Blood 1 and 2 Lectures Flashcards
What percent of the body is water, minerals, proteins, and fats?
water: 60%
minerals: 7%
proteins: 18%
fats: 15%
What physical properties make water ideal for transport?
It has a high specific heat (it can absorb energy without changing the temperature much), and it povides lubrication.
What are the 2 main fluid compartments?
Intracellular fluid (inside the cells)
extracelluar fluid (plasma + interstisial fluid)
How do you calculate total body water of a person?
It is 60% of the body weight
Intracellular fluid is what percent of body weight?
40%
The extracellular portion of body fluid is ____% of the body weight, and it is split into 2 subsections, interstisial fluid and plasma. IF is __% of the ECF volume and plasma is __% of the ECF volume.
20%
80%
20%
The interstisial fluid has a _____ consistency.
Gel-like
The composition of interstisial fluid depends on ______, meaning the fluid ______ in different tissues.
the exchanges between the cells in the specific tissue, has a different composition
In terms of ionic composition in the ECF and the ICF, what are the most abundant ions in each?
ECF: mostly Na+ and Cl-
ICF: mostly K+ and PO4 3-
What role does sodium play in tissue fluids?
It controls the extra cellular volume and water distribution: changes in Na+ will change the plasma volume, blood pressure, etc.
What are the mjaor ways that we intake water?
Drinking it (60%)
Food (30%)
Metabolism (10%)
What are the major ways we excrete water?
Urine (60%)
Skin and lungs (28%0
Sweat (8%)
Feces (4%)
What are the two driving forces that cause water to move in the body?
Osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure
Why is hydrostatic pressure not a driving force for movement across cell membranes in animals?
Because hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of a fluid exerted on its container, and since animal cell membranes are flexible, it has no effect
What is a good definition for osmosis?
The movement of water across a membrane down its concentration gradient
The solution with the _____ number of particles will have the highest osmotic pressure.
Highest
Osmotic pressure is:
the amount of hydrostatic pressure that will prevent omsosis from moving water from high to low concentration across a cell membrane
Osmolarity is maintained at around _____
280-300 mOsm
What is molar concentration?
The amount of moles per unit volume. If you have 1mol per 1L of water, that would be 1 M
What is osmotic concentration?
It is a measurement of the solute concentration, in osmols per unit volume. So 1 osmol per 1 L is 1 osmolar
Osmolarity is decided by the _____ of the solute and not the size, charge, shape, or molecular weight.
concentration
Why is fat not a good conductor or electricity?
It is anhydrous (no water content)
The resistnce to flow from a small current between 2 different points on the body is proportional to ____
fat mass
What is the equation to figure out fat mass of a person?
Total body mass= fat mass + lean body mass
The water content of lean body mass is constant at:
70ml/100g tissue
What are the 3 common disorders of water balance?
Dehydration (not enough), hypoteonic hydration (too much), edema (swelling).
What happens to cells during dehydration?
The water content in the extracellular fluid goes down, which increases the osmotic pressure in the ECF. The cells will then loose water because they have a lower osmotic pressure than the ECF and they will shrink.
What happens to cells during hypotonic hydration?
excessive water enters the ECF, the osmotic pressire goes down in the ECF, and the water moves into the cells making them swell
What is the normal pH for aterial and venous blood? How about the pH of the intracellular fluid?
arterial: 7.4
venous: 7.35
ICF: 7.0
Alkalosis happens when pH goes above _____
Acidosis happens when pH goes above____
- 45
- 35
What is the difference between a strong acid and weak acid?
Strong acids completely dissociate in water, while weak acids only partially dissociate
Where does all the acidity come from? What molecules?
phosphoric acid, lactic acid, fatty acids, ketone bodies, carbonic acid
What are the 3 ways that H+ ions are regulated?
chemical buffer: this is the fastest
brain stem respiratory centers: act within a few minutes
Renal: hours to days, but has a huge effect
How can proteins act as buffers?
They have amino acids which contain positively charged amino groups and negatuveley charged carboxyl groups
Buffering by proteins accounts for ____ of the buffering power of the blood and most within cells
2/3
Write the equations showing how bicarbonate/carbonic acid acts as a buffer
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ HCO3-
Why is the pH lower at the venous end of the capillary bed?
Because CO2 is leaving the cells and entering into the blood. CO2 reacts with water to produce HCO3- and H+ which lowers the blood pH
Why does breathing in a paper bag help with hyperventilation?
Hyperventilation causes you to breathe out a lot of CO2. Less Co2 in the blood means less carbonic acid and H+ ions, so your blood pH increases and gets too alkaline. Breathing into a bag allows you to rebreathe in some of the CO2 you’ve lost which can restore your pH back to normal.
What are the 3 functions of the blood?
transport stuff, maintain homeostasis, and defense against foregin stuff
What are the components of blood?
plasma, cells, and platelets
When you centrifuge a blood sample, what are the 3 layers and their respective percentages?
Plasma: 55%, looks yellowy
Buffy coat: <1%, contain leukocytes and platelets
Erythrocytes: 45%, just the red blood cells
What is hematocrit?
the precent of total RBCs in the blood as a percentage of the entire blood volume
The amount of blood is generally what percent of body weight?
8%
What is the viscosity of whole blood and plasma relative to water?
whoe blood: 4.5 to 5.5 times more viscous
plasma: 2 times more viscous
Why is the temperature of blood slightly higher (38) than body temperature (37)?
Because of the friction and resistance happening. This produces heat which makes the blood a bit warmer.
In terms of platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells, list them from most to least abundant relative to the whole blood.
RBCs> platelets>WBCs
What 3 types of proteins are present in blood plasma?
albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen
Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein, it is made in the ____ and it does what?
Liver
transporting vehicle for fatty acids and steriods
Why do molecules like fatty acids and steriods have to bind to a protein to travel?
Binding to a protein allows them to travel through the water based plasma; they are hydrophobic so they need to attach to something hydrophilic
____ is the most signifigant contributor to the osmotic pressure of blood
albumin
the second most common plasma protein is _____, and they are split into subgroups known as: ___, ____, and _____.
globulins
alpha, beta, gamma
Alpha and beta globulins are produced in the ____ and transport what to cells?
liver
iron, lipids, fat soluble vitamins
gamma globulins are also known as _____ and they are produced by _____
immunoglobulins (antibodies)
specialized leukocytes
_____ is the least abundant plasma protein, and it is produced by the ____. It is essential for ____
fibrinogen
liver
blood clotting
What is agglutination?
the process that occurs when the wrong kind of blood is given to a patient. the antibodies attach to the foreign antigens on the red blood cells, and they coagulate and form clumps.
How can a person get kidney failure from being given the wrong blood type in a blood transfusion?
Agglutination will happen causing the cells to clump, and once the clumps are degraded (hemolysis), hemoglobin is released into the blood. This large load of hemoglobin is really hard on the kidneys and this can lead to kidney failure
Can you give a dog any blood type?
Yes, but be careful the second time. If a DEA- dog receives blood from a DEA+ dog, the first time there will be no reaction but the second time, the dog has now developed antibpdies against the antigen, so if a second transfision is given, agglutination can occur.
