often have different phylogeny if evolutionary tree is different
how does convergent evolution work (2)
2 different evolutionary branches experience similar selection pressures (1) develop similar adaptaions (anatomical, behavioural, physiological) (2)
natural selection defintiion (3)
a process where organisms that are better suited to selective pressures in their evironment (1) survive and reproduce,(2) passing advantageous allelles & characteristics to offspring(3)
mechanism of natural selection (7)
random mutation in DNA causes difference in allelles (1)
This creates INTRASPECIFIC GENETIC VARIATION (2)
selective pressures in enviornment causes compeition within species(3)
individual with advantageous characteristics will survive & reproduced (4)
advantaeges cahracteritsics & allelles are passed onto offspring (5) over many generations (6)
frequency of advantagesous allelle increases (7)
what do sleective pressures affect(2)
the organisms chance of survival & reproductive success
state 4 selectiev pressures experienced by plants
availability of resources (light, water, mineral ions, space)
ability to cross-polinate
disease
risk of being eaten
why is DDT pesticide harmful (4)
its a PERSISTENT PESTICIDE (1), doesn’t break down in ecosystem (2) accumulates in fat tissue (3) builds up in the food chain (4)
how can antiobiotic resustance of bacteria be reduced (2)
take antibiotics in amount and for time prescribed (1) dpctors may prescibe multiple antibiotics to reduce its chance of survival
true or false bacteria can become immune to antibiotics and explain why
false, bacteria (and other microoragnimss ) don’t have an immune system, they are RESISTANT instead
example of highly antibiotic resistance bacteria
MRSA
what is it called when medical researchers are struggling to develop new & effective drugs to keep up with ressitant bacteria
evolutionary arms race
true or false environkental variation is passed down to offspring
false, this is Lamarck theroy
whose theory of evolution was the principle that physical changes in organisms during their lifetime could be transmitted to their offspring?
Lamarck
ways to reduce antiobiotic resistance
Only take antibiotics when necessary.
Treat specific bacteria with specific antibiotics
why is antibiotic rsitsance a problem in agriculture
antibiotics regularly used in animal farming to prevent disease allow them to grow quickly. The high overuse of antibiotics lead to spread of antibiotic resistance. Dangerous if bacteria spreads to humans
) State the name given to the evolution of a new species
speciation
name an advatntage for genetic cloning for animal testing
genetic variable controlled i.e all react the same to treatment
name a disadvatntage for genetic cloning for animal testing (3)
expensive, varied response not shown like in real populations
clones may have unknown genetic health issues
name 3 uses of animal cell cloning except for for disease treatment
1) idea to produce , elite / best , animals ;
2) idea to save / preserve , endangered animals ;
3) grow / produce (spare) , stem cells / tissues / organs
name 6 seletive pressures for plants
1) (variation in) weather conditions / temperature ;
2) rainfall / soil water content ;
3) soil , (named) mineral / nitrate , content / AW ;
4) pests
5) competition from other plants
6) disease
how does fungi store energu
glycogen
who came up with the idea of 5 kingdom classification
Whittaker
what did Whittaker come up with
5 kingdom classification
how were kingdoms classified before 5 kingdom system
into 2 kingdoms: those that moved & ate (animals) and those that didn’t (plants)
what lead to the introduction of the 5 kingdom system from the 2 kingdom system
use of microscopes allowd smaller details & organsims to be observed
what 3 things classificy a species as an insect
six legs, two pairs of wings and three body sections
why was classification system expnaded from 2 kingdom to 5 kingdom
some single-celled
organisms have features of both plant and animal e.g fungi
true or false protists are single celled
can be single celled and multicellular
why is DNA & cytochrome C used as eveidence for classification
These molecules are universal Therefore, all living
things can be compared for similarities and differences
