Thermoregulation and Muscles 1

Question 1

The core temperature of the human body is _____, which includes what 3 things? This is where ____ are located, and their enzymes must operaate at this temperature

Answer 1

37 degrees

the thorax, the head, and the abdomen

vital organs

Question 2

Temperature is regulated by _______

Answer 2

nervous feedback mechanisms

Question 3

Thermoregulatory center is located in the _____, and the 3 responses are:

Answer 3

hypothalamus

behavioral, anatomical, physiological

Question 4

The feedback system consists of: 1,2,3

Answer 4

1: receptor (sensor that respoonds to change)
2: control center (evaluates the input, sends an output)
3: effector ( receives the output, produces a response)

Question 5

The hypothalamus acts as the ____ for the body, it receives nerve impulses from ______ for cold and heat. The hypothalamus has thermoreceptors called _______ that detect changes in blood temperatures.

Answer 5

thermostat

peripheral thrmoreceptors

central thermoreceptors

Question 6

Core temperature is in dynamic equilibrium as a result of balance between _____ and ______

Answer 6

heat gain, heat loss

Question 7

Heat is gained in what ways? there are 3

Answer 7

chemical reactions in the cells

metabolism which generates heat (muscles moving)

by conduction and raidiation from environment

Question 8

What are the 2 ways in which heat is lost?

Answer 8

conduction and raidiation to the envrionemnt

evaporation from body surface (skin, sweat)

Question 9

Explain what heat exchange by conduction is

Answer 9

direct transder of heat through a liquid, solid, or gas (from one molecule to another)

Question 10

the rate of conductive heat exchange depends on _____

Answer 10

thermal gradient

Question 11

Explain how heat exchange happens by radiation

Answer 11

objects omit electromagnetic heat waves without any contact with other molecules

Question 12

When temperature of things in the envrionment is _____ than the skin temperature, radiant heat energy is _____

Answer 12

higher

absorbed from the surroundings

Question 13

Explain how heat transfer happens by evaporation

Answer 13

heat is transferred when water from either the skin, or respiratory passages. heat is used to vaporize the water, which cools you down

Question 14

How do dogs cool themsleves down with panting?

Answer 14

they rapidly breathe to increase evaporation from the mouth. as they breathe in they can humidify themsleves and then exhale the air which will then lead to the water evaporating and the dog can cool down

Question 15

look at the camel slide lol

Answer 15

do itttt

Question 16

What is the main site for heat exchange with the environment?

Answer 16

the body surface

Question 17

In endotherms, warm blod typically _____ heat to the environment as it passes near the skin. How can the blood flow be adjusted to conserve heat?

Answer 17

loses

vascoconstriction reduces blood flow and helps retain heat

Question 18

If body temperature goes below 37 degrees, the thermoreceptors send information to the _______, which then can act on 3 systems which are _______

Answer 18

hypothalamus

muscles (shivering), sweat glands (decrease in sweat secretion), and vasoconstriction (less radiation and conduction of heat)

Question 19

If the body temperature goes above 37 degrees, muscles will _____, sweat glands will ____, and arterioles will _____

Answer 19

reduce their activity

increase secretion

relax/dilate

Question 20

There are two ways to increase heat production (thermogenesis), what are they?

Answer 20

shivering (muscle contractions converted to heat)

non shivering (brown fat with many mitochondria that specialize in heat production instead of the formation of ATP)

Question 21

When relative humidity is high, the ambient water vapor pressure gets close to the water vapor pressure of the moist skin, and ____

Answer 21

evaporation stops

Question 22

Total sweat vaporized from skin depends on what 3 things? what is the most important factor?

Answer 22

Surface area exposed

temperature and humidity of the air

air currents about the body

the most important is relative humidity

Question 23

Why is it important to monitor body temperature during and after procedures that require anesthesia?

Answer 23

because there is decreased hypothalamic response so the body cannot regulate heat.

Question 24

Myofibrils contain 3 main protein types, contractile, regulatory, and structural.What is the function and examples of each?

Answer 24

contractile: generate force during contraction (actin and myosin)
regulatory: start and end contraction (troponin, tropomyosin)
structural: maintain alignment, elastic and extensible (titin, myomesin, and dystrophin)

Question 25

Draw a sarcomere and label the bands / parts

Answer 25

DO ITTTT

Question 26

the myosin head has two sites, what are they?

Answer 26

actin binding site, and myosin ATPase site

Question 27

Actin is made up of what 3 molecules?

Answer 27

actin molecules making up the helix, tropomyosin wrapping around the helix, and troponin molecules covering the binding site for the myosin cross bridge

Question 28

the contracile type proteins are _____

Answer 28

actin and myosin

Question 29

the regulatory type proteins for muscles are _____

Answer 29

troponin, trypomyosin

Question 30

the structural proteins in muscles are _____

Answer 30

titin, myosesin, dystrophin

Question 31

Type 1 muscle is ________, ____ in color, uses _____ to generate ATP, and its primary function is _____. Their fiber diameter is _____, ____ in capillaries/myoglobin/mitochondria

Answer 31

slow oxidative

red

aerobic

postural endurance

small

high

Question 32

type 2a muscles are ____, they are ___ in color, they use ____ to generate ATP, and their main function is _____. Their fiber diameter is _____, ____ in capillaries/myoglobin/mitochondria

Answer 32

fast oxidative

red/pink

areobic AND anerobic (glycolysis)

walking, sprinting

intermediate

high

Question 33

type 2b muscles are _____, ___ in color, use ___ to generate ATP, and their main function is _____. Their fiber diameter is _____, ____ in capillaries/myoglobin/mitochondria

Answer 33

fast glycolytic

white

glycolysis

short term wuick movements

large

low

Question 34

smooth muscle does not have T tubules, they have ____ instead

Answer 34

caveolae

Question 35

What is the composition of: A bands, I bands, M and Z lines, and H zone?

Answer 35

A band: thibk and thin filaments (actin AND myosin)

I band: just thin filamints (just actin)

M line: myomesin

Z line: ?

H zone: just thick filaments (myosin)

Question 36

What is the function of: titin, myomesin, and dystrophin?

Answer 36

titin: goes from Z line to M line, provides structure and elasticity
myomesin: the protein along the M line
dystrophin: the protien that connects the sarcomere to the cell membrane, so it anchors and aids in structure