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A Level Biology > Classfication > Flashcards

Classfication Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

classification definition

A

process of placing living things into groups

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2
Q

why do scientists classify organisms in brief(4)

A

to identify species, to predict characteristics, to find evolutionary links, Enables scientists to share information / makes communication easy

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3
Q

True or false classification systems were made and defined by nature

A

false, created by scientists to observe organisms

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4
Q

What is each group in the hierarchy of classification called

A

taxa

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5
Q

what are the seven/ eight taxonomic groups

A

(domain), kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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6
Q

what is the acronym for taxonomic groups

A

Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

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7
Q

what is the name of the classification system by Linnause

A

bionomial nomenclature

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8
Q

who created the binomial nomenclature classification system?

A

Linnaeus

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9
Q

how are the rules for species names written (3)

A

both underlined/italics (1)
genus capitalised (2)
species not capitalised (3)

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10
Q

what 2 parts of a species name is often written

A

Genus, species

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11
Q

species defintiion (2)

A

able to reproduce fertile offspring (1) the most specific taxonomic group (2)

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12
Q

what were the disadvantages of naming BEFORE using the bionomial nomenclature system? (4)

A
  • doesn’t show evolutionary relationships
  • based on v.few characteristics
  • stable naming system; i.e names won’t need changing if there’s a new discovery like domains
  • names were really long
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13
Q

why is classification important (2)

A

1) shows relationships between species
2) e.g usrful for seeing relations between endangered species & those which aren’t, can do experiments on non-endangered species to prevent harm to the endangered species

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14
Q

features of bionomial nomenclature (3)

A
  • uses many characteristics to classify (1)
  • reflects evolutionary relations (2)
  • may change with advancing knowledge (3)
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15
Q

phylogeny defnition

A

study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

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16
Q

autotrophic definition

A

organisms that synthesis complex organic molecules from inorganic molecules via photosynthesis

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17
Q

heterotrophic definition

A

organisms that get nutrients from ingesting other organisms

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18
Q

what kingdoms are autotrophic

A

plantae

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19
Q

what kingdomes are heterotophic

A

animalia, prokaryotes, protisis, fungi

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20
Q

name the 5 kingdoms

A

prokaryotes, protists, fungi, plantae, animalia

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21
Q

name examples of protists (2)

A

algae, protozoa

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22
Q

name exaples of fungi (3)

A

yeast, mold, mushrooms

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23
Q

name examples of plantae (3)

A

moss, ferns, plants

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24
Q

animalia name 2 categories

A

invertebrate, vertebrate

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25
Q

who created new classfication of domains

A

Carl Woese

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26
Q

name the 3 domains

A

archae, bacteria, eukaryotes

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27
Q

why was domain system introduced (2_

A

1) finding new species

2) studying genetic sequencing wuth new technology

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28
Q

how are bacteria and archae different (4)

A
  • difference in nucleotide sequence in rRNA (1)
  • different cell membrane lipid structure (2)
  • difference in sensitivity to antibiotics (3)
  • different no. of proteins in RNA polymerase
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29
Q

what is the size of archaea ribosomes

A

70S

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30
Q

what is the size of bacteria ribosomes

A

70S

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31
Q

what is the size of eukaryotes ribosomes

A

80S

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32
Q

how many proteins does bacteria have in its RNA polymerase

A

5 proteins

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33
Q

how many proteins does archaea have in its RNA polymerase

A

8-10 proteisn

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34
Q

similarities between archaea and bacteria

A
  • have 70S ribosomes
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35
Q

true or flase humans have evolved from gorillas and apes (3)

A

false (1), we’ve evolved from a common ancestor,(2) which is extinct today (3)

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36
Q

monophyletic species meaning (2)

A

species which belong in the same phylogenetic group (1) i.e both are DIRECT descendants from a common ancestor (2)

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37
Q

what does a phylogenetic tree show (3)

A

shows evolutionary relationships (1) & indicate how closely related different species are (2) and by what common ancestor (3)

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38
Q

True or false: the more recent the common ancestor the less related 2 species are

A

false, the more recent = the more closely related

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39
Q

convergent evolution defnition (3)

A

The process in which organisms that are not closely related (1) independently (2) evolve similar features (3)

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40
Q

which 2 proteins are used as evidence for evolutionary relationships

A

cytochrome C & RNA

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41
Q

what is cytochrome C (2)

A

a protein /chain of amino acids used in respiration (1)

found in all living organisms (2)

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42
Q

why is cytochrome C important in classification (2)

A

can show evolutionary relationships (1)

the greater the no. of differences in amino acids chain = the further back the ancestry relation (2)

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43
Q

how can DNA be used in classification

A

the fewer differences in nucleotide sequencing, the closer the evolutionary relationship is

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44
Q

what did Carl Woese use as evidence to back up his proposal of a three-domain system

A

ribosomal RNA

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45
Q

why did Carl Woese bring a three-domain system

A

found features bacteria had, that archaea and eukaryotes didn’t & vice versa

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46
Q

why are extinct animals shown lower down on evolutionary tree

A

tree shows a timeline

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47
Q

how does evolutionary tree show relations (3)

A

branches are closer together (1)
share a common ancestor (2)
evolved separately later in time (3)

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48
Q

true or false Darwin and Wallance came up with the idea of evolution

A

false, came up with idea of natural selection

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49
Q

what mechanism did Darwin and Wallace propose

A

natural selection which CAUSES evolution

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50
Q

what did Darwin research (3)

A

Darwin went to Galapagos (1) and found variation between members of same species found on different islands (2) e.g finches (3)

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51
Q

what did Wallace research (1)

A

Wallace independently did research on Amazon and South East Asia.

52
Q

what 4 important conclusions did Darwin find

A

offspring are similar to their parents (1)
no 2 individuals are identical (2)
organisms can produce large no. of offspring (3)
populations in nature tend to remain fairly stable in size (4)

53
Q

what are the 4 steps to natural selection

A

random mutation causes change in characteristics (1)
selective environmental pressures causes competition in species (2)
those with favourable characteristics survive, reproduce & pass on characteristic to offspring (3)
advantageous allele increases in population (4)

54
Q

name 3 resource avaialibilty selective pressures

A

shelter, food, mates

55
Q

name 3 envorionmental selective pressures

A

temperatures, weather, geographic access

56
Q

name 2 biological sleective pressures

A

predators & pathogens

57
Q

what are the three types of sleective pressures

A

resource availability, environmental, biological factors

58
Q

why did people not belive Darwins theory

A

countered religious belief: Genesis account of creation

59
Q

what are different rock layers called

A

rock strata

60
Q

how do fossils show evolution

A

organisms are preserved oldest to youngest the deeper down the strata is

61
Q

what did fossil record prove in evolution theory (2)

A

bacteria and simple algae are oldest organisms & vertebrates are latest (1)
plants came before animals (2)

62
Q

what is the study of fossils called

A

paleontology

63
Q

what do fossils show of an organism

A

organimss anatomy

64
Q

advantages of using fossil to study evolution

A

shows relationship between extinct and living organisms

65
Q

what is another word for living organism

A

extant organism (opposite of extinct)

66
Q

what are the disadvantages to using fossils for evolutionary relationships (2)

A

1) many organisms are soft-bodied & decompose quickly

2) conditions reacquired for fossilisation may not always be present

67
Q

what is comparative anatomy (2)

A

the study of similarities and differences (1) in the anatomy of different LIVING species (2)

68
Q

what is a homologous structure

A

a structure that appears superficially different in different organisms (1) but has the same underlying structure (2)

i.e similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions.

69
Q

what does presence of homologous structure provide evidence for?

A

divergent evolution

70
Q

what is divergent evolution (2)

A

Describes how from a common ancestor different species have evolved, (1) with different adaptative features (2)

71
Q

what is comparative biochemistry

A

The study of similarities and differences in the proteins and other molecules that control life processes between species

72
Q

what is The study of similarities and differences in the proteins and other molecules that control life processes between species

A

comparative biochemistry

73
Q

how does comparative biochemsirty show evolutionary links

A

Some molecules are highly conserved (remain unchanged) among species (1)
slight changes can help identify evolutionary links (2)

74
Q

name 3 chemicals that can show evolutionary links in species

A

cytochrome C, rRNA, mitochondrial DNA (mDNA)

75
Q

why can mDNA be used to show evolutionary links in humans

A

only contains DNA from mother, hence not confused with DNA from paternal line

76
Q

name a feature about mDNA

A

mDNA mutates more frequently that DNA as it doesn’t have checkpoints = higher variation

77
Q

somatic cell defintion

A

any cell in living organisms other than reproductive cells

78
Q

interspecifc variation defintion

A

differences between species

79
Q

intraspecifc variation defintion

A

variation between members of same species

80
Q

name 2 causes of variation

A

genetic, enviornmental

81
Q

what is genetic variation

A

caused by possessing a different combination of allesses

82
Q

what is enviornmental variation

A

caused by response to environmental factors such as light intensity

83
Q

name 5 enviornmental factors which affect plants

A

light, temp, water, humidity,nutrition

84
Q

name 4 things which can lead to genetic variation

A

meisois: random crossover
meisois: independent assortment
fertilisation: different allelle combinations
ransom mutation in genome

85
Q

discontinuous variation

A

where there are distinct categories and nothing in between e.g hair color

86
Q

continuous variation

A

variation where there are 2 extremmes snd a range of values in between

87
Q

how do environmental factors impact the phenotypes

A

Environmental factors such as diet, temperature, oxygen levels, humidity, light cycles, and the presence of mutagens can all impact which of an animal’s genes are expressed, which ultimately affects the animal’s phenotype.

88
Q

how is discontinuous data represented on a graph

A

bar chart

89
Q

how is continuous data represented on a graph

A

histograms

90
Q

adaptationmeaning

A

a characteristic that enhances an organims survival in its habitat

91
Q

3 types of adaptations

A

anatomical, behavioural, physiological

92
Q

anatomical adaptation defintiion

A

structural features; e.g its skeleton, organ system, tissue structure, cell structure,

93
Q

behavioural adaptation

A

ways that behaviour is modified for survival

94
Q

physiological apaptation

A

affects the way that processwork on a cellular level, looks at function; e,g , so how these organ work, how cell metabolism works, communication of a systemic and local level

95
Q

difference between anatomical and physiological

A

anatomical is very structure based, whereas physiological is chemical based

96
Q

what could an animals adaptations be for? (4)

A

find food/water/light
defend itself
have sufficent energy to reproduce
survive changes in temp

97
Q

analogous structures meaning (2)

A

they have adapted to perform the same function but have different genetic origin (1), as a reslut of convergent evolution (2)

98
Q

convergent evolution(3)

A

the process where distantly related organisms (1) independently evolve similar traits (2)to adapt to similar necessities.(3)

99
Q

True or false animals who have similar features but are distantly related (i.e convergent evolution) have the same phylogeny

A

False, often have different phylogeny if evolutionary tree is different

100
Q

how does convergent evolution work (2)

A

2 different evolutionary branches experience similar selection pressures (1) develop similar adaptaions (anatomical, behavioural, physiological) (2)

101
Q

natural selection defintiion (3)

A

a process where organisms that are better suited to selective pressures in their evironment (1) survive and reproduce,(2) passing advantageous allelles & characteristics to offspring(3)

102
Q

mechanism of natural selection (7)

A

random mutation in DNA causes difference in allelles (1)
This creates INTRASPECIFIC GENETIC VARIATION (2)
selective pressures in enviornment causes compeition within species(3)
individual with advantageous characteristics will survive & reproduced (4)
advantaeges cahracteritsics & allelles are passed onto offspring (5) over many generations (6)
frequency of advantagesous allelle increases (7)

103
Q

what do sleective pressures affect(2)

A

the organisms chance of survival & reproductive success

104
Q

state 4 selectiev pressures experienced by plants

A

availability of resources (light, water, mineral ions, space)
ability to cross-polinate
disease
risk of being eaten

105
Q

why is DDT pesticide harmful (4)

A

its a PERSISTENT PESTICIDE (1), doesn’t break down in ecosystem (2) accumulates in fat tissue (3) builds up in the food chain (4)

106
Q

how can antiobiotic resustance of bacteria be reduced (2)

A

take antibiotics in amount and for time prescribed (1) dpctors may prescibe multiple antibiotics to reduce its chance of survival

107
Q

true or false bacteria can become immune to antibiotics and explain why

A

false, bacteria (and other microoragnimss ) don’t have an immune system, they are RESISTANT instead

108
Q

example of highly antibiotic resistance bacteria

A

MRSA

109
Q

what is it called when medical researchers are struggling to develop new & effective drugs to keep up with ressitant bacteria

A

evolutionary arms race

110
Q

true or false environkental variation is passed down to offspring

A

false, this is Lamarck theroy

111
Q

whose theory of evolution was the principle that physical changes in organisms during their lifetime could be transmitted to their offspring?

A

Lamarck

112
Q

ways to reduce antiobiotic resistance

A

Only take antibiotics when necessary.

Treat specific bacteria with specific antibiotics

113
Q

why is antibiotic rsitsance a problem in agriculture

A

antibiotics regularly used in animal farming to prevent disease allow them to grow quickly. The high overuse of antibiotics lead to spread of antibiotic resistance. Dangerous if bacteria spreads to humans

114
Q

) State the name given to the evolution of a new species

A

speciation

115
Q

name an advatntage for genetic cloning for animal testing

A

genetic variable controlled i.e all react the same to treatment

116
Q

name a disadvatntage for genetic cloning for animal testing (3)

A

expensive, varied response not shown like in real populations
clones may have unknown genetic health issues

117
Q

name 3 uses of animal cell cloning except for for disease treatment

A

1) idea to produce , elite / best , animals ;
2) idea to save / preserve , endangered animals ;
3) grow / produce (spare) , stem cells / tissues / organs

118
Q

name 6 seletive pressures for plants

A

1) (variation in) weather conditions / temperature ;
2) rainfall / soil water content ;
3) soil , (named) mineral / nitrate , content / AW ;
4) pests
5) competition from other plants
6) disease

119
Q

how does fungi store energu

A

glycogen

120
Q

who came up with the idea of 5 kingdom classification

A

Whittaker

121
Q

what did Whittaker come up with

A

5 kingdom classification

122
Q

how were kingdoms classified before 5 kingdom system

A

into 2 kingdoms: those that moved & ate (animals) and those that didn’t (plants)

123
Q

what lead to the introduction of the 5 kingdom system from the 2 kingdom system

A

use of microscopes allowd smaller details & organsims to be observed

124
Q

what 3 things classificy a species as an insect

A

six legs, two pairs of wings and three body sections

125
Q

why was classification system expnaded from 2 kingdom to 5 kingdom

A

some single-celled

organisms have features of both plant and animal e.g fungi

126
Q

true or false protists are single celled

A

can be single celled and multicellular

127
Q

why is DNA & cytochrome C used as eveidence for classification

A

These molecules are universal Therefore, all living

things can be compared for similarities and differences

A Level Biology (12 decks)

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